Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

From Kazakhstan Encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox Treaty The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) is a treaty concerning the international law on treaties between states. It was adopted on 22 May 1969<ref name="Law of treaties">untreaty.un.org, Law of treaties, International Law Commission, last update: 30 June 2005. Consulted on 7 December 2008.</ref> and opened for signature on 23 May 1969.<ref name="untreaty-1">Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, pg. 1</ref> The Convention entered into force on 27 January 1980.<ref name="untreaty-1"/> The VCLT has been ratified by 114 states as of April 2014.<ref name=rat>Template:Cite web</ref> Some countries that have not ratified the Convention, such as the United States,<ref name="Is the United States a party to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties?">Template:Cite web</ref> recognize parts of it as a restatement of customary law and binding upon them as such.

History

The VCLT was drafted by the International Law Commission (ILC) of the United Nations, which began work on the Convention in 1949.<ref name="Law of treaties"/> During the twenty years of preparation, several draft versions of the convention and commentaries were prepared by special rapporteurs of the ILC.<ref name="Law of treaties"/> James Brierly, Hersch Lauterpacht, Gerald Fitzmaurice and Humphrey Waldock were the four special rapporteurs.<ref name="Law of treaties"/> In 1966, the ILC adopted 75 draft articles which formed the basis for the final work.<ref name=BrownlieIL5thp607-608>Template:Cite book</ref> Over two sessions in 1968 and 1969, the Vienna Conference completed the Convention, which was adopted on 22 May 1969 and opened for signature the following day.<ref name="Law of treaties"/><ref name="BrownlieIL5thp607-608"/>

Content and effects

The Convention codifies several bedrocks of contemporary international law. It defines a treaty as "an international agreement concluded between states in written form and governed by international law," as well as affirming that "every state possesses the capacity to conclude treaties." The most important point in the Convention is that Article 1 restricts the application of the Convention to written treaties between States, excluding treaties concluded between the states and international organizations or international organizations themselves.

The Convention has been referred to as the "treaty on treaties";<ref>http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1498</ref> it is widely recognized as the authoritative guide regarding the formation and effects of treaties. Even those countries who have not ratified it recognize its significance. For example, the United States recognizes that parts of the Convention constitute customary law binding on all nations.<ref name="Is the United States a party to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties?" /> In India, the Supreme court has also recognised the customary status of the convention.<ref>http://opiniojuris.org/2015/04/02/guest-post-indian-court-embraces-the-vienna-convention-on-law-of-treaties/</ref>

Scope

The scope of the Convention is limited. It applies only to treaties concluded between states, so it does not cover agreements between states and international organizations or between international organizations themselves, though if any of its rules are independently binding on such organizations, they remain so.<ref name=article3>Article 3 of the Convention.</ref> It does apply, however, to treaties between states within an intergovernmental organization.<ref>Articles 2 and 5 of the Convention</ref> However, agreements between states and international organizations, or between international organizations themselves, will be governed by the 1986 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or Between International Organizations if it ever enters into force. Also, in treaties between states and international organizations, the terms of the Convention still apply between the state members.<ref name="article3" /> The Convention does not apply to agreements not in written form.<ref name="article3" />

Parties to the convention

Template:Main article

As of April 2014, there are 114 state parties that have ratified the convention, and a further 15 states have signed but have not ratified the convention.<ref name=rat/> In addition, the Republic of China (Taiwan), which is currently only recognized by Template:Numrec, signed the Convention in 1970 prior to the United Nations General Assembly's vote to transfer China's seat to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1971. The PRC subsequently acceded to the Convention.<ref name=rat/> 66 UN member states have neither signed nor ratified the Convention.

Vienna formula

International treaties and conventions contain rules about what entities could sign, ratify or accede to them. Some treaties are restricted to states that are members of the UN or parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice. In rare cases there is an explicit list of the entities that the treaty is restricted to. More commonly the aim of the founding signatories is that the treaty is not restricted to particular states only and so a wording like "this treaty is open for signature to States willing to accept its provisions" is used (the so-called "All States formula"<ref name="nonUN">All States are defined as all UN member states and states about which there are individual statements of inclusion by the UN Secretary-General or other UN organ. Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs Supplement No. 8; page 10, UN THE WORLD TODAY (PDF).
The United Nations Secretary-General has stated that when the "any State" or "all States" formula is adopted, he would be able to implement it only if the General Assembly provided him with the complete list of the States coming within the formula, other than those falling within the "Vienna formula". UN Office of Legal Affairs</ref>).

When a treaty is open to "States", for the depositary authority<ref>The UN Secretary-General or some other competent authority defined in the treaty in question, e.g. Switzerland for the Geneva Conventions – see special cases.</ref> it is difficult or impossible to determine which entities are States. If the treaty is restricted to Members of the United Nations or Parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice, there is no ambiguity. However, a difficulty has occurred as to possible participation in treaties when entities which appeared otherwise to be States could not be admitted to the United Nations, nor become Parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice owing to the opposition, for political reasons, of a permanent member of the Security Council or haven't applied for ICJ or UN membership. Since that difficulty did not arise as concerns membership in the specialized agencies, where there is no "veto" procedure, a number of those States became members of specialized agencies, and as such were in essence recognized as States by the international community. Accordingly, and in order to allow for as wide a participation as possible, a number of conventions then provided that they were also open for participation to States members of specialized agencies. The type of entry-into-force clause utilized in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties was later called the "Vienna formula" and its wording was utilized by various treaties, conventions and organizations.<ref>UN Legal Affairs the so-called "Vienna formula".</ref>

Some treaties that utilize it include provisions that in addition to these States any other State invited by a specified authority or organization (commonly the United Nations General AssemblyTemplate:Citation needed or an institution created by the treaty in question) can also participate, thus making the scope of potential signatories even broader.

Template:Quotation

See also

Footnotes

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Wikisource

Template:Authority control

Retrieved from "https://en.encyclopedia.kz/index.php?title=Vienna_Convention_on_the_Law_of_Treaties&oldid=13709"