Ural Mountains in Nazi planning
The Ural Mountains played a prominent role in Nazi planning. Adolf Hitler and the rest of the Nazi German leadership made many references to them as a strategic objective of the Third Reich to follow a decisive victory on the Eastern Front against the Soviet Union.
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As a geographic concept
Template:Further In 1725 Philip Johan von Strahlenberg first used the Ural Mountains as part of the eastern demarcation of Europe. Since c. 1850 most cartographers have regarded the Urals and the Ural River to the south of them as the eastern boundary of Europe, geographically recognized as a subcontinent of Eurasia.
The Nazis rejected the notion that these mountains demarcated the border of Europe, at least in a cultural if not in a geographic sense. Nazi propaganda and Nazi leaders repeatedly labelled the Soviet Union as an "Asiatic state" and equated the Russians both with the Huns<ref name="hitler3">Hitler, 5–6 January 1942</ref> and with the Mongols,<ref>Kater, Michael H. (2004) Hitler Youth, p. 174. Harvard University Press</ref> describing them as Untermenschen ("sub-humans"). German media portrayed the German campaigns in the east as necessary to ensure the survival of European culture against this "Asian menace".<ref name="hitler3"/><ref name="himmler">Volume 7. Nazi Germany, 1933–1945 Excerpt from Himmler's Speech to the SS-Gruppenführer at Posen (October 4, 1943). German History in Documents and Images. Retrieved 11 June 2011.</ref> In a major conference on 16 July 1941, where chief aspects of German rule in the occupied territories of Eastern Europe were laid out, Hitler emphasized to the attendees (Martin Bormann, Hermann Göring, Alfred Rosenberg, and Hans Lammers) that "the Europe of today was nothing but a geographical term; in reality Asia extended up to our frontiers".<ref name="bormann">Martin Bormann's Minutes of a Meeting at Hitler's Headquarters (July 16, 1941). German History in Documents and Images. Retrieved 11 June 2011.</ref>
Hitler also expressed his belief that in ancient times the concept of "Europe" was limited to the southern tip of the Greek peninsula, and was then "brought into confusion" by the expanding borders of the Roman Empire. He stated that if Germany won the war, the boundary of Europe "would extend eastward to the furthest German colony".<ref>Hitler, Adolf (2000). Bormann, Martin. ed. Hitler's Table Talk 1941-1944, trans. Cameron, Norman; Stevens, R.H. (3rd ed.) Enigma Books. ISBN 1-929631-05-7.</ref>
In an attempt to influence Nazi policy, the Norwegian fascist politician Vidkun Quisling produced a memorandum for the Germans - "Aide-mémoire on the Russian Question" (Denkschrift über die russische Frage) - which expressed his own ideas on the "Russian question", which he described as "the main problem in world politics today".<ref name="dahl">Dahl, Hans Fredrik (1999). Quisling: A Study in Treachery, p. 294. Cambridge University Press.</ref> He advocated the Dnieper River as a general division-line between Western Europe ("Germania") and Russia. This would necessitate the division of Ukraine, but he argued that this "could be defended from geographical and historical perspectives".<ref name="dahl"/>
Planning for a border
Albert Speer recounted a 1941 episode in his post-war memoirs wherein he observed Hitler's early ruminations about the Urals.<ref name="speer">Speer, Albert (1970). Inside the Third Reich, p. 257. Macmillan Company, New York.</ref> The Soviet Foreign Minister, Vyacheslav Molotov, traveled to Berlin in mid-November 1940 to discuss German–Soviet relations with Hitler and Joachim von Ribbentrop. Already before this meeting Hitler determined that he would attack the Soviet Union the following spring, ordering the Wehrmacht to draw up a military plan which would later become Operation Barbarossa.<ref>Boog, Horst (1996). Germany and the Second World War: The attack on the Soviet Union, p. 45. Oxford University Press/Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt GmbH, Stuttgart.</ref> A few months later an army adjutant pointed out to Speer an ordinary pencil line which Hitler had drawn on his globe at the Berghof, running north-south along the Ural mountains, signifying the future boundary of Germany's sphere of influence with that of Japan.<ref name="speer"/>
Hitler also mentioned the Urals in his recorded table talks several times; on one occasion he recounts how others questioned him if they were a sufficiently eastward boundary for the Germans to advance to.<ref name="hitler1">Hitler (2000), 5–6 July 1941.</ref> He confirmed this objective, but emphasized that the primary goal was to "eradicate Bolshevism", and that further military campaigns to ensure this would be carried out if necessary.<ref name="hitler1"/> He later stated that Joseph Stalin would be prepared to lose European Russia if he did not succeed at "solving its problems" and thereby "risked losing everything".<ref name="hitler2">Hitler (2000), 12–13 July 1941.</ref> He expressed his belief that it would be impossible for Stalin to retake Europe from Siberia, comparing it to himself hypothetically retaking Germany if he were driven back to Slovakia, and that the German invasion of the Soviet Union which was then under way would "bring about the downfall of the Soviet Empire".<ref name="hitler2"/> In a discussion with the Danish Foreign Minister Scavenius on 2 November 1942, German Foreign Minister Ribbentrop stated that the Germans expected Asian Russia to eventually split up into several harmless "peasant republics" after Germany had occupied the country's European parts.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
On 16 September 1941 Hitler mentioned to Otto Abetz, the German ambassador in Paris, that "the new Russia as far as the Urals" would become Germany's India, but that due to its geographic proximity to Germany was far more favorably located for the Germans than India was for Britain.<ref>Kay, Alex J. (2006). Exploitation, Resettlement, Mass Murder: Political and Economic Planning for German Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union, 1940-1941", p. 80. Berghahn Books.</ref>
In the above-mentioned conference of 16 July 1941, it was codified as policy that in order to "secure the safety of the Reich" no non-German military power would ever again be allowed west of the Urals (including non-Russian native militias), even if it meant war for the next hundred years.<ref name="bormann"/> Hitler's future successors were to be instructed of this, if necessary.<ref name="bormann"/> This was to be done to prevent any western powers hostile to Germany from conspiring against it with its eastern neighbors in the future, like the French had supposedly done with the Turks, and which the British were alleged to be doing with the Soviets.<ref name="hitler4">Hitler, 27 July 1941.</ref> No organized Russian state would also be allowed to exist west of this line, which Hitler clarified as actually meaning a line 200–300 km east of the mountains,<ref name="hitler4"/> approaching the 70° east longitude line the Japanese had proposed as the westernmost limit of their own influence.
Heinrich Himmler went into some effect about how he envisaged the mountains during the 1943 Posen speeches.<ref name="himmler"/> He stated that the "Germanic race" would have to gradually expand to this border so that in several generations time this "master race", as the leader of Europe, would again be ready to "resume the battles of destiny against Asia", which were "sure to break out again".<ref name="himmler"/> He stated that Europe's defeat would mean "the destruction of the creative power of the earth".<ref name="himmler"/>
The Urals were noted as a distant objective of Generalplan Ost, the overall Nazi colonization scheme of Eastern Europe.<ref>Madajczyk, Czeslaw (1962). General Plan East: Hitler's Master Plan For Expansion. Polish Western Affairs, Vol. III No 2.</ref>
"Living wall"
Template:Further Hitler later rejected the mountains as an adequate border, calling it absurd that "these middle-sized mountains" represented the boundary between the "European and Asiatic worlds", stating that one might as well accord that title to one of the large Russian rivers.<ref>Hitler (2000), 23 September 1941.</ref> He explained that only a "living [racial] wall" of Aryan fighters would do as a frontier, and to keep a permanent state of war present in the east in order to "preserve the vitality of the race".
The theme of a "living wall" was used by Hitler as early as Mein Kampf (published 1925-1926).<ref name="rash">Rash, Felicity J. (2006). The Language of Violence: Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf, p. 97. Peter Lang Publishing Inc., New York.</ref> In it he presented the future German state under National Socialist rule as a "father's house" (Vaterhaus), a safe place which would keep in the "right human elements", and keep out those which were undesirable.<ref name="rash"/> This metaphorical building was to have solid and supportive foundations (Fundamente) and walls (Mauern), and could only be protected by a living wall (lebendige Mauer) of patriotic and fanatically devoted German people.<ref name="rash"/>
The idea became more prominent in Hitler's mind as the war went on.<ref name="mineau">Mineau, André (2004). Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethic against Human Dignity, p. 36. Editions Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam – New York. ISBN 90-420-1633-7.</ref> On 10 December 1942 (as the Battle of Stalingrad was turning unfavourably against the Germans) he told Anton Mussert, a Dutch Nazi collaborator, that the "Asiatic waves were threatening to overrun Europe and exterminate the higher races", and that this threat could only be countered by wall-building and long-term fighting.<ref name="mineau"/> On 20 April 1943 (Hitler's birthday) he had a discussion with Albert Speer and Karl-Otto Saur on a design he had personally drawn for a six-person bunker that was to be used in the Atlantic Wall, featuring machine guns, an anti-tank gun, and flame throwers.<ref name="speerq">Speer, Albert (1976). Spandau: The Secret Diaries Macmillan Company, p. 58</ref> He indicated that this design was also to be used for defence purposes at Germany's "ultimate eastern border deep within Russia"<ref name="speerq"/> — if the Axis had completely defeated the Soviets, there might have existed the possibility of either only any remnant Soviet forces, or the northwesterly mainland Siberian-located extremities of Imperial Japan's Co-Prosperity Sphere territories, going eastwards beyond such a frontier.
Related plans
Various German agencies assumed a number of different boundaries in the east.
The administrative planning carried out by Alfred Rosenberg from April to June 1941 in his capacity as Plenipotentiary for the Central Treatment of Questions of the Eastern European Space (basis of the future Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories) for the territories that were to be conquered in the Soviet Union based the envisaged civil districts of the Reichskommissariate to a large extent on the borders of the pre-existing Soviet oblasts and autonomous republics, particularly in Reichskommissariat Moskowien.<ref name="dallin">(German) Dallin, Alexander (1958). Deutsche Herrschaft in Russland 1941–1945: Eine Studie über Besatzungspolitik, p. 67. Droste Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf.</ref> This included even territory to the east of the mountains, such as the Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg) region.<ref name="dallin"/>
The German Wehrmacht assumed an eastern boundary at the A-A line (a limit along the Volga river between the cities of Archangelsk and Astrakhan), which was the military objective of Operation Barbarossa.
In the later treaty with Japan, the Japanese proposed allocating all of Afro-Eurasia west of the 70th meridian east to the Germans and Italians in the case of a total Soviet collapse, but after negotiations the boundary was changed to the Yenisei river.
See also
- A-A line
- Axis power negotiations on the division of Asia during World War II
- East Wall (defensive line)
- Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
- Lebensraum
- Ural bomber, a mid-to-late 1930s design competition for a Luftwaffe strategic bomber with the Urals as its maximum range.
