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...w.iranicaonline.org|access-date=29 December 2013}}</ref><br>{{flag|Iraq}} (by [[Kurds]] and [[Iraqi Turkmens|Turkmens]])<ref name=IMFA>{{cite web|title=2 ...ch, 2008. "The traditional Nowrouz/Nowrooz celebrations, mainly celebrated by the Kurdish population in the Kurdistan Region in Iraq, and other parts of

{{Infobox country ...language|Kazakh]] {{small|(official state language)}} |[[Russian language|Russian]]{{small| (using as official)<ref>[http://adilet.zan.kz/eng/docs/K95000100

...tration]] has tried to balance relations with Russia and the United States by sending petroleum and natural gas to its northern neighbor at artificially ...ional security, defense capacity, sovereignty and territorial unity of the country;

...{{lang-kz|Оралмандар}}), or "returnee", is an official term used by [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] authorities to describe ethnic [[Kazakh people|Kazakh ...them more benefits; however, returnees themselves prefer regions where the Russian language is less important in everyday life, particularly in the south.<ref

{{Infobox Former Country |country =

...n in [[Ochakiv]], a small city in southern [[Ukraine]], then part of the [[Russian Empire]].<ref name=":0">''Immigration card - Avraham Poliak'' - File no. ST ...es islamiques|volume=8|pages=|via=}}</ref> and by 1938 three more articles by him were published there. In 1937 he also became a member of [[The Royal As

...<ref name="ball 2016 p156"/> The first book entitled ''The Silk Road'' was by Swedish geographer [[Sven Hedin]] in 1938.<ref name="ball 2016 p156"/> The ...], which at sea was conducted mostly through India and on land was handled by numerous intermediaries such as the [[Sogdia]]ns.<ref>[[Warwick Ball]] (201

|group='''Russian Kazakhstani''' [[Image:Prokudin-Gorskii Russians in Central Asia.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Russian settlers in Kazakhstan, 1911. [[Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii]]]]

...of the population. Today they live mostly in the northeastern part of the country between the cities of [[Astana]] and [[Oskemen]], the majority being urban ...ies, were subject to imposed [[cultural assimilation]] into the [[Russians|Russian culture]]. The methods to achieve that goal included the prohibition of pub

...s|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203093043/http://belstat.gov.by/en/ofitsialnaya-statistika/otrasli-statistiki/naselenie/demografiya_2/curre ...–768,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/countries/US|title=Country: United States: Belarusians|work=Joshua Project|date=2016|accessdate=23 May

...uent emigration to Russia and Ukraine, this number had declined to 796,000 by 1998 and 456,997 in the 2009 census.<ref name = "Coordinating">[http://www. ...paramilitary Ukrainian peasant and [[Cossack]] bands, who were sent by the Russian government to Kazakhstan after their failed [[Koliyivschyna|uprising in 176

...were moved to Central Asian areas like Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand by the Mongols where they worked as artisans and farmers.<ref name="Biran2005" ...late in Ürümqi in 1997, it did not even issue visas to local people, but by 2004 it was possible for Chinese people to obtain business visas with an in

...Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Kazakh Language|Kazakh]], [[Russian language|Russian]] ...zakhstan have either been assimilated into Kazakh society or have left the country.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akiner|1983|loc=381}}.</ref>

|langs = Primarily [[Russian language|Russian]]; only 12% claim knowledge of [[Polish language|Polish]]<ref>{{harvnb|Igli ...hstan''' form one portion of the [[Poles in the former Soviet Union|Polish diaspora in the former Soviet Union]]. Slightly less than half of Kazakhstan's Poles

|langs=[[Russian language|Russian]], [[Koryo-mar]] ...ese communities can be traced back to the Koreans who were living in the [[Russian Far East]] during the late 19th century.

...arch 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Vic Satzewich|title=The Ukrainian Diaspora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SfWBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|year=2003|publis ...s|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706163803/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/census/2009/main.php|archivedate=6 July 2011}}</ref>

...t China in the 1800s|Muslims in China that are sometimes still referred to by this name in Central Asian languages|Hui people}} ...ral/nationality/ |title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001 |work=Ukraine Census 2001

The following table shows the number of Armenians in each Central Asian country according to Soviet censuses from 1926 to 1989, and censuses taken place af | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Country'''

...e=March 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}: Distribution of population by nationality. Retrieved on 23 April 2009 </ref> ...oha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality |title=UAE´s population – by nationality |work=BQ Magazine |date=12 April 2015 |accessdate=12 July 2015

The largest group by far that the Russians have called "Tatars" are the [[Volga Tatars]], native ...tp://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/tatars.html Dada 韃靼 Tatars]" by Ulrich Theobald, chinaknowledge.de.</ref><!-- also written 達打, 達靼,

...>(2011 census)<ref name=kazakhstan>{{cite web|title=Table 4.1.1 Population by individual ethnic groups |url=http://www.eng.stat.kz/publishing/DocLib/2011 ...]<ref name="historicaldictionary"/><ref>{{cite book|title=People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan|url=http://books.google.dk/books?id=W78I4hK0JLQC&p

...pis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424000000/htt |pop2=1,031,647<ref name="census">[http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=17 Russian Census of 2002] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/2014100600000

...pis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity] {{ru icon}}</ref> ...eral/nationality/|title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001|work=Ukraine Census 2001|p

...ge|Azerbaijani]]{{•}}[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]{{•}}[[Russian language|Russian]] ...epublic of Azerbaijan]]; a small group of [[Iranian Azerbaijanis]] trapped by the [[Bolshevik]] taking of power in 1918 were also forced into Kazakhstan

...State Statistics Committee of Ukraine: The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue]</ref> | languages = [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]],[[Russian language|Russian]],[[Chinese language|Mandarin]]

'''Uyghurs in Kazakhstan''' form [[Kazakhstan|the country]]'s 7th-largest ethnic group, according to the 1999 census.<ref name="Censu ...rnment closed the Xinjiang&ndash;Kazakh SSR border, both to prevent flight by ethnic minorities, and to prevent the penetration of Soviet secret agents i

...s of ethnicity|Citizenship of Russia|and|Demographics of Russia|other uses|Russian (disambiguation)}} ...tvia, 0.6 M in Uzbekistan, 0.6 M in Kyrgyzstan. Up to 10 million [[Russian diaspora]] elsewhere (mostly Americas and Western Europe).</ref>

...injiang]] (新疆, meaning "new frontier") when the region was reconquered by the Manchu-led [[Qing dynasty]] in 1759. Xinjiang is now a part of the [[Pe ...l map showing the separation of Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin (Taklamakan) by the Tien Shan Mountains]]

...h/200012/28/eng20001228_59085.html}}</ref> Outside of China, significant [[diaspora|diasporic]] communities of Uyghurs exist in the Central Asian countries of ''Uyghur'' is often pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|iː|g|ər}} by English speakers, though an acceptable English pronunciation closer to the

{{Expand Russian|Вор в законе|date=August 2013}} ...65004.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 | title=Vory v Zakone has hallowed place in Russian criminal lore. | work=[[International Herald Tribune]] | date=29 July 2008

...filiated with the "Spiritual Association of Muslims of Kazakhstan", headed by a supreme [[mufti]].<ref>[http://www.religions-congress.org/content/view/12 ...churches and prayer houses.<ref name=IRFR/> [[Christmas]], rendered in the Russian Orthodox manner according to the [[Julian calendar]], is recognized as a na

...f> Geographically speaking, Kazakhstan is the northernmost Muslim-majority country in the world. Kazakhs make up over half of the total population, and other ...18th century, Russian influence rapidly increased toward the region. Led by [[Catherine the Great|Catherine]], the Russians initially demonstrated a wi