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| country = [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[China]] ...ection of the pipeline began.<ref name=upstream1/> This section was built by [[Stroytransgaz]], a subsidiary of [[Gazprom]].<ref name=reuters1>

| country = [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Russia]] ...The eastern branch includes the Central Asia - Center (CAC) 1, 2, 4 and 5 pipelines, which start from the south-eastern gas fields of Turkmenistan. The wester

| country = [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Kazakhstan]] ...nd other CIS countries. Presented at the Windsor Energy Group’s Regional Pipelines Roundtable, Almaty

| country = [[Kazakhstan]], [[Russia]] ...line is the only oil export pipeline in Russian territory not wholly owned by [[Transneft]].<ref name=ifri>

...avenues for Kazakhstan's oil and gas who would likely object to competing pipelines being built.<ref name=ihs090606/> ...e and onshore pipelines from Baku to [[Kulevi oil terminal]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref name=ihs051009>

| country = [[Kazakhstan]], [[China]] ...zakhstan]]'s Caspian shore to [[Xinjiang]] in China. The pipeline is owned by the [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] (CNPC) and the Kazakh oil comp

Awards and settlements of the [[international arbitration]]s put forward by breaking the [[international law|law]] of the Energy Charter Treaty are som ...ies, which later transformed into the Energy Charter Secretariat, mandated by the Energy Charter Conference. The legally binding treaty was signed in Lis

| condition_effective = Ratification by at least 55 States to the Convention | condition_effective = ratification by 144 (3/4 of 192 Parties) required

...= 688}}</ref> This species was first [[scientific description|described]] by Swedish zoologist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[12th edition of Systema Natura ...s showed that the saiga is [[sister taxon|sister]] to the [[clade]] formed by the [[springbok]] (''Antidorcas marsupialis'') and the [[gerenuk]] (''Litoc

...perates more than 8000&nbsp;km of oil pipelines and 3,140&nbsp;km of water pipelines. KazTransOil is a subsidiary of [[KazMunayGas]], the national oil and gas c ...re than 57% of Kazakhstan’s total oil exports. The rating is constrained by significant dependence on Russian pipeline operator OAO AK Transneft (BBB/S

...$600 billion in goods shipped from Asia to Europe each year were delivered by inland transport routes.<ref>Berk.</ref> ...ic thoroughfare, but a general route used by traders to travel, much of it by land, between the two continents along the [[Eurasian Steppe]]s through Cen

| map = Baku pipelines.svg | country = [[Azerbaijan]]<br/>[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]<br/>[[Turkey]]

| photo = Baku pipelines.svg | country = [[Turkmenistan]]<br/>[[Azerbaijan]]

| country = [[Azerbaijan]] ...1 and Early Oil Project|Early Oil Project]], which foresaw construction of pipelines to [[Supsa]] and [[Novorossiysk]]. Oil was first exported in October 1997.

| country = [[Azerbaijan]] The Shah Deniz field is operated by [[BP]] which has a share of 28.8%. Other partners include [[Türkiye Petrol

| country = [[Azerbaijan]] ...minal in [[Supsa]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and completion of export pipelines and facilities in Azerbaijan and Georgia <ref name="IFC">[http://www.ifc.or

| map = Baku pipelines.svg | country = [[Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Turkey]]

| map = Baku pipelines.svg | country = [[Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Turkey]]

| map = Baku pipelines.svg | country = [[Azerbaijan]], [[Russia]]

| country = [[Azerbaijan]], [[Iran]] </ref> It was inaugurated in October 1970 in Astara by [[Mohammad Rezā Shāh Pahlavi]] and [[Nikolai Podgorny]], [[Chairman of th

| country = [[Azerbaijan]], [[Russia]] ...979, [[Southern Caucasus]] republics of the [[Soviet Union]] were supplied by natural gas from [[Iran]].<ref name=staar>

|caption = The Caspian Sea as captured by the [[Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer|MODIS]] on the orbiting ...h century the Caspian Sea was still not well explored and mapped. 1570 map by [[Fernão Vaz Dourado]].]]

...kerosene]] and [[crude oil]] from the [[Caspian region]] to the [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] [[Batumi]] oil terminal at the [[Black Sea]]. When first constr ...from Baku to the Black Sea rose. The first pipeline proposal was submitted by Russian engineer I. Ilimov already in 1878.<ref name=transnefteprodukt>

...'' (''Kara-Irtysh'' in Kazakh, or ''Cherny Irtysh'' in Russian) is applied by some authors, especially in Russia and Kazakhstan, to the upper course of t ...sport)|lock]], with a drop of {{convert|42|m|ft}}, allows river traffic to by-pass the [[dam]] at [[Ust-Kamenogorsk]].<ref>

| subdivision_type = Country By 1951, the Neft Daşları was ready for production, equipped with all of the

|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]] The territory of what is now Aktau was once inhabited by ancient tribes of [[Scythians]]. Archeological finds in the area include ol

|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]] ...к}}). The former name is still commonly used in the Russian language, and by [[Russians in Kazakhstan]].<ref>https://lenta.ru/articles/2016/06/06/aktobe

...[[intergovernmental organization]] which was founded in 1985 in [[Tehran]] by the leaders of [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Turkey]]. It provides a platfor ...ipeline]] as well as a Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan pipeline. Current pipelines include the [[Tabriz–Ankara pipeline]] in addition to the planned [[Persi

...landlocked country]], and the [[List of countries and outlying territories by land area|ninth largest]] in the world, with an area of {{convert|2,724,900 ...f Kazakhstan|President]], [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], has been leader of the country since then, and is characterised as authoritarian, with a government histor

...Railways provide 68% of all cargo and passenger traffic to over 57% of the country. There are {{convert|15,333|km|mi|abbr=on}} in common carrier service, excl ...sp;km between China and Europe. The Khorgos Gateway dry port is surrounded by Khorgos Eastern Gate SEZ that officially commenced operations in December 2

...he [[Tacis Regional Cooperation Programme]], and as of 2007, it was funded by the [[European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument]] (ENPI) under the ...[[Caucasus]] to the EU. In 2001, a formal 'Umbrella Agreement' was signed by twenty one countries in [[Kiev]], to cooperate on pipeline development and

Kazakhstan was a partner country of the [[European Union|EU]] [[INOGATE]] energy programme, which had four k On January 1, 2013, Kazakhstan became the first country in Central Asia to launch an economy-wide carbon [[Emissions trading|emissi

| country = [[Kazakhstan]] ...and the then [[British Gas]] (who became [[BG Group]], and later acquired by [[Royal Dutch Shell]]) were awarded the sole negotiating rights, forming a