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...=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-09-08}}</ref> In April 2015, Nazarbayev [[Kazakhstani presidential election, 2015|was re-ele ...esided over an authoritarian regime.<ref name="dissent"/> No election held in [[Kazakhstan]] since independence has met international standards.<ref name

...lex, TÜRK BITIG]</ref> was a political alliance of nine [[Turkic tribes]] in [[Inner Asia]], during the [[early Middle Ages]]. Toquz Oghuz was consolida ...generalized ethnical term "oghuz" is ''og''-, meaning "clan, tribe", which in turn descends from the ancient Turkic word ''og'', meaning "mother". Initia

...png|thumb|250px|Map of '''Central Asia''' showing three sets of possible [[Eurasia]]n boundaries for the region]] ...through many territorial divisions before the current borders were created in the 1920s and 1930s.

|capital = located in Ulutau mountains ...n Eastern Europe (840-990 CE). The capital of the Kangar union was located in the Ulytau mountains.

...mi-[[Eurasian nomads|nomadic]] [[Eurasian Steppe|steppe]] people mentioned in [[China|Chinese]] records from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. ...re last mentioned by the Chinese as having settled the [[Pamir Mountains]] in the 5th century AD. They possibly became subsumed into the later [[Hephthal

...wer in the region and established the [[Turkic Khaganate]], one of several nomadic dynasties which would shape the future geolocation, culture, and dominant b ...Complex, Türik Bitig] [[Bain Tsokto inscriptions]]</ref> They were known in [[Middle Chinese]] historical sources as the ''tɦutkyat''{{sfn|Golden|2011

[[Image:Scythia-Parthia 100 BC.png|thumb|300px|Scythia and Parthia in about 170 BC (before the [[Yuezhi]] invaded Bactria).]] ...in]] and [[Taklamakan desert]] region of [[Northwest China]], they settled in [[Kingdom of Khotan|Khotan]] and [[Kashgar]] which were at various times [[

During his reign, an increase in the cities, trade, and craft occurred in the Horde. After determining the boundaries of his Horde, Ilbasan appointed He died in 1320.<ref>H.H.Howorth-History of the Mongols, part II, div.1, p.221</ref>

...zbeg Khan]]'s [[Islamicization]] policy, Sasibuqa might have been executed in 1315. [[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]

...:rich|rich]]" and "buyan" means "good deed/act" (as in religion or belief) in the [[Mongolian language]]. ...sians]] and [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]] (probably [[Bashkirs]]) served in his army.<ref>Encyclopedia of Mongol Empire, see White Horde</ref>

[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]] [[Category:14th-century monarchs in Asia]]

...sent his brother Ordu Sheykh who was later on killed in the Horde. He died in 1360. [[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]

...Böke]] and sided with him in the [[Toluid Civil War]] against [[Kublai]] in the early 1260s. [[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]

...o kept a very friendly relationship with his relatives, the [[Ilkhanate]], in [[Persia]]. According to Rashid al-Din Hamadani, Köchü allied with [[Kaid ...him to give up the authority of those areas before his attack on [[Iran]] in 1269.

...72|pp=25–71|}}. This figure has been calculated on the basis of the data in both Herlihy and Russell's work.</ref> ...</ref>/Gasani}}<ref>{{harvnb|Golden|2001a|p=33}}.'Somewhat later, however, in a letter to the Byzantine Emperor Basil I, dated to 871, Louis the German,

...e [[Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests|temperate forest]] and [[taiga]] in the north, or [[45th parallel north|45°]] to [[55th parallel north|55° no ...[[Black Sea]] (called ''Euxeinos Pontos'' [Εὔξεινος Πόντος] in antiquity) as far east as the [[Caspian Sea]], from [[Moldova]] and western

| image_caption = A Bactrian camel in the [[Shanghai Zoo]] ...side has only one hump.</ref> Its population of two million exists mainly in the [[Domestication|domesticated]] form.<ref name=EDGE>{{cite web| url= htt

| map_alt = Map of Eurasia with drawn lines for overland and maritime routes | location = Eurasia

...t citadel&nbsp;— One if not the largest extant Sassanid fortification(s) in the world.]] |Region=[[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe]]

...cavated around 1914, and the Turbino cemetery in [[Perm]], first excavated in 1924.<ref>A Dictionary of Archaeology, edited by Ian Shaw, Robert Jameson, These cultures are noted for being nomadic forest and steppe societies with metal working, sometimes without having fi

'''Ukok Plateau''' is a remote and pristine [[grasslands]] area located in the heart of southwestern [[Siberia]], the [[Altai Mountains]] region of [[ ...l with a flat top. According to the oral testimony of S. Umurzakova "Ukok" in Kyrgyz used to refer to flat-topped mountains, ie plateaus.

...= <ref>[http://www.stat.kz/news/Pages/pr_04_02_10.aspx Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan, official estimation 2010-01-01 based on National Census 2009]</ ...ame="USCB">{{cite web|title=PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES, Universe: Foreign-born population excluding population b

[[File:China-Xinjiang.png|thumb|200px|Xinjiang's location in the [[People's Republic of China]]]] ...ntier") when the region was reconquered by the Manchu-led [[Qing dynasty]] in 1759. Xinjiang is now a part of the [[People's Republic of China]], having

|region5={{flag|Turkey}} ([[Minorities_in_Turkey#Uyghurs|Uyghurs in Turkey]]) ...k Shichor|author2=East-West Center|title=Ethno-diplomacy, the Uyghur hitch in Sino-Turkish relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IR4tAQAAIAAJ|y

...stan.jpg|thumb|[[Kazakh cuisine|Kazakh food]] preparation began to develop in the 13th century]] ...ak.jpg|thumb|This 19th-century '''Star Kazak''' carpet sold for US$188,000 in 1999]]

...z people]] in contemporary Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as diasporas in [[Bayan-Ölgii Province|Bayan-Ölgii]], [[Mongolia]], and [[Xinjiang]], [[C ...e|Kyrgyz]], there are separate terms for those who hunt with birds of prey in general, and those who hunt with eagles.

...[[Taliban]] regime. Traditionally, games could last for several days, but in its more regulated tournament version, it has a limited match time.{{citati [[Image:Afghan Game Buzkashi.jpg|thumb|right|450px|Game of buzkashi in [[Mazar-i-Sharif]], [[Afghanistan]]]]