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...publisher= komunitetibektashi.org | url=http://www.komunitetibektashi.org/in.php?fq=brenda&gj=gj1&kid=1 ...arsi]]s)<ref name="www.iranicaonline.org">{{cite web|title=Nowruz observed in Indian subcontinent|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nowruz-ii/|pu

...kz</ref> it has a territory of 2,727,300&nbsp;km² (greater than [[Western Europe]]). It is bordered by [[Russia]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbek ...khstan has the [[List of countries by population|62nd largest]] population in the world, with a [[List of countries by population density|population dens

| 20.61% [[Russians in Kazakhstan|Russian]] |time_zone = [[Time in Kazakhstan|West{{\}}East]]

|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} ...=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-09-08}}</ref> In April 2015, Nazarbayev [[Kazakhstani presidential election, 2015|was re-ele

...sia and Belarus, transformed into the [[Eurasian Economic Community]] then in 2015 into the [[Eurasian Economic Union]]. President Nazarbayev has priorit ...n&id=132061</ref> Kazakhstan has called for “intra-regional integration in Central Asia” and international integration of the region.<ref name=TW1>{

...through many territorial divisions before the current borders were created in the 1920s and 1930s. [[File:SovietCentralAsia1922.svg|right|250px|thumb|Map of Soviet Central Asia in 1922 with the Turkestan ASSR and the Kyrgyz ASSR]]

...y all of [[Asia]] (as well as [[Mongol invasion of Europe|parts of Eastern Europe]]) save for [[Japan]], the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate of E ...ess than a year later, when a Mongol caravan and its envoys were massacred in the Khwarezmian city of [[Otrar]].

|image_map_caption = Oguz Yabgu State in [[Kazakhstan]], 750–1055 ...p). The Oguz political association developed in the 9th and 10th centuries in the basin of the middle and lower course of the Syr Darya and adjoining the

...right|300px|alt=World map, with Kazakhstan in green|Location of Kazakhstan in [[Central Asia]]]] ...stan. Modern ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' appeared from 40,000 to 12,000 years ago in southern, central, and eastern Kazakhstan. After the end of the [[last glac

...|year=1997|publisher=[[Eisenbrauns]]|isbn=978-1-57506-020-0|page=284|quote=In the Middle Persian period (Parthian and Sasanian Empires), Aramaic was the ...an language|Parthian]] (administration, until the late 3rd-century) spoken in the north and east, and by the [[seven Parthian clans]]){{sfn|Daryaee|2008|

...trans-[[Eurasia]]n [[trade route]]s facilitated travel and trade between [[Europe]] and [[Asia]] by such groups as the [[Radhanites]] and the early [[Rus' (p The originator of the term is unknown but it was in use by scholars as early as the nineteenth century.

*[[Islam]] ...72|pp=25–71|}}. This figure has been calculated on the basis of the data in both Herlihy and Russell's work.</ref>

...wish history|Jewish History]], [[Arab history|Arab History]], Nations of [[Islam]] and [[Africa]] and the History of the [[Khazars]]. ...and his elder brother, Menashe Polak.<ref name=":0" /> The family settled in the city of [[Haifa]] where Polak also attended high-school between the yea

! Religious affiliation of the responders !! Absolute numbers <br /> (in thousands)!! Share<br />of the population<br />% | [[Islam]] ||align=right| 11 237.9 ||align=right| 70.19

...lish]]; [[Arab language|Arabic]]([[Islam in Kazakhstan#History|coming with Islam]]); [[Chinese language|Chinese]]; ...khstan|accessdate=9 December 2015}}</ref> Other languages natively spoken in Kazakhstan are [[Dungan language|Dungan]], [[Ili Turk language|Ili Turki]],

...November 2007, about 1% of the $600 billion in goods shipped from Asia to Europe each year were delivered by inland transport routes.<ref>Berk.</ref> ...ormer [[Soviet Union]] use a wider [[rail gauge]] than most of the rest of Europe as well as China. Recently, however, the Trans-Siberian has regained ground

| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia|Asia-Pacific]] |piccap="Silk Road" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters

...y)|Georgia]]. It is the second-longest [[Pipeline transport|oil pipeline]] in the former Soviet Union, after the [[Druzhba pipeline]]. The first oil that ...Ceyhan pipeline was signed between Azerbaijan and Turkey on 9 March 1993 in [[Ankara]].<ref name=dailynews2>

...t citadel&nbsp;— One if not the largest extant Sassanid fortification(s) in the world.]] |Region=[[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe]]

{{About||the administrative subdivision|Rasht County|the valley in Tajikistan|Rasht Valley}} ...so [[Romanize]]d as '''Resht''' and '''Rast''', and often spelt ''Recht'' in [[French language|French]] and older [[German language|German]] manuscripts

...y has a population of around 298,000, making it the third-largest [[city]] in [[Azerbaijan]] after the capital [[Baku]] and [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]]. ...would go to the river and cry "Sum qayıt!" (which means "Sum, come back!" in [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Tarixi Əfsanə

File:Baku montage3.jpg|275px|alt=Baku montage. Clicking on an image in the picture causes the browser to load the appropriate article. ...18 447 1200 1056 [[Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall|Philharmony Fountain in front of the Magomayev Philharmonic Hall]]

|caption=The Aral Sea in 1989 (left) and 2014 (right) ...f 1853 published for the ''Journal of the [[Royal Geographical Society]]'' in London]]

...rsal''' was an ambitious project to divert the flow of the Northern rivers in the [[Soviet Union]], which "uselessly" drain into the [[Arctic Ocean]], so ...the 1960s through the early 1980s. The controversial project was abandoned in 1986, primarily for environmental reasons, without much actual construction

| religion = [[Islam]] ...rt in the battles for [[Grozny]] and other military operations, as well as in high-level negotiations with the [[Russia]]n side.<ref>[http://www.theliber

| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] ...] from March 1993 to December 2001. He was reportedly the youngest officer in the [[Soviet army]] to reach the rank of [[lieutenant general]].<ref>[https

|image = Mustafa Shokay in youth (cropped).jpg |caption = Mustafa Shokay in his youth

...6-98/f96-98.htm The New Russia of Vladimir Zhirinovsky: Fascist Tendencies in the Liberal-Democratic Party of Russia] ([[NATO]])</ref><ref name=abroadath ...e Carbonnel|author2=Alessandra Prentice|title=Armed men seize two airports in Ukraine's Crimea, Yanukovich reappears|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/20

...= http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1079237.html|newspaper=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|author=Liz Fuller|author2= Aslan Doukaev| date=December 200 ...Akhmat''', was the Chief [[Mufti]] of the [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]] in the 1990s during and after the [[First Chechen War]]. At the outbreak of th

...ed by [[Kazakhstan]] President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] on April 26, 2007, in order to create an economic and political union similar to that of the [[Eu ...ement to create an "International Supreme Council" between the two states. In addition, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan have signed a '''Treaty of

...n/|accessdate=5 August 2015|publisher=Russia Today}}</ref> It participated in the EAEU from the day of its establishment as an acceding state.<ref name=F ...Minister Vladimir Putin "A new integration project for Eurasia: The future in the making"|url=http://www.russianmission.eu/en/news/article-prime-minister

| caption = Population of Kazakhstan (in millions) from 1950–2009. ...ccessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref> but it is not uncommon to use '''Kazakh''' in both senses.<ref name=FCO>[http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroa

...le:Karachay patriarchs in the 19th c.jpg|285px]]<br>'''Karachay patriarchs in the 19th century''' |rels = [[Sunni Islam]]

|rels = Predominantly [[Sunni Islam]] ([[Shafii|Shafii Madhhab]]) ...slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/Proceed97/Arutiunov5.html "Ethnicity and Conflict in the Caucasus"]. Slavic Research Center</ref>

| group = Turks in Kazakhstan | rels = [[Islam]]

...on-primary ancestry reports. "Ukrainians" being of partial descent figured in numbers.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2011 National Household Survey: Data ta ...o.php?conteudo=7|archivedate=2007-03-12 |title=People of Ukrainian descent in Brazil |publisher=Parana.pr.gov.br |date= |accessdate=2012-11-02}}</ref>

...s a related ethnic group also called ''Gagavuz'' (or ''[[Gajal]]'') living in the European part of northwestern [[Turkey]]. ...ic group)|Macedonians]], [[Serbs]] and other Balkan populations, resulting in a high genetic distance from the [[Turkish people]] and other [[Turkic peop

...e value was preserved at 0.104% level it would be no less than 1.4 million in 2008</ref> ...the CIA estimate of the share of Kazakhs (3%), the total Kazakh population in Uzbekistan would be 0.8 million</ref>

| religions = Predominantly [[Sunni Islam]]<br>Minority [[Orthodox Christianity]], [[Irreligion]] ...Mongolian plateau]] in the 12th century CE. The name "Tatar" first appears in written form on the [[Kul Tigin]] monument as 𐱃𐱃𐰺 (''TaTaR''). His

|group = Kurds in Kazakhstan ...ntent/article/1077396.html|accessdate=2 December 2012|newspaper=Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty|date=27 June 2007}}</ref>–150,000<ref name="paradise">{{cit

...cessdate=2014-02-04}}</ref> to 2 million<ref>http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27599836</ref> ...902,0.html |title=Continuing Human Rights Abuses Force Chechens to Flee to Europe |publisher=Refworld |date= |accessdate=2014-02-04}}</ref><br>25,000<ref nam

...{{cite web|url=http://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15284/TU|title=Tatar in Turkey|author=Joshua Project|publisher=|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref> | religions = [[Sunni Islam]] Majority<br>[[Kryashens|Orthodox Christian]] Minority<br>[[Irreligion]]

...= <ref>[http://www.stat.kz/news/Pages/pr_04_02_10.aspx Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan, official estimation 2010-01-01 based on National Census 2009]</ ...ame="USCB">{{cite web|title=PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES, Universe: Foreign-born population excluding population b

...to 10 million [[Russian diaspora]] elsewhere (mostly Americas and Western Europe).</ref> ...w.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls Ethnic groups in Russia], 2010 census, Rosstat. Retrieved 15 February 2012 {{ru icon}}</ref>

| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] ...ommunist takeover of [[Xinjiang]], Alptekin went into exile from [[China]] in 1949.

...BLER4 AKV1 FP508 FIG71.jpg|thumb|right|Islam Akhun, photographed by Stein in 1901.]] ...]] manuscripts. Since the accidental discovery of the [[Bower Manuscript]] in 1889 such texts had become much sought after. The imperial powers of the ti

|honorific-prefix = [[Rebbe|Rabban]]<br/><small>(Master in [[Aramaic]])</small> ...4|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-28529-3|pages=670–}}</ref> and Bordeaux in the West, meeting with the major rulers of the period.]]

[[File:China-Xinjiang.png|thumb|200px|Xinjiang's location in the [[People's Republic of China]]]] ...ntier") when the region was reconquered by the Manchu-led [[Qing dynasty]] in 1759. Xinjiang is now a part of the [[People's Republic of China]], having

...to convert to [[Islam]],<ref>[[András Róna-Tas]], ''Hungarians & Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian'', (Central Europ ...istorian known as the Munajjimbashi, as well as a fragment of a manuscript in [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]], ''Tazkirah Bughra Khan'' (Memory of Bughra

|region5={{flag|Turkey}} ([[Minorities_in_Turkey#Uyghurs|Uyghurs in Turkey]]) ...k Shichor|author2=East-West Center|title=Ethno-diplomacy, the Uyghur hitch in Sino-Turkish relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IR4tAQAAIAAJ|y