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...|}}; born 6 July 1940) is the [[President of Kazakhstan]]. He has been the country's leader since 1989, when he was named First Secretary of the [[Communist P Nazarbayev has suppressed dissent, been accused of human rights abuses by several human rights organizations, and presided over an authoritarian regi

| condition_effective = Ninety days after the [[ratification]] by at least 20 signatory states<ref name=UN/> These practices have been deemed "Toxic Colonialism" by many developing countries.

| condition_effective = Ratification by 50 states ...untries to GHG reductions. Updated inventories must be regularly submitted by Annex I countries.

...ef> is an [[international treaty]] that was signed in Paris on 20 May 1875 by representatives of 17 nations. The treaty set up an institute for the purpo ...n political manoeuvring, particularly since the French had been humiliated by the Prussians during the war a few years previously. Although France lost c

...es|member states]] of the {{no wrap|[[United Nations]] (UN)}} and promoted by the [[UN Office on Drugs and Crime]] (UNODC). It is one of several legally ...rces and assistance to improve implementation of the obligations set forth by the Convention.<ref name=UNODC/>

...rnational drug trafficking became a multibillion-dollar business dominated by criminal groups, providing grounds for the creation of the 1988 Convention ..., security and sovereignty of States." The sense of urgency is underscored by the image of innocent boys and girls being exploited:

....int/tobacco/framework/non_parties/en/index.html |title=WHO Member States (by regions) that are NOT parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Co ...mic consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure to [[tobacco smoke]]" by enacting a set of universal standards stating the dangers of tobacco and li

...on of the [[GATT]] Contracting Parties selected a Panel of Experts chaired by [[Gottfried Haberler]] to examine the effect of agricultural [[protectionis ...s had caused large crop surpluses, which were unloaded on the world market by means of export [[subsidies]], pushing food prices down. The fiscal burden

.../ref> Broadly, the sanitary and phytosanitary (‘SPS’) measures covered by the agreement are those aimed at the protection of human, animal or plant l ...t life or health, taking into account risk assessment techniques developed by the relevant international organizations.

...by European Union ratification}}{{legend|#2fc92b|Signatories also covered by European Union ratification}} | condition_effective = [[Ratification]]/Accession by 55 UNFCCC Parties, accounting for 55% of global greenhouse gas emissions

| date_effective = 1 January 1989 if 11 states have ratified by then. | condition_effective = ratification by 20 states

| condition_effective = Ratification by at least 55 States to the Convention | condition_effective = ratification by 144 (3/4 of 192 Parties) required

...ated in [[Karaganda Region|Karaganda region]] - more than 8.5 billion tons by the end of 2012. ...accumulated all over the country without controls. This is largely caused by the following factors:

...American wolves have been recorded to respond to European-style howls made by biologists.<ref name="zimen1981">Zimen, E. (1981), ''The Wolf: His Place in ...s a Carnivore", in ''Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation'', edited by L. David Mech and Luigi Boitani, pp. 104-130, Chicago: University Press</re

...20px|link=Hero of Socialist Labour]]<br>([[Awards and decorations received by Leonid Brezhnev|Full list of awards and decorations]]) ...n of the Soviet military during this time. His tenure as leader was marked by the beginning of [[Era of Stagnation|an era of economic and social stagnati

| country = [[Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Turkey]] ...iterranean coast of [[Turkey]], via [[Tbilisi]], the capital of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. It is the second-longest [[Pipeline transport|oil pipeline]] in

...ctions for development of the freight turnover in southern Russia prepared by the Central Research Institute of Economy and Water Transport Exploitation ...arthworks (engineering)|earthwork]] and lower [[fresh water]] requirements by a third, to approximately 1.5 cubic km.

| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]] ...of a copper factory - [[BGMC]], was transformed into the city of Balkhash by decision of the Central Executive Committee of the Kazakh SSR. In this way,

Founded by a unit of the [[Siberian Cossacks]] headed by [[Fyodor Shubin]] in 1830 as Akmoly settlement. ...and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan|Saryarka areas]] were actively exploited by the colonial administration. To draft Regulation governing the [[Kazakh ste

...[[intergovernmental organization]] which was founded in 1985 in [[Tehran]] by the leaders of [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Turkey]]. It provides a platfor ...reached between ECO members, the common trade market should be established by 2015.<ref name="tehrantimes.com"/>

|country = Kazakhstan ...}$128 billion (nominal, 2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/kazakhstan#up|title=The World Bank}}</ref>

...ttp://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/countries_by_area.htm|title=Countries by Area|accessdate=26 August 2014|website=Nations Online Project}}</ref> ...kz.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref><ref>http://belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/otrasli-statistiki/naselenie/demografiya_2/operativ

...tical reforms to position [[Kazakhstan]] among the top 30 global economies by 2050.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy Leads to Government Res ....<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Overview|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kazakhstan/overview|website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref>

...set the goal that its transition into the green economy will increase GDP by 3%, and create more than 500 thousand new jobs.<ref name=kz20501>{{cite web ...with investors to achieve its green goals by 2050 and cut carbon emissions by 40 percent in 2050 from 2012 levels.<ref name="PriceSet"/>

...nd is used for crops, with the percentage being higher in the north of the country. 70% of the agricultural land is permanent pastureland. In 2011 the country had achieved record grain harvests of 26.9 million tonnes, exceeding the pr

...also included features that were characteristic of their local landscapes, economies or cultures. ...nal [[Pahonia]] as its coat of arms from 1991 to 1995 when it was replaced by a new emblem closely resembling the Soviet-era design. Additionally, the se