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...as begun applying Aarhus-type principles in its legislation, notably the [[Water Framework Directive]] (Directive 2000/60/EC). Liechtenstein and Monaco hav ...llutant Release and Transfer Register]]s (PRTRs). PRTRs are inventories of pollution from industrial sites and other sources such as agriculture and transport.

...ef>[http://oils.gpa.unep.org/framework/region-6-next.htm Global Marine OIl Pollution Information Gateway]</ref> The Framework Convention, also called Tehran Con ...ention is “the protection of the Caspian environment from all sources of pollution including the protection, preservation, restoration and [[sustainability|su

...73 as modified by the Protocol of 1978'''. ("MARPOL" is short for [[marine pollution]] and 73/78 short for the years 1973 and 1978.) ...s to preserve the marine environment in an attempt to completely eliminate pollution by oil and other harmful substances and to minimize accidental spillage of

...that include the most comprehensive sets of rules and standards on safety, pollution prevention and training and certification of seafarers, namely, SOLAS, MARP [[Category:Water transport]]

...ransboundary Watercourses and International Lakes''', also known as the '''Water Convention''', is an [[List of international environmental agreements|inter ...well as exchange of information.<ref>[http://www.unece.org/env/water.html Water Convention]. UNECE.</ref>

...nds fees on registration, licensing, environment pollution, for the use of water resources, forests etc.

....<ref name=micklin >Micklin, P. P. (1988). Disiccation of the Aral Sea: A Water Management Disaster in the Soviet Union. Science. 241(4870), 1172 & 1175. ...Sea region that could affect human health are "the [[salinization]] of the water table, [[pesticide]]s in the environment and [[food chain]], dust storms an

...d [[Kazakhstan]] as its [[nuclear testing]] site. Along with near-absent [[pollution control]]s, this has contributed to an alarmingly high rate of [[disease]] ...erations on Kazakhstan’s Caspian coast add to that sea’s already grave pollution. International programs to save the Aral and Caspian seas have not received

== Pollution types and causes == === Air pollution ===

...ld/> Very large prey such as swans may be dragged along the surface of the water to the shore to be consumed.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/> Live mammals consumed ...x predator]]s, tend to experience [[bioaccumulation]] from environmental [[pollution|pollutants]] present in their prey; they also suffer intensive persecution

...re descended from the [[ringed seal]] which migrated from larger bodies of water around two million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Endo|first1=H.|last2 ...aspica) and northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus)|journal=Environmental Pollution|date=2004|volume=127|issue=1|pages=83–97|pmid=14553998|doi=10.1016/s0269-

...pecies under Russian law. However, due to loss of habitat (farming), water pollution, illegal fishing nets, and the introduction of non-native species (e.g., mu ...http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5065428.stm | title = Russians rally for water mammal | work = [[BBC News]] | date = 9 June 2006 }}</ref>

...as [[Yenisei River|Yenisei]]. Populations migrating between fresh and salt water ([[anadromous]]) have been [[extirpated]].<ref name=IUCN/> Due to overfishing (for its flesh, [[caviar]], and [[isinglass]]), pollution, and dams, the sterlet has declined throughout its native range and is cons

...g the northern part of the [[Caspian Sea]], the largest enclosed [[body of water]] on [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web ...a serious threat to the [[biodiversity]] of the Caspian Depression. Water pollution is contributed mainly by [[Industry|industrial]], [[agricultural]], and hou

...section of the present [[Kuma-Manych Canal]] (an irrigation canal bringing water from the [[Terek River]] and the upper Kuma River to the East Manych), ...ately 1.5 cubic km.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} <!-- where's the water amount coming from? -->

...into a larger [[Eurasia Canal]] system. The canal would be a multipurpose water-resources system and an important part of the national transport system ser ...n|date=December 2015}} The Manych Ship Canal is one of several variants of water transport connection being considered between the basins of [[Sea of Azov|A

...=<ref name="vanderLeeden">van der Leeden, Troise, and Todd, eds., ''The Water Encyclopedia''. Second Edition. Chelsea F.C., MI: Lewis Publishers, 1990, p The '''Caspian Sea''' is the largest enclosed inland [[body of water]] on [[Earth]] by area, variously classed as the [[List of lakes by area|wo

...and the Kazakh city of [[Shu, Jambyl|Shu]] are located. Much of the Chu's water is diverted into a network of canals to irrigate the fertile black soils of ...d Kazakhstan Hydrometeorological Service (Kazhydromet) operate a number of water quality monitoring stations on the Chu River and its tributaries.<ref name=

...blisher=United Nations Development Programme in Kazakhstan|work=Integrated Water Resource Management|date=|accessdate=2010-03-21}}</ref> The average dischar ...inline|type:landmark}}, in what appears to be a tunnel. Some of the canals water is directed into the Nura (a chute below the dam at {{coord|50|5|30|N|73|22

...ated by the executive power of the city. For instance, the amount of waste water from industrial production went down from {{convert|600000|m3|cuft|abbr=on}

...tion-as-discussed-in-Lake-Balkhash-lake-Kazakhstan|title=Facts about water pollution: Lake Balkhash, as discussed in Lake Balkhash (lake, Kazakhstan)|publisher=

...s. The western part is [[fresh water]], while the eastern half is [[saline water|saline]].<ref name="britanica"/><ref name="ground"/><ref name="phys_geo"/>< ..."kazssr"/> The average depth of the lake is 5.8 m, and the total volume of water is about 112&nbsp;km³.

...tands was once swampland. Military authorities ordered a canal be dug, and water from the Chaglinka River was redirected to the area, turning the swamp into ...of the lake are low, flat, and overgrown with vegetation, meaning that the water surface of the lake is basically open only along the western and northern s

...rl=no }}</ref> It collects water during the winter and spring and releases water for irrigation from June through September.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Барто

...name=aral.unece.org>{{cite web|url=https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/water/blanks/assessment/aral.pdf|title=DRAINAGE BASIN OF THE ARAL SEA AND OTHER T ...e western edge of the former southern sea; in subsequent years, occasional water flows have led to the southeastern lake sometimes being replenished to a sm

...the desert, until 2010, when the South Aral Sea was partly reflooded. The water level of the South Aral Sea then began to drop again, this time more severe ...issue=2|pages=50–58|access-date=11 February 2016|quote=... The effect of pollution is aggravated by the fact that the Aral Sea is situated on the "highway" wh

...al Sea basin). The plan would involve other canals (not shown) to take the water further south.]] ...s towards the populated agricultural areas of [[Central Asia]], which lack water.<ref name=time75/><ref name=time82/>

...Cold War. Extreme levels of air, water, and radiological contamination and pollution by industrial wastes resulted. Population exodus resulted, and economic dep

...sources in the Ural Region, in the year 2000, more than 250 million m³ of water containing thousands of curies of tritium, strontium, and cesium-137 were d ...dala/TED/ural.htm A report on the 1957 accident and on endemic radioactive pollution at Mayak]</ref>{{better source|date=October 2016}}

Under the name of the Ust-Kamenogorsk Lock, the highest [[Lock (water transport)|lock]] in the world lies at Ablaketka where it allows river traf ...of the plants have their own contribution to the pollution of atmosphere, water, and the soil. This city’s situation is different from other cities like

...and lakes are seasonal, evaporating in summer. The three largest bodies of water are [[Lake Balkhash]], a partially fresh, partially saline lake in the east ...enty kilometers from the water's edge. The depletion of this large body of water has increased temperature variations in the region, which in turn have affe