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| partners = [[China National Petroleum Corporation]]<br/>[[Türkmengaz]]<br/>[[Uzbekneftegas]]<br/>[[KazMunayGas]] ...Pipeline transport|pipeline]] system from [[Central Asia]] to [[Xinjiang]] in the [[China|People's Republic of China]].

...68, the pipeline reached to Tashkent, in 1970 to Bishkek (then Frunze) and in 1971 to Almaty.<ref name=geopolitics> The diameter of the pipeline is {{convert|1020|mm|in|0}} and the annual capacity of the pipeline is almost 22 billion cubic mete

| 20.61% [[Russians in Kazakhstan|Russian]] |time_zone = [[Time in Kazakhstan|West{{\}}East]]

...sia and Belarus, transformed into the [[Eurasian Economic Community]] then in 2015 into the [[Eurasian Economic Union]]. President Nazarbayev has priorit ...n&id=132061</ref> Kazakhstan has called for “intra-regional integration in Central Asia” and international integration of the region.<ref name=TW1>{

...through many territorial divisions before the current borders were created in the 1920s and 1930s. [[File:SovietCentralAsia1922.svg|right|250px|thumb|Map of Soviet Central Asia in 1922 with the Turkestan ASSR and the Kyrgyz ASSR]]

...dent of Kazakhstan|President]] [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] had criticized him in 2006 for overspending and other administrative errors.<ref name=RESIGNATION ...nment that took office on 10 January 2007. He was dismissed from that post in June 2009. On 11 November 2014 he was appointed as Governor of the [[East K

...outhern Gas Corridor, thus taking natural gas from Turkmenistan to Central Europe. ...st Turkmen gas resources to major consumer geographies as [[Turkey]] and [[Europe]].

| partners = [[BP]] (28.8%), [[Turkish Petroleum Overseas Company Limited]] (19%), [[SOCAR]] (16.7%), [[Statoil]] (15.5%), [ ...1999. Stretching out over 140 square kilometres, the reservoir is similar in size and shape to Manhattan Island.

...uction, drilling and quarters]] (PDQ) platform ''Chirag 1 (EOP)'' has been in operation since 1997. Chirag 1 has been producing the ''Early Oil'' from th ...tart of production. It was recognized as the first large-scale oil project in the Caspian Sea region. The project involved investment of $200 million fro

.../>[[Total S.A.]] (16.81%)<br/>[[ExxonMobil]] (16.81%)<br/>[[China National Petroleum Corporation]] (8.4%)<br/>[[Inpex]] (7.56%) ...an Sea close to [[Atyrau]] and is considered the world's largest discovery in the last 30&nbsp;years, combined with the [[Tengiz Field]].<ref name=johnst

...y)|Georgia]]. It is the second-longest [[Pipeline transport|oil pipeline]] in the former Soviet Union, after the [[Druzhba pipeline]]. The first oil that ...Ceyhan pipeline was signed between Azerbaijan and Turkey on 9 March 1993 in [[Ankara]].<ref name=dailynews2>

...lack Sea|Black]] and [[Caspian Sea]]s to improve the transport performance in the Caspian region, including southern Russia. ...nd Caspian Seas was approved in May 1932, and construction began that year in the West Manych River valley. The shipping route was divided into three se

...hkala–Kazi Magomed pipeline''' is a natural gas pipeline from [[Mozdok]] in [[North Ossetia]] through [[Chechnya]] and [[Dagestan]] to [[Azerbaijan]].< In 1970–1979, [[Southern Caucasus]] republics of the [[Soviet Union]] were s

...is in an [[endorheic basin]] (a basin without outflows) located between [[Europe]] and [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Caspian Sea|url=http://www.sheppardsof ...ains]] and to the west of the vast steppe of [[Central Asia]]. The sea bed in the southern part reaches as low as 1023 m below sea level, which is the se

...ian]] [[Batumi]] oil terminal at the [[Black Sea]]. When first constructed in 1906, it was the world's longest kerosene pipeline.<ref name=transnefteprod ...irst pipeline proposal was submitted by Russian engineer I. Ilimov already in 1878.<ref name=transnefteprodukt>

...t is sometimes regarded as a definition for the natural [[boundary between Europe and Asia]], and was first proposed as such by [[Philip Johan von Strahlenbe ...Emba is a snow-fed river. It freezes over in winter, a process that begins in November and lasts until March.<ref name=Emba>{{cite book|last=Zonn,|first=

...y has a population of around 298,000, making it the third-largest [[city]] in [[Azerbaijan]] after the capital [[Baku]] and [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]]. ...would go to the river and cry "Sum qayıt!" (which means "Sum, come back!" in [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Tarixi Əfsanə

| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top:''' Central Bridge which connects Europe and Asia during the evening; Stand marking the European side of the city; O |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Kazakhstan

File:Baku montage3.jpg|275px|alt=Baku montage. Clicking on an image in the picture causes the browser to load the appropriate article. ...18 447 1200 1056 [[Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall|Philharmony Fountain in front of the Magomayev Philharmonic Hall]]

...in the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] and to destinations in [[Europe]] out of its base at [[Atyrau Airport]],<ref name="FI">{{cite news | title= ...rt/air-ban/doc/list_en.pdf |date=May 11, 2012 }}</ref> Shortly thereafter (in October), its [[Air Operator's Certificate|airline license]] was revoked.<r

|caption=The Aral Sea in 1989 (left) and 2014 (right) ...f 1853 published for the ''Journal of the [[Royal Geographical Society]]'' in London]]

| image_map = Atyrau in Kazakhstan.svg | blank1_name_sec2 = [[List of cities in Kazakhstan|Cities (inc towns)]]

...usiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kazakhstan |title=Ease of Doing Business in Kazakhstan |publisher=Doingbusiness.org |accessdate=2017-01-24 }}</ref> ...] in [[Russia]]. A bright spot in 1999 was the recovery of international [[petroleum]] prices, which, combined with a well-timed tenge devaluation and a bumper

{{For|transport in the Soviet Union|Transport in the Soviet Union}} ...emote from world markets. Therefore, the need for efficient transportation in Kazakhstan is great.

...ust 2013}} The coordinating INOGATE Technical Secretariat was discontinued in April 2016. ...), p. 208</ref> Following conferences in [[Baku]], Azerbaijan in 2004 and in [[Astana]], Kazakhstan, INOGATE evolved into a broader energy partnership b

...3970.htm | title=Kazakhstan becoming pillar of energy security in Asia and Europe | publisher=Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections | date=13 September 2006 | ac ...ions trading|emissions system]] to cap emissions from its biggest emitters in the energy, coal, oil and gas extraction sectors.<ref name=EBRD>{{cite web|

...e</ref> Kazakhstan has taken [[Uzbekistan]]'s place as the favored partner in [[Central Asia]] for both Russia and the United States.<ref name=FAVORITE>[ ...is the impact of terrorism in the country. Kazakhstan's 94th place puts it in a group of countries with the lowest impact of terrorism.<ref>{{cite web|ti

...and educational institution located in [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]]. Founded in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|title= Kazakh-British Technical University Home Page|u KBTU’s research in the main sectors of the Kazakhstani economy – oil and gas, information te