Tulipa schrenkii
Template:Italic title Template:TaxoboxTulipa schrenkii or Schrenck's tulip is a bulbous herbaceous perennial of species of tulip (Tulipa) in the family of the Liliaceae. It belongs to the section tulipa.
Description
The tunic of the bulb is dark brown. Stiff hairs grow on the inside, especially towards the tip. The 3-4 leaves are glaucous and undulate. They are normally 10, sometimes up to 20 cm long and 3–6 cm wide.<ref>Richard Wilford, Tulips, species and hybrids for the Gardener. Portland, Timber Press 2006, 145</ref> The stem is 15–30 cm long and glabrous, sometimes slightly hairy. The flowers of Tulipa schrenckii are bowl shaped and very varied in colour. They can be red, light-red, pink, yellow or white. There are also forms with red petals bordered in yellow or white<ref name="Rukšāns2007" />
Habitat
Tulipa schrenckii grows in the Southern Ukraine, especially on the Crimea,<ref name="GRIN" /> the European part of Russia, especially on the lower Don and around the Sea of Azov,<ref name="Ghahreman2007" /> in Western Iran, Azerbaijan, Ciscaucasia (North-Ossetia, Kabardino-Balkaria and in the former Chechen–Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic region on the Terek),<ref name="sevin">Template:Cite web</ref> northern Dagestan, western Kazakhstan,<ref name="LandwirtschaftsministeriumKasachstan" /> in Central Asia,<ref name="WCSP" /> China <ref name="sevin"/> and the lowlands of western Siberia.<ref name="GRIN" /> The status of the Anatolian populations is dubious, as they could be descended from plants previously cultivated in gardens and parks. Gerhard Pils<ref>Gerhard Pils 2006. Flowers of Turkey, a photo-guide, Self-published, 361</ref> only lists Tulipa sylvestris, Tulipa humilis, Tulipa saxatilis and Tulipa armena as wild species. Christenhuit et al. assume "ca. seven" wild species, without listing them however.<ref>Maarten J. M. Christenhusz, Rafaël Govaerts, John C. David, Tony Hall, Katherine Borland, Penelope S. Roberts, Anne Tuomisto, Sven Buerki, Mark W. Chase & Michael F. Fay: 'Tiptoe through the tulips – cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 172/3, 2013, 280–328. Template:DOI</ref> Tulipa schrenckii grows in the steppe and in semideserts,<ref name="Ghahreman2007" /> up to 600 m ASL. In Russia and Kazakhstan this tulip is listed on the Red List of endangered species.
Systematics
Tulipa schrenckii was first described in 1794 by Albrecht Wilhelm Roth in the "Annalen der Botanik" (ed. Usteri) 10, 44.<ref name="GRIN" /><ref name="Tropicos" /> as Tulipa suaveolens. The Latin ephithet suaveolens means sweet-smelling. Different species were described from different sites, which later turned out to be all members of the species Tulipa schrenckii. Tulipa schrenckii was described in 1873 by Eduard August von Regel in the Trudy Imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago Botaničeskago Sada.<ref>2/2, 452</ref> The ephiteton schrenkii honours the Baltic-German botanist Alexander Gustav von Schrenk.<ref name="Regel1873" />
History
The wild Tulipa schrenckii is known in Turkey as Kefe Lale (also "Cafe-Lale" after the medieval name of Kaffa on the Crimea). Johannes Marius Cornelis Hoog thinks that it is one of the parent species of the horned tulip Tulipa cornuta, often wrongly labelled as Tulipa acuminata in the bulb-trade<ref>Maarten J. M. Christenhusz, Rafaël Govaerts, John C. David, Tony Hall, Katherine Borland, Penelope S. Roberts, Anne Tuomisto, Sven Buerki, Mark W. Chase, Michael F. Fay, Tiptoe through the tulips – cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 172, 2013, 312</ref>). Sultan Selim II had 300.000 bulbs brought from Kefe for the gardens of the Topkapı-Sarajı in Istanbul.<ref name="Pavord1999" />
Tulipa schrenckii is also a progenitor of the low-growing Duc-tulips (also called Dukes, Dux or Ducks), which are attested in the Netherlands since the end of the 16th. century. They were named for Adrian Duyk from Oud-Karspel in the Netherlands.<ref name="Pavord1999" />).<ref name="oldtulips" /> A painting by Jakob de Gheyn II., originating between 1600 and 1603 depicts shells, a caterpillar and a vase with love-in the mist, a snake's head fritillary, roses, Aquilegia, lilies-of the valley, pansies and a Tulipa schrenckii with pointed petals. A moth is sitting on the vase. Drawings by Jakob de Gheyn show this plant as well<ref name="HopperBoom1975/76">Florence Hopper Boom 1975/76, An Early Flower Piece by Jacques de Gheyn II. Simiolus, Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art 8/4, 198.</ref> Bulbs of Tulipa schrenkii were imported 1881 into the Netherlands, where they were hybridised with other domesticated tulips.
References
<references> <ref name="WCSP">M. J. M. Christenhusz, R. Govaerts, J. C. David, T. Hall, K. Borland, P. S. Roberts, A. Tuomisto, S. Buerki, M. W. Chase, M. F. Fay: Tiptoe through the tulips - cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 172, 2013, 280–328. [1]</ref> <ref name="GRIN">Template:GRIN</ref> <ref name="Tropicos">Template:Tropicos</ref> <ref name="Ghahreman2007">Ahmad Ghahreman, Farideh Attar, Farrokh Ghahremanineja: A New Species of Tulipa (Liliaceae) from Western Iran. Novon 17/4, 2007, 438.</ref> <ref name="LandwirtschaftsministeriumKasachstan">[2]. accessed 5. April 2010</ref> <ref name="Pavord1999">Anna Pavord 1999. The tulip. London, Bloomsbury, 25, 41, 138.</ref> <ref name="Rukšāns2007">Jānis Rukšāns 2007. Buried Treasures. Finding and growing the world's choicest bulbs. Portland, Timber Press, 125</ref> <ref name="Regel1873">Tulipa schrenkii, Regel 1873.</ref> <ref name="oldtulips">'Duc van Tol'</ref> </references>
