Central Asia–China gas pipeline

The Central Asia–China gas pipeline (known also as Turkmenistan–China gas pipeline) is a natural gas pipeline system from Central Asia to Xinjiang in the People's Republic of China.

History

The initial proposal for Central Asia–China gas pipeline was presented as the Kazakhstan–China gas pipeline, which was to follow along the Kazakhstan-China oil pipeline. In June 2003, during China's President Hu Jintao's visit to Kazakhstan, agreements to expedite the appraisal of the project were signed.<ref name=china> Template:Cite news </ref> Following these agreements, KazMunayGas and PetroChina started a feasibility study of the pipeline project. At the same time China continued negotiations with other Central Asian countries.

On 3 April 2006, China and Turkmenistan signed a framework agreement on the pipeline construction and long-term gas supply.<ref name=rfere> Template:Cite news </ref> In June 2007, during his visit to China, Turkmeni President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow signed an accord to speed up implementation of the Turkmeni-Chinese gas pipeline project.<ref name=downstream/> On 30 April 2007, Uzbekistan and China signed an agreement on the construction and exploitation of the pipeline's Uzbekistan section.<ref name=caucaz> Template:Cite news </ref> In July 2007, it was formally announced that Turkmenistan will join original Kazakhstan-China pipeline project.<ref name=forbes> Template:Cite news </ref> On 8 November 2007, Kazakhstan's oil company KazMunayGas signed an agreement with the China National Petroleum Corporation on principles of future work on the pipeline.<ref name=reuters2> Template:Cite news </ref>

On 30 August 2007, the construction of the Template:Convert long Turkmen section of the pipeline began.<ref name=upstream1/> This section was built by Stroytransgaz, a subsidiary of Gazprom.<ref name=reuters1> Template:Cite news </ref> Main contractors were China Petroleum Pipeline Bureau, China Petroleum Engineering and Construction Corporation, and Zeromax.<ref name=eurasianet/> Construction of the Uzbek section started on 30 June 2008.<ref name=eurasianet> Template:Cite news </ref><ref name=downstream2> Template:Cite news </ref> It was built by Asia Trans Gas, a joint venture of Uzbekneftegas and CNPC.<ref name=upstream3> Template:Cite news </ref> Construction works of the Kazakh section started on 9 July 2008 and the first stage was finished in July 2009.<ref name=upstream4> Template:Cite news </ref> It was built by Asian Gas Pipeline company, a joint venture of CNPC and KazMunayGas.<ref name=upstream2> Template:Cite news </ref> The main contractors of this section were KazStroyService and China Petroleum Engineering and Construction Corporation.<ref name=steelguru1/> The first of the two initial parallel line were completed early November 2009.<ref name=downstream121109> Template:Cite news </ref>

The Kazakh section of the pipeline was inaugurated on 12 December 2009 during China's president Hu Jintao's visit to Kazakhstan.<ref name=reuters121209> Template:Cite news </ref> The whole pipeline was inaugurated on 14 December 2009 in a ceremony in Saman-Depe during Hu Jintao's visit to Turkmenistan with the leaders of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.<ref name=reuters141209> Template:Cite news </ref> On 13 June 2010 China and Kazakhstan signed an agreement on a branch line from Western Kazakhstan.<ref name=cd140610> Template:Cite news </ref>

The second line was completed by the end of 2010. Construction of the third line began in 2012.<ref name=pi> Template:Cite news </ref> It became operational on 15 June 2014, and is expected to reach the designed throughput of Template:Convert in December 2015. The construction of a fourth line of the pipeline is expected to be launched at the end of 2014.<ref name=br160614> Template:Cite news </ref>

Significance

According to CNPC, the inflow of Turkmen gas helps China in meeting its energy demands and stabilizes the country's overall consumption structure. It was expected that the pipeline's deliveries boost the natural gas proportion of energy consumption of China by an estimated 2%, which reduces the overall smoke, dust and carbon dioxide emissions.<ref name=chinastake> Template:Cite news </ref> For Turkmenistan, the project helps the country diversify its energy exports by delivering gas eastward as opposed to its previous deliveries to Russia and Iran. Until the inauguration of the pipeline, nearly 70% of Turkmenistan's gas exports transited through Russian pipelines.<ref> Template:Cite news </ref> Central Asia–China gas pipeline is the first pipeline to bring Central Asian natural gas to China and highlights China's quest for Central Asian energy exports. While Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are also considering selling their gas to China, Chinese government already made new moves to penetrate deeper into Central Asian energy sector by lending $3 billion to Turkmenistan to develop the South Iolotan field in 2009 and $10 billion to Kazakhstan to pay for future oil supplies.<ref> Template:Cite news </ref>

Technical features

The whole pipeline is about Template:Convert long, of which Template:Convert in Turkmenistan and Template:Convert in Uzbekistan.<ref name=upstream1> Template:Cite news </ref><ref name=downstream121109 /><ref name=reuters121209 /><ref name=chinastake /> The diameter of the pipeline is Template:Convert.<ref name=steelguru1> Template:Cite news </ref> It consists of three parallel lines with combined total capacity of Template:Convert which would be reached by 2015.<ref name=br160614 /> Construction of the first line cost US$7.3 billion.<ref name=chinapost> Template:Cite news </ref> The pipeline project also includes the purification plant at Samand-Depe to remove high sulfur content of natural gas.

Route

The pipeline starts in Saman-Depe carrying natural gas from the Bagtyyarlyk gas fields on the right bank of Amu Darya in Turkmenistan. It is mainly supplied from Iolotan and Sag Kenar fields.<ref name=entrepreneur> Template:Cite news </ref> The pipeline enters Uzbekistan in Olot and runs across Uzbekistan to southern Kazakhstan parallel to the existing Bukhara–Tashkent–Bishkek–Almaty pipeline.<ref name=downstream> Template:Cite news </ref><ref name=dundee> Template:Cite conference </ref> The pipeline crosses the Kazakhstan–China border at Khorgos, where it is connected to the second West–East Gas Pipeline.<ref>Template:Cite news </ref><ref name=edm211207> Template:Cite news </ref>

In Shymkent, the pipeline will be linked with the Template:Convert branch line from Beyneu in western Kazakhstan.<ref name=cd140610/><ref name=ogjl80610> Template:Cite news </ref> It will supply natural gas from the Karachaganak, Tengiz and Kashagan gas fields.<ref name=downstream170610> Template:Cite news </ref> The branch line will have a capacity of 15 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year.<ref name=ogjl80610/><ref name=digital130610> Template:Cite news </ref> It will be commissioned in 2014.<ref name=ogjl80610/>

See also

• Kazakhstan–China oil pipeline
• Central Asia – Center gas pipeline system
• Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline
• Energy policy of China
• Energy security of China
• Altai gas pipeline
• Power of Siberia

External links

• Chow, Edward, "Central Asia’s Pipelines: Field of Dreams and Reality," in Pipeline Politics in Asia: The Intersection of Demand, Energy Markets, and Supply Routes (National Bureau of Asian Research, 2010)
• Kazakhstan's Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes, by Shamil Yenikeyeff, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, November 2008
• Noriko Yodogawa & Alexander M. Peterson, "An Opportunity for Progress: China, Central Asia, and the Energy Charter Treaty", 8 Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law 111 (2013).