Difference between revisions of "Iris bloudowii"
m (1 revision) |
|
(No difference)
| |
Latest revision as of 01:01, 17 May 2026
Template:Italic titleTemplate:Taxobox Iris bloudowii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, with sickle-shaped leaves, slender stem and 2 bright or pale yellow flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.
Contents
Description
It is similar in form to Iris humilis (another Psammiris species).<ref name=american>Template:Cite web</ref>
It has a thick, short, irregularly shaped, fibrous rhizome.<ref name=efloras>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=onego>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=irisbotanique>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=british>British Iris Society (1997) Template:Google books</ref> They are Template:Convert in diameter.<ref name=agbina>Template:Cite web</ref> Under the rhizome, are numerous yellow-white, secondary roots.<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=csdb>Template:Cite web</ref> On top of the rhizome, are the brown, fibrous remains of old leaves.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=onego/><ref name=british/><ref name=csdb/> The rhizome has many branches, creating a slowly, creeping plant.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=plantae>Template:Cite web</ref>
It has 2-4,<ref name=onego/> linear,<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=agbina/><ref name=plantae/> or lanceolate,<ref name=onego/><ref name=plantae/> or sword-shaped basal leaves,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=csdb/> They are slightly curved or sickle-shaped.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=onego/><ref name=csdb/> They appear in spring, as broad, brown shoots,<ref name=handbook>Template:Cite web</ref> before turning greyish green,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=british/><ref name=csdb/> or light green,<ref name=human>Template:Cite web</ref> they can grow up to between Template:Convert long and 4–8 mm wide, at blooming time.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/> Later, they extend up to between Template:Convert long and 8–13 mm wide.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=onego/><ref name=british/><ref name=agbina/><ref name=csdb/><ref name=handbook/> They have 5-6 longitudinal veins, but no central mid-vein.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/><ref name=signa>Template:Cite web</ref> The leaves are deciduous, and die away after flowering.<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=handbook/>
It has a slender, erect stem, that can reach up to between Template:Convert long.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/> After flowering, the stem extends up to Template:Convert long.<ref name="american"/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=onego/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=agbina/><ref name=csdb/><ref name=plantae/><ref name=human/><ref name=signa/><ref name=daves/><ref name=cassidy>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=pacific>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=korni>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=rainbow>Template:Cite web</ref> It is not branched and carries the flowers above the foliage.<ref name=american/><ref name=csdb/>
The stem has 2 or 3, keeled, oblong-lanceolate, reddish purple, membranous, spathes or bracts (leaves of the flower bud).<ref name=american/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/><ref name=plantae/><ref name=handbook/> They are Template:Convert long and 1.6–2 cm wide.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/><ref name=handbook/>
The stems hold 2 terminal (top of stem) flowers,<ref name=american/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=onego/><ref name=agbina/><ref name=csdb/><ref name=plantae/><ref name=handbook/><ref name=signa/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=rainbow/> blooming in late spring,<ref name=stebbings>Template:Cite book</ref> between April and May,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=agbina/><ref name=csdb/><ref name=human/> or June (in Russia).<ref name=onego/> The flowers are held on pedicels (stalks) that are 0.5–2 cm long.<ref name=american/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/>
The flowers are Template:Convert in diameter,<ref name=american/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=agbina/><ref name=csdb/> come in shades of yellow,<ref name=onego/><ref name=agbina/><ref name=human/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=korni/><ref name=rainbow/><ref name=stebbings/> from bright yellow,<ref name=american/><ref name=handbook/><ref name=daves>Template:Cite web</ref> to clear yellow,<ref name=csdb/><ref name=cassidy/> to dark yellow.<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=signa/>
It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.<ref name=ClaireAustin>Template:Cite book</ref> The falls are obovate,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=onego/><ref name=csdb/> or ovate,<ref name=plantae/> with purple or brown veins,<ref name=onego/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=plantae/><ref name=signa/><ref name=daves/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=pacific/> leading to the haft (the section closest to the stem),<ref name=american/> and have a central yellow,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=signa/><ref name=pacific/> or golden beard.<ref name=csdb/><ref name=cassidy/> They are 4 cm long and 2 cm wide.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/> The upright standards are oblanceolate and 3-4.5 cm long and 1-1.2 cm wide.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/> They are narrower and shorter than the falls.<ref name=plantae/>
It has a 1-1.5 cm long perianth tube,<ref name=american/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/> which is equal in length to the green, spindle-shaped,<ref name=csdb/> ovary.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=onego/> The ovary also has 6 purple stripes.<ref name=american/> The plant also has Template:Convert long stamens,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/> and bright yellow style branches that are flat and 2.5 cm long.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/>
After the iris has flowered, between June and August,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=onego/><ref name=csdb/> it produces an oval or ovoid seed capsule,<ref name=efloras/> on a 1-1.2 cm long stalk.<ref name=onego/><ref name=csdb/> Inside are dark brown, ellipsoid or oval seeds, which are 5mm long and 3mm wide.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=onego/><ref name=csdb/> They are wrinkled and have a white aril (appendage).<ref name=efloras/><ref name=onego/><ref name=csdb/>
Biochemistry
In 1986, a study was carried out on 3 iris species in China, the chromosomes of Iris mandshurica, Iris uniflora and Iris bloudowii were counted. Iris bloudowii had a count of 2n=26.<ref name=karyotype>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In 2005, a study was carried out on Iris bloudowii.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In 2012, a genetic study was carried out on Iris laevigata and its from several closely related iris species, including Iris ensata, Iris setosa, Iris halophila, Iris scariosa, Iris potaninii, Iris tenuifolia, Iris bloudowii, and Iris sanguinea. <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.<ref name=ClaireAustin/>
It has been counted several times, 2n=22 (Marc Simonet, 1934), 2n=22 (Randolph, 1947), 2n=26 (Simonet, 1952) and 2n=26 (Doronkin, 1984).<ref name=american/>
It is commonly published as 2n=22, 26,<ref name=signa/><ref name=pacific/> or 2n = 26.<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=karyotype/>
Taxonomy
It has the common names of 'Bludov iris' or 'Bludova iris' (in Russia).<ref name=onego/><ref name=human/><ref name=korni/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was also known as 'Blondow's Iris',<ref>Template:Google Books</ref> due to a spelling translation mistake.
It is written as 中亚鸢尾 in Chinese script,<ref name=efloras/> and known as zhong ya yuan wei in Pidgin in China.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=grin>Template:Cite web</ref> 'Zhong ya yuan wei' is translated into English as 'central Asian iris',<ref name=grin/> or 'central iris'.<ref name=csdb/>
The Latin specific epithet bloudowii refers to von Bloudow, (or Count Dmitri N. Bludova, 1785 – 1864<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> ) a former President of the Russian Academy of Sciences (founded in Saint Petersburg).<ref name=handbook/>
It was first published and described by Carl Friedrich von Ledebour in 'Icones Plantarum' (Icon. Pl.) Vol.2 page5 in 1830.<ref name=efloras/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=kew>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=alekseeva>Template:Cite web</ref>
The type specimen for description was collected from the Altai Mountains.<ref name=csdb/><ref name=alekseeva/>
It was also published in 'Flora Altaica', Volume 4 page 331 in 1833.<ref name=american/><ref name=grin/><ref>Carl Friedrich von Ledebour Template:Google books</ref> Then in February 2007, Brian Mathew, published an article in Curtis's Botanical Magazine Volume 24, Issue 1, pages 30–33.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 2 October 2014.<ref name=grin/>
Iris bloudowii is an accepted name by the RHS.<ref name=rhs>Template:Cite web</ref>
Distribution and habitat
Iris bloudowii is native to temperate regions of central Asia.<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=agbina/><ref name=plantae/><ref name=signa/><ref name=grin/><ref name=kew/><ref name=rhs/>
Range
It is found within the Siberian region,<ref name=american/><ref name=onego/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=british/><ref name=agbina/><ref name=plantae/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=kew/><ref name=dykesonirises>Template:Cite web</ref> of the Russian Federation,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/><ref name=handbook/><ref name=rhs/> in the states of Aga Buryat, Buryatia, Chita, Gorno-Altay, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva and Primorye.<ref name=grin/> It is also found in Kazakhstan,<ref name=onego/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Mongolia.<ref name=american/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=british/><ref name=agbina/><ref name=plantae/><ref name=signa/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=grin/><ref name=kew/> It is also found in China,<ref name=american/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=british/><ref name=plantae/><ref name=signa/><ref name=pacific/> within the Chinese provinces, of Xinjiang,<ref name=csdb/><ref name=grin/> (also known as 'Chinese Turkestan').<ref name=handbook/><ref name=cassidy/>
This includes the Altai Mountains,<ref name=handbook/><ref name=signa/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=greentours>Template:Cite web</ref> and Tien Shan Mountains.<ref name=american/><ref name=british/><ref name=pacific/>
It is listed with Iris glaucescens, Iris humilis, Iris ruthenica, Iris sibirica, Iris tenuifolia and Iris tigridia being found in the Altai-Sayan region (where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Habitat
It grows on the grassy meadow slopes of mountains,<ref name=american/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=onego/><ref name=agbina/><ref name=csdb/><ref name=signa/> on the edge of woods and forests,<ref name=american/><ref name=onego/><ref name=csdb/> in sandy dunes,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/> and coastal meadows.<ref name=onego/>
It prefers sandy soils similar to Iris humilis.<ref name=american/>
Cultivation
It is hardy to between USDA Zone 4 to Zone 9.<ref name=daves/>
It is very cold hardy but prefers dry winter conditions.<ref name=american/>
It prefers to be grown in well-drained, light sandy soils.<ref name=american/><ref name=agbina/> It can grow in gravelly soils.<ref name=rainbow/>
It can tolerate mildly acidic or mildly alkaline soils (PH levels between 6.1 and 7.8).<ref name=daves/><ref name=rainbow/>
It can tolerate positions in full sun.<ref name=american/><ref name=daves/>
It has average water needs during the growing season,<ref name=daves/> but it should be kept dry during the winter.<ref name=american/><ref name=cassidy/>
In the UK, it is best grown in a covered frame,<ref name=handbook/><ref name=cassidy/> but it can grown in the open in Russia.<ref name=onego/> It is rare in cultivation in the UK.<ref name=stebbings/>
It is grown in rock gardens.<ref name=rainbow/>
It has been grown in Russia since 1829. It was tested in botanical gardens of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Chita and Barnaul.<ref name=onego/><ref name=rainbow/><ref name=alekseeva/>
Aphis newtoni Theobald can be found on Iris bloudowii, Iris latifolia, Iris spuria and Tigridia pavonia.<ref>Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Biology and Ecology June 2002 Template:Google books</ref>
Propagation
It can be propagated by division or by seed growing.<ref name=agbina/><ref name=daves/>
In 2003, a study was carried out on pollinating and germinating seeds of Iris bloudowii. It was concluded that if the pollination was around 12:00 in the morning. It is self-incompatibile.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Hybrids and Cultivars
Iris bloudowii is rarely used in hybridizing, but a cross with Iris lutescens called 'Promise' was successful.<ref name=american/> It also has 2 cultivars, 'Bloudowii Rupestris' and 'Bloudowii Turkestanica'.<ref name=american/>
Toxicity
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.<ref name=daves/>
References
Other sources
- Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR).
- Khassanov, F. O. & N. Rakhimova. 2012. Taxonomic revision of the genus Iris L. (Iridaceae Juss.) for the flora of Central Asia. Stapfia 97:177.
- Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR. [lists as I. bloudowi Bunge].
- Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 39.
- Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China.
