Difference between revisions of "Nursultan Nazarbayev"

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Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox officeholder Nursultan Äbishuly Nazarbayev<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> (Template:Lang-kk {{#switch: |IPA=IPA: |lang=Kazakh: |pron=pronounced |=|Kazakh pronunciation: }}Template:IPA{{#if:|Template:IPA audio link }}; Template:Lang-ru Template:IPA-ru; born 6 July 1940) is the President of Kazakhstan. He has been the country's leader since 1989, when he was named First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR, and was elected the nation's first president following its independence from the Soviet Union in December 1991. He holds the title 'Leader of the Nation'.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In April 2015, Nazarbayev was re-elected with almost 98% of the vote.

Nazarbayev has suppressed dissent, been accused of human rights abuses by several human rights organizations, and presided over an authoritarian regime.<ref name="dissent"/> No election held in Kazakhstan since independence has met international standards.<ref name="Chivers"> Template:Cite news </ref> In 2010 he announced reforms to encourage a multi-party system.<ref name="dissent"> Template:Cite news </ref>

In January 2017, President Nazarbayev proposed constitutional reforms that would delegate powers to the parliament.<ref name="voa1">Template:Cite news</ref>

Early life

Nazarbayev was born in Chemolgan, a rural town near Almaty, when Kazakhstan was one of the republics of the Soviet Union.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> His father was a poor labourer who worked for a wealthy local family until Soviet rule confiscated the family's farmland in the 1930s during Joseph Stalin's collectivization policy.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Following this, his father took the family to the mountains to live out a nomadic existence.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

His father avoided compulsory military service due to a withered arm he sustained when putting out a fire.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> At the end of World War II the family returned to the village of Chemolgan, and Nazarbayev began to learn the Russian language.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> He performed well at school, and was sent to a boarding school in Kaskelen.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

After leaving school he took up a one-year, government-funded scholarship at the Karaganda Steel Mill in Temirtau.<ref name="page 24">Template:Harvnb</ref> He also spent time training at a steel plant in Dniprodzerzhynsk, and therefore was away from Temirtau when riots broke out there over working conditions.<ref name="page 24"/> By 20, he was earning a relatively good wage doing "incredibly heavy and dangerous work" in the blast furnace.<ref name="=page 26">Template:Harvnb</ref>

He joined the Communist Party in 1962, becoming a prominent member of the Young Communist League.<ref name="=page 26"/> and full-time worker for the party, and attended the Karagandy Polytechnic Institute.<ref name="page 27">Template:Harvnb</ref> He was appointed secretary of the Communist Party Committee of the Karaganda Metallurgical Kombinat in 1972, and four years later became Second Secretary of the Karaganda Regional Party Committee.<ref name="page 27"/>

In his role as a bureaucrat, Nazarbayev dealt with legal papers, logistical problems and industrial disputes, as well as meeting workers to solve individual issues.<ref name="page 27"/> He later wrote that "the central allocation of capital investment and the distribution of funds" meant that infrastructure was poor, workers were demoralized and overworked, and centrally set targets were unrealistic; he saw the steel plant's problems as a microcosm for the problems for the Soviet Union as a whole.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Rise to power

In 1984, Nazarbayev became the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan (chairman of the Council of Ministers), under Dinmukhamed Kunayev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan.<ref name=ZHELTOQSAN> Template:Cite book</ref> At the 16th session of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan in January 1986,Nazarbayev criticized Askar Kunayev, head of the Academy of Sciences, for not reforming his department. Dinmukhamed Kunayev, Nazarbayev's boss and Askar's brother, felt deeply angered and betrayed. Kunayev went to Moscow and demanded Nazarbayev's dismissal while Nazarbayev's supporters campaigned for Kunayev's dismissal and Nazarbayev's promotion.

Kunayev was ousted in 1986 and replaced by a Russian, Gennady Kolbin, who despite his office had little authority in Kazakhstan. Nazarbayev was named party leader on 22 June 1989--<ref name=ZHELTOQSAN/> only the second Kazakh (after Kunayev) to hold the post. He was Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (head of state) from 22 February to 24 April 1990.

On 24 April 1990, Nazarbayev was named the first President of Kazakhstan by the Supreme Soviet. He supported Russian President Boris Yeltsin against the attempted coup in August 1991 by Soviet hardliners.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Nazarbayev was close enough to Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev for Gorbachev to consider him for the post of Vice President of the Soviet Union; however, Nazarbayev turned the offer down.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Soviet Union disintegrated following the failed coup, though Nazarbayev was highly concerned with maintaining the close economic ties between Kazakhstan and Russia.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> In the country's first presidential election, held on 1 December, he appeared alone on the ballot and won 91.5% of the vote.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On 21 December, he signed the Alma-Ata Protocol, taking Kazakhstan into the Commonwealth of Independent States.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Presidency

Nazarbayev renamed the former State Defense Committees as the Ministry of Defense and appointed Sagadat Nurmagambetov as Defense Minister on 7 May 1992. The Supreme Council, under the leadership of Speaker Serikbolsyn Abdilin, began debating over a draft constitution in June 1992. The constitution created a strong executive branch with limited checks on executive power.<ref name="Cambridge University Press">Template:Cite book</ref>

Opposition political parties Azat, Zheltoqsan and the Republican Party, held demonstrations in Almaty from 10–17 June calling for the formation of a coalition government and the resignation of the government of Prime Minister Sergey Tereshchenko and the Supreme Council. The Parliament of Kazakhstan, composed of Communist Party legislators who had yet to stand in an election since the country gained its independence, adopted the constitution on 28 January 1993.<ref name="Cambridge University Press"/>

An April 1995 referendum extended his term until 2000. He was re-elected in January 1999 and again in December 2005. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe criticized the last presidential election as falling short of international democratic standards.<ref>Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights – Elections. Template:Webarchive</ref> On 18 May 2007, the Parliament of Kazakhstan approved a constitutional amendment which allowed the incumbent president—himself—to run for an unlimited number of five-year terms. This amendment applied specifically and only to Nazarbayev: the original constitution's prescribed maximum of two five-year terms will still apply to all future presidents of Kazakhstan.<ref>"Kazakhstan lifts term limits on long-ruling leader", Los Angeles Times. Latimes.com (19 May 2007). Retrieved on 3 February 2011.</ref>

Nazarbayev appointed Altynbek Sarsenbayev, who at the time served as the Minister of Culture, Information and Concord, the Secretary of the Kazakh Security Council, replacing Marat Tazhin, on 4 May 2001. Tazhin became the Chairman of the National Security Council, replacing Alnur Musayev. Musayev became the head of the Guards' Service of the President.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Notwithstanding Kazakhstan's membership in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation), under Nazarbayev the country has had good relations with Israel. Diplomatic relations were established in 1992 and President Nazarbayev paid official visits to Israel in 1995 and 2000.<ref>Template:Webarchive. Retrieved on 3 February 2011.</ref> Bilateral trade between the two countries amounted to $724 million in 2005.

In 1994, Nazarbayev suggested the move of the capital from Almaty to Astana, and the official shift of the capital happened on 10 December 1997.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On 4 December 2005, new Presidential elections were held and President Nazarbayev won by an overwhelming majority of 91.15% (from a total of 6,871,571 eligible participating voters). Nazarbayev was sworn in for another seven-year term on 11 January 2006.

In 2009, former UK cabinet minister Jonathan Aitken released a biography of the Kazakhstani leader entitled Nazarbayev and the Making of Kazakhstan. The book takes a generally pro-Nazarbayev stance, asserting in the introduction that he is mostly responsible for the success of modern Kazakhstan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

December 2011 saw the 2011 Mangystau riots, described by the BBC as the biggest opposition movement of his time in power.<ref name="Abuse">Template:Cite news</ref> On 16 December 2011, demonstrations in the oil town of Zhanaozen clashed with police on the country's Independence Day. Fifteen people were shot dead by security forces and almost 100 were injured. Protests quickly spread to other cities but then died away. The subsequent trial of demonstrators uncovered mass abuse and torture of detainees.<ref name="Abuse"/>

Nazarbayev suggested in 2014 that Kazakhstan should change its name to "Kazakh Yeli" ("Country of the Kazakhs"), for the country to attract better and more foreign investment, since "Kazakhstan" by its name is associated with other "-stan" countries. Nazarbayev noted Mongolia receives more investment than Kazakhstan because it is not a "-stan" country, even though it is in the same neighborhood, and not as stable as Kazakhstan. However, he is letting the people decide on whether the country should change its name.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The role of Nazarbayev and his political reforms was acknowledged by Daniel Witt, Vice Chairman of the Eurasia Foundation. He noted: "[President] Nazarbayev has led Kazakhstan through difficult times and into an era of prosperity and growth. He has demonstrated that he values his U.S. and Western alliances and is committed to achieving democratic governance."<ref name=HP1>Template:Cite web</ref>

In December 2012, Nazarbayev outlined a forward-looking national strategy called the Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy.Template:Citation needed

Nazarbayev always emphasized the role of education in the nation's social development. In order to make education affordable, he introduced educational grant "Orken" for the talented youth of Kazakhstan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Allegations of corruption

Over the course of Nazarbayev's presidency, there have been an increasing number of accusations of corruption and favoritism directed against Nazarbayev and his circle. Critics say that the country's government has come to resemble a clan system.<ref name="Olcott2010">Template:Cite book</ref>

According to The New Yorker, in 1999 Swiss banking officials discovered $85 million in an account apparently belonging to Nazarbayev; the money, intended for the Kazakh treasury, had in part been transferred through accounts linked to James Giffen.<ref name=newyorkerpriceofoil>Template:Cite news</ref> Subsequently, Nazarbayev successfully pushed for a parliamentary bill granting him legal immunity, as well as another designed to legalize money laundering, angering critics further.<ref name=newyorkerpriceofoil/> When Kazakh opposition newspaper Respublika reported in 2002 that Nazarbayev had in the mid-1990s secretly stashed away $1 billion of state oil revenue in Swiss bank accounts, the decapitated carcass of a dog was left outside the newspaper's offices, with a warning reading "There won't be a next time"; the dog's head later turned up outside editor Irina Petrushova's apartment, with a warning reading "There will be no last time."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=effhow>Template:Cite news</ref> The newspaper was firebombed as well.<ref name=effhow/>

In May 2007, the Parliament of Kazakhstan approved a constitutional amendment which would allow Nazarbayev to seek re-election as many times as he wishes. This amendment applies specifically and only to Nazarbayev, since it states that the first president will have no limits on how many times he can run for office, but subsequent presidents will be held to a five-year term.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Template:As of, Kazakhstan has never held an election meeting international standards.<ref name="dissent"/><ref name="Chivers"/>

Eurasian Economic Union

In 1994, Nazarbayev suggested the idea of creating a "Eurasian Union" during a speech at Moscow State University.<ref>Holding-Together Regionalism: Twenty Years of Post-Soviet Integration. Libman A. and Vinokurov E. (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2012, p. 220.)</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Alexandrov, Mikhail. Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era, 1992-1997. Greenwood Press, 1999, p. 229. ISBN 978-0-313-30965-6</ref> On 29 May 2014, Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan signed a treaty to create a Eurasian Economic Union which created a single economic space of 170 million people and came into effect in January 2015.<ref name=EEURT /> Nazarbayev said shortly after the treaty was signed, "We see this as an open space and a new bridge between the growing economies of Europe and Asia."<ref name=EEURT>Template:Cite news</ref>

Environmental issues

In his 1998 autobiography, Nazarbayev wrote that "The shrinking of the Aral Sea, because of its scope, is one of the most serious ecological disasters being faced by our planet today. It is not an exaggeration to put it on the same level as the destruction of the Amazon rainforest."<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> He called on Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and the wider world to do more to reverse the environmental damage done during the Soviet era.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Nuclear issues

Kazakhstan inherited from the Soviet Union the world's fourth largest stockpile of nuclear weapons. Within four years of independence, Kazakhstan possessed zero nuclear weapons.<ref name=NTI1>Template:Cite web</ref> In one of the new government’s first major decisions, Nazarbayev closed the Soviet nuclear test site at Semipalatinsk (Semei), where 456 nuclear tests had been conducted by the Soviet military.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

During the Soviet era, over 500 military experiments with nuclear weapons were conducted by scientists in the Kazakhstan region, mostly at the Semipalatinsk Test Site, causing radiation sickness and birth defects.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> As the influence of the Soviet Union waned, Nazarbayev closed the site.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> He later claimed that he had encouraged Olzhas Suleimenov's anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan, and was always fully committed to the group's goals.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> In what was dubbed 'Project Sapphire', the Kazakhstan and United States government worked closely to dismantle former Soviet weapons stored in the country, with the Americans agreeing to fund over $800 million in transportation and 'compensation' costs.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Nazarbayev encouraged the United Nations General Assembly to establish 29 August as the International Day Against Nuclear Tests. In his article he has proposed a new Non-Proliferation Treaty "that would guarantee clear obligations on the part of signatory governments and define real sanctions for those who fail to observe the terms of the agreement."<ref>Right time for building global nuclear security. Chicago Tribune (11 April 2010). Retrieved 3 February 2011. Template:Webarchive</ref> He signed a treaty authorizing the Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone on 8 September 2006.Template:Citation needed

In an oped in The Washington Times, Nazarbayev called for the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty to be modernized and better balanced.<ref>oped, The Washington Times</ref>

In March 2016, Nazarbayev released his "Manifesto: The World. The 21st century."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In this manifest the Kazakhstan President called for expanding and replicating existing nuclear-weapon-free zones and stressed the need to modernise existing international disarmament treaties.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Iran

In a speech given on 15 December 2006 marking the 15th anniversary of Kazakhstan's independence, Nazarbayev stated he wished to join with Iran in support of a single currency for all Central Asian states and intended to push the idea forward with Iran's then President Ahmadinejad on an upcoming visit. The Kazakh president also reportedly criticized Iran as a terrorism-supporting state. The Kazakh Foreign Ministry released a statement on 19 December, saying the reports were mistaken and contradictory to what the president actually meant.<ref name=IRAN>Template:Webarchive. Retrieved on 3 February 2011.</ref>

Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy

Nazarbayev unveiled in his 2012 State of the Nation the Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy, a long-term strategy to ensure future growth prospects of Kazakhstan, and position Kazakhstan as one of the 30 most developed nations in the world.<ref name=kz2050>Template:Cite web</ref>

Religion

Nazarbayev has put forward the initiative of holding a forum of world and traditional religions in the capital of Kazakhstan, Astana. Earlier the organizers of similar events were only representatives of leading religions and denominations. Among other similar events aimed at establishing interdenominational dialogue were the meetings of representatives of world religions and denominations held in Assisi, Italy in October 1986 and January 2002.<ref>Congress of World Religions – About Congress of leaders of world and traditional religions. Religions-congress.org (15 October 2007). Retrieved on 3 February 2011.</ref> The first Congress of World and Traditional Religions which gathered in 2003 allowed the leaders of all major religions to develop prospects for mutual cooperation.Template:Citation needed

Nazarbayev espoused anti-religious views during the Soviet era;<ref name="autogenerated1">Ideology and National Identity in Post-Communist Foreign Policies By Rick Fawn, p. 147</ref> he has now made an effort to highlight his Muslim heritage by performing the Hajj pilgrimage,<ref name="autogenerated1" /> and supporting mosque renovations.<ref>Moscow's Largest Mosque to Undergo Extension Template:Webarchive</ref>

Under the leadership of Nazarbayev, the Republic of Kazakhstan has enacted some degrees of multiculturalism in order to retain and attract talents from diverse ethnic groups among its citizenry, and even from nations that are developing ties of cooperation with the country, in order to coordinate human resources onto the state-guided path of global market economic participation. This principle of the Kazakh leadership has earned it the name "Singapore of the Steppes".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

However, in 2012 Nazarbayev proposed reforms, which were later enacted by the parliament, imposing stringent restrictions on religious practices.<ref name="leonard">Template:Cite news</ref> Religious groups were required to re-register, or face closure.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The initiative was explained as an attempt to combat extremism. However, under the new law many minority religious groups are deemed illegal. In order to exist on a local level, a group must have more than 50 members; on a regional level – more than 500; on the national level – more than 5000.<ref name="leonard" />

Nazarbayev made remarks on the veil, highlighting the country's culture with words "We are Turks, not Arabs" in an open reference to the Turkic heritage.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Nationalism

Putin's remarks on the historicity of Kazakhstan<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> led to a severe response from Nazarbayev.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Human rights record

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Kazakhstan's human rights situation under Nazarbayev is uniformly described as poor by independent observers. Human Rights Watch says that "Kazakhstan heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, and religion. In 2014, authorities closed newspapers, jailed or fined dozens of people after peaceful but unsanctioned protests, and fined or detained worshippers for practicing religion outside state controls. Government critics, including opposition leader Vladimir Kozlov, remained in detention after unfair trials. In mid-2014, Kazakhstan adopted new criminal, criminal executive, criminal procedural, and administrative codes, and a new law on trade unions, which contain articles restricting fundamental freedoms and are incompatible with international standards. Torture remains common in places of detention."<ref name="World Report 2015: Kazakhstan">Human Rights Watch, World Report 2015: Kazakhstan, accessed October 2015.</ref>

Kazakhstan is ranked 161 out of 180 countries on the World Press Freedom Index, compiled by Reporters Without Borders.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Rule of law

According to a US government report released in 2014, in Kazakhstan:

Template:Quote

Kazakhstan's global rank in the World Justice Project's 2015 Rule of Law Index was 65 out of 102; the country scored well on "Order and Security" (global rank 32/102), and poorly on "Constraints on Government Powers" (global rank 93/102), "Open Government" (85/102) and "Fundamental Rights" (84/102, with a downward trend marking a deterioration in conditions).<ref name=WJP2015>Template:Cite web</ref>

The National plan "100 concrete steps" introduced by President Nazarbayev included measures to reform the court system of Kazakhstan. The implementation of the national plan resulted in Kazakhstan's transition from a five-tier judicial system to a three-tier one in early 2016.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Foreign policy

During Nazarbayev's presidency the main principle of Kazakhstan's international relations was multi-vector foreign policy, which was based on initiatives to establish friendly relations with foreign partners.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> U.S. President-elect Donald Trump lauded Nazabayev's leadership and called Kazakhstan's achievements under his presidency a "miracle" during their phone call on November 30, 2016.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu conducted his first ever visit to Kazakhstan in mid-December, 2016, when he met with Nazarbayev. The two countries signed agreements on research and development, aviation, civil service commissions and agricultural cooperation, as well as a declaration on establishing an agricultural consortium.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Personal life

Nazarbayev is married to Sara Alpysqyzy Nazarbayeva, and they have three daughters – Dariga, Dinara and Aliya.

Nurali Aliyev, the grandson of Nazarbayev, was named in the Panama Papers.<ref name="Lavrov Velska 2016">Template:Cite web</ref>

Honours

Kazakhstan

• Order of the Golden Eagle
• Medal "Astana"
• Medal "10 Years of the Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan"
• Medal "10th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan"
• Medal "10th Anniversary of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan"
• Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Railway of Kazakhstan"
• Medal "10 Years of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan"
• Medal "50 Years of the Virgin Lands"
• Jubilee Medal "60 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"
• Medal "10 Years of the City of Astana"
• Medal "20 Years of the Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan"

Soviet Union

• Order of the Red Banner of Labour
• Order of the Badge of Honour
• Medal "For the Development of Virgin Lands"
• Jubilee Medal "70 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"

Russian Federation

• Order of St. Andrew the Apostle the First-Called
• Medal "In Commemoration of the 1000th Anniversary of Kazan"
• Medal "In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of Saint Petersburg"
• Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow"
• The Order of Alexander Nevsky
• The Order of Akhmad Kadyrov (Chechnya)

Foreign awards

• Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
• Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold
• Croatia: Grand Order of King Tomislav
• Egypt: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Nile
• Estonia: Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana
• Finland: Commander Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
• Finland: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland
• France: Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
• Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer
• Hungary: Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary
• Italy: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
• Japan: Order of the Chrysanthemum
• Latvia: 1st Class with Chain of the Order of the Three Stars
• Lithuania: Grand Cross of the Order of Vytautas the Great (5 May 2000)<ref>Lithuanian Presidency, Lithuanian Orders searching form</ref>
• Luxembourg: Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown
• Monaco: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Charles
• Poland: Order of the White Eagle
• Qatar: Order of Independence
• Romania: Sash of the Order of the Star of Romania
• Serbia: Order of the Republic of Serbia
• Slovakia: Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of the Order of the White Double Cross (2007)<ref>Slovak republic website, State honours: 1st Class in 2007 (click on "Holders of the Order of the 1st Class White Double Cross" to see the holders' table)</ref>
• Tajikistan: Order of Ismoili Somoni
• Turkey: First Class of the Order of the State of Republic of Turkey (22 October 2009)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
• Ukraine: Order of Liberty (Ukraine)
• Ukraine: Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st Class
• United Arab Emirates: Order of Zayed

Other

• Jordan: A street in Amman is named after him.

See also

• Counter-terrorism in Kazakhstan
• Government of Kazakhstan
• List of national leaders
• Politics of Kazakhstan

References

Specific

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General

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External links

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