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{{For|the village in Burkina Faso|Yagma, Burkina Faso}}
The '''Yagmas''', or '''Yaghmas''', were a medieval tribe of [[Turkic people]] that came to the forefront of history after the disintegration of the [[Western Turkic Kaganate]]. They were one component of a confederation which consisted of Yagma, the [[Karluks]], the [[Chigils]] and other tribes which founded the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]]. From the seventh century until the [[Karakhanid]] period, the Yagma were recorded in [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and [[China|Chinese]] accounts as a prominent and powerful political entity in the [[Tarim Basin]], [[Dzungaria]], and [[Semirechye|Jeti-su]].

==History==
The Yagmas appear to be of [[Toquz Oghuz]] origin or are closely associated with them.<ref name="karakahnids">{{citation|last = Golden|first = Peter. B.|contribution = The Karakhanids and Early Islam|year = 1990|title = The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia|editor-last = Sinor|editor-first = Denis|pages = 355–357 |publisher = Cambridge University Press|isbn = 0-521-2-4304-1}}</ref> According to ''[[Hudud al-'alam]]'' "their king is from the family of the Toquz-Oghuz kings."<ref name="anthology"/>

According to the Persian work ''Mujmal al-Tawarikh wa-'l-Qisas'', the Yağma "padšâh" bore the title of Bogra Khan.<ref name="golden"/> The Yagma title of Bogra Khan allowed [[Vasily Bartold|V.Bartold]] to suggest that Karakhanid [[Karakhanids|Il-khans]] were from the Yagma tribe.

[[Mahmud al-Kashgari]] mentioned the Yagma and [[Tocharians]] tribes, with a clan of Chigils, along the [[Ili River]].<ref>1, 85</ref> In the tenth century the Yagma tribe lived in the [[Kashgar]]<ref name="BoeschotenStein2007">{{cite book|author1=Hendrik Boeschoten|author2=Heidi Stein|title=Einheit und Vielfalt in der türkischen Welt: Materialien der 5. Deutschen Turkologenkonferenz, Universität Mainz, 4.-7. Oktober 2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7n7dOkmOJUC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2007|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05476-8|pages=9–}}</ref> area and further northwest. [[Abu Said Gardezi|Al Gardezi]], who used sources composed in the eighth century, wrote that the Yagma united numerous tribes between the [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] and [[Karluks]] in the larger part of the eastern [[Tian Shan]], including Kashgar City and District. [[Gardezi]] called the Yagma a "rich people with large herds of horses" in a country of "one month of travel". The Yagma constantly clashed with the Karluks and the [[Kimaks]], and were a dependent of the [[Western Turkic Kaganate|Western Turkic Kagans]] until their demise.

==Etymology==
According to [[Yury Zuev]], a semantic meaning of the word yagma (yaγgma) in the ancient Türkic language, is "attack, onslaught."<ref>Yu. Zuev, "Early Türks: Essays on history and ideology", Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 227, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|9985-4-4152-9}}</ref> However, according to [[Peter Benjamin Golden|Peter Golden]], the word may have derived from Turk. yağ- "to pour down, rain",<ref name="golden">{{cite book |title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East |author=Peter B. Golden |page=201 |year=1992 |isbn=978-3447032742 }}</ref> but noting that the form with -ma is unusual. He also noted the Persian word yaġmâ meaning "prey, plunder, booty, spoils", and that it is unclear if it has any relationship with Yağma.<ref>{{cite book |author=Francis Steingass |title=A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=knA9NptP7xsC&pg=PA1532&lpg=PA1532&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false |page=1582 }}</ref>

==Historical accounts==
The following account of the country of Yaghma and its towns is given in the tenth century text ''[[Hudud al-'alam]]'':
{{quote|East of the Toquz-Oghuz country; south of it, the river Khuland-ghun which flows into the [[Kucha]] river, west of it are the Qarluq borders. In this country there is little agriculture, (yet) it produces many furs and in it much game is found.

Their wealth is in horses and sheep. The people are hardy, strong, and warlike, and have plenty of arms. Their king is from the family of the Toquz-Oghuz kings. These Yaghma have numerous tribes; some say that among them 1,700 known tribes are counted. Both the low and the nobles among them venerate their king ...and in their region there are a few villages.

1. [[Kashghar]] belongs to Chinistan but is situated on the frontier between the Yaghma, Tibet, the [[Kyrgyz people|Qïrghïz]], and China. The chiefs of Kashghar in the days of old were from the Qarluq, or from the Yaghma...|''Hudud al-'alam''<ref name="anthology">{{cite book |author=Scott Cameron Levi, Ron Sela |title=Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources |chapter=Chapter 4, Discourse on the Country of the Yaghma and its Towns |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAX5ohFkcVgC&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false |page=30 |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-35385-6 }}</ref> }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Turkic tribes]]

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