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{{Expert needed|Central Asia|date=November 2008}}

'''Sultan Said Khan''' ruled the state of [[Yarkent County|Yarkand]] (''mamlakati Yarkand'') from September, 1514, to July, 1533. He was born in 1487 in [[Moghulistan]] and was a direct descendant of the first Moghul Khan, [[Tughlugh Timur]], who had founded the state of [[Moghulistan]] in 1348 (and ruled until 1363). The Moghuls were turkicized [[Mongol]]s who had converted to [[Islam]].

Some English sources refer to this ruler as '''Abusaid'''.<ref>"The Journey of Benedict Goës from Agra to Cathay" - [[Henry Yule]]'s translation of the relevant chapters of ''[[De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas]]'', with detailed notes and an introduction. In: {{cite book
|first=Sir Henry |last=Yule (translator and editor)
|publisher=Printed for the Hakluyt society |year=1866
|title=Cathay and the way thither: being a collection of medieval notices of China. Issue 37 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KzEMAAAAIAAJ
|page=546
}}</ref>

== Preface ==
[[Image:Moghulistan.PNG|thumb|right|Central Asia in around 1450 CE]]
When the [[Chagatai Khanate|Chagatai]] ''ulus'', which embraced both East and West [[Turkestan]], collapsed, the result was the creation of two different states: ''Maverannahr'' in West Turkestan, with its capital at [[Samarkand]], where [[Timur|Timur the Great]] came to power in 1370, and Moghulistan, with its capital at [[Almaliq, Xinjiang|Almalik]], near the present-day town of [[Yining (city)|Gulja]], in the [[Ili River|Ili]] valley. Moghulistan embraced settled lands in Eastern Turkestan as well as nomad lands north of ''[[Tarim basin|Tangri Tagh]]''. The settled lands were known at the time as ''Manglai Sobe'' or ''Mangalai Suyah'', which translates as Shiny Land, or Advanced Land Which Faced the Sun. These lands included west and central [[Tarim Basin|Tarim]] oasis-cities, such as [[Hotan|Khotan]], [[Yarkant County|Yarkand]], [[Yengisar County|Yangihisar]], [[Kashgar]], [[Aksu, Xinjiang|Aksu]], and [[Uqturpan County|Uch Turpan]]; and hardly involved eastern ''[[Tarim basin|Tangri Tagh]]'' oasis-cities, such as [[Kucha]], [[Karasahr|Karashahr]], [[Turpan]] and [[Kumul (city)|Kumul]], where a local [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] administration and buddhist population still existed. The nomadic areas comprised the present [[Kyrghyzstan]] and part of [[Kazakhstan]], including ''[[Semirechye|Jettisu]]'', the area of seven rivers.

The ruler of Aksu, the ''[[dughlat]]'' emir [[Puladchi]], brought a young, 18-year-old, [[Tughlugh Timur|Tughluk Timur]] from the [[Ili River|Ili]] valley in 1347, and in a ''[[kurultai]]'' declared him a grandson of [[Duwa]] Khan, the great-grandson of [[Chagatai Khan]] and ruler of the Chagatai Khanate between 1282 and 1307. Puladchi forced all moghuls to recognize Tughluk as Khan. Khans from Chagatai, the second son of [[Genghis Khan]], to Tughluk Timur are known as "Chagatai khans", and from Tughluk Timur to his descendants as "Moghul khans".

Moghulistan existed around 100 years, and then split into three parts: [[Yarkant County|Yarkand]] state (''mamlakati Yarkand''), with its capital at Yarkand, which embraced all the settled lands of Western [[Kashgaria]], still nomad Moghulistan which embraced the nomad lands north of ''[[Tian Shan|Tengri Tagh]]'', and [[Uyghurstan]] which embraced the settled lands of Eastern Kashgaria, Turpan and Kumul Basins. The founder of Yarkand state was [[Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat|Mirza Abu Bakr]], who was from the ''dughlat'' tribe. In 1465, he raised a rebellion, captured Yarkand, Kashgar, and Khotan, and declared himself an independent ruler, successfully repelling attacks by the Moghulistan rulers [[Yunus Khan]] and his son Akhmad Khan, or [[Ahmad Alaq]], named Alach, "Slaughterer", for his war against the [[Kalmyk people|kalmyk]]s. In 1462 moghul khan [[Dost Muhammad (Moghul Khan)|Dost Muhammad]] took residency in Aksu, denying nomad style of life, and as result Eastern Kashgaria cities, such as [[Aksu, Xinjiang|Aksu]], [[Uqturpan County|Uchturpan]], [[Baicheng County|Bai]], [[Kucha]], [[Karasahr|Karashar]], and also [[Turpan]] and [[Hami City|Kumul]], separated into Eastern Khanate or Uyghurstan.

''Dughlat'' emirs had ruled the country that lay south of Tangri-Tagh in the [[Tarim Basin]] from the middle of the thirteenth century, on behalf of Chagatai Khan and his descendants, as their satellites. The first ''dughlat'' ruler, who received lands directly from the hands of Chagatai, was amir ''Babdagan'' or ''[[Tarkhan]]''. The capital of the emirate was Kashgar, and the country was known as ''Mamlakati Kashgar''. Although the emirate, representing the settled lands of Eastern Turkestan, was formally under the rule of the moghul khans, the ''dughlat'' emirs often tried to put an end to that dependence, and raised frequent rebellions, one of which resulted in the separation of Kashgar from Moghulistan for almost 15 years (1416–1435).

[[Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat|Mirza Abu Bakr]] ruled Yarkand for 48 years and his ruling was featured by creation of unique and highly effective penitentiary system, that had no analog in other countries. After discovering, by occasion, 29 large bowls, filled with gold sand and silver coins (''Balysh''), during excavation in the old city of Yarkand, Mirza Abu Bakr ordered to start excavations throughout the whole country in all old cities of towns and in abounded cities of [[Taklamakan Desert]] as well. To get workforce for performing of mass excavations he used convicts, both males and females of any age. The place of site of excavation was named ''Kazyk '' and numerous barracks for convicts and the guards were erected, convicts were sent to ''Kazyks'' by stages from all over the country and excavation works were continuing the whole year without interruptions. Using this forced labour system he collected during his reign very large amount of treasuries and became the owner of very rare and valuable things, some of them hundreds and thousands years old.

In May 1514, '''Sultan Said Khan''', grandson of [[Yunus Khan]] (ruler of Moghulistan between 1462 and 1487) and the third son of [[Ahmad Alaq|Akhmad Khan]], made an expedition against Kashgar from [[Andijan]] with only 5,000 tribesmen ( who represented 9 Moghul tribes- [[Dughlat]], Duhtui, [[Barlas]], Yarki, Ordabegi, Itarchi, Konchi, Churas and Bekchi ), and having captured the Yangihisar citadel, that defended Kashgar from south road, took the city, dethroning Mirza Abu Bakr. Soon after, other cities of [[Yarkant County|Yarkand]] state — Yarkand, Khotan, Aksu, and Uch Turpan — joined him, and recognized '''Sultan Said Khan''' as a ruler, creating a union of six cities, called [[Altishahr]]. '''Sultan Said Khan's''' sudden success is considered to be contributed to by the dissatisfaction of the population with the tyrannical rule of Mirza Abu-Bakr and the unwillingness of the ''dughlat'' amirs to fight against a descendant of Chagatai Khan, and who decided, on the contrary, to bring the head of the slain ruler to '''Sultan Said Khan'''. This move put an end to almost 300 years of rule (nominal and actual) by the Dughlat emirs in the cities of West Kashgaria (1219–1514). Mirza Abu Bakr fled Yarkand for [[Ladakh]] with handful of his followers and 900 donkeys, loaded with his numerous treasuries, and being chased on his heels by Dughlat emirs and also [[Barlas]] emirs, sent by Sultan Said Khan. During flight he found that all garrisons, that he previously deployed in [[Kashmir]] and Little Tibet ( [[Ladakh]] ), were deserted by his troops. So he decided to get rid of treasuries, killed all 900 donkeys and dumped all treasuries into [[Karakash River]] in ''Karangu Tagh'' Mountains. After that he wanted to surrender to Sultan Said Khan but was captured and slaughtered by Dughlat emirs, who betrayed him.

== Achievements ==
At this time, almost all of West Turkestan (''Maverannahr'') was invaded by nomadic [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]]s of [[Muhammad Shaybani|Shaybani Khan]], who were killing all the descendants of [[Timur]] the Great and [[Chagatai Khan]]. '''Sultan Said Khan''' saved his life when he moved to Kashgar with his nobles. In 1516, he concluded a peace agreement with his older brother [[Mansur Khan (Moghul Khan)|Mansur Khan]], the moghul khan of [[Karasahr|Chalish]] and [[Turpan]] ( [[East Turkestan|Uyghurstan]]), who died in 1543. As a result, the eastern part of the settled country south and partly north of ''Tangri-Tagh'' joined his state, including the cities of [[Baicheng County|Bai]], [[Kucha]], Chalish ([[Karashahr]]), Urum ([[Ürümqi|Urumchi]]), [[Turpan]], [[Kumul (city)|Kumul]], and Sajou ([[Dunhuang]]), representing those lands of former ''Uyghuria'' that were known as the Fifth Ulus of the [[Mongol Empire]] in the middle of the thirteenth century, because the former ruler of ''Uyghuria'', ''idikut'' [[Baurchuk Art Tekin]] married [[Altun Begi]], the daughter of Genghis Khan, and was declared by Genghis as his fifth son in 1211. The historian [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar]], in 1546, called this eastern part of the country the "Eastern Khanate or Uyghurstan" in his famous book ''Tarikh-i- Rashidi'', written in [[Kashmir]].

The capital of this state was Yarkand, and it was known by the names ''mamlakati Saidiya'', ''mamlakati Yarkand'', and ''mamlakati Moghuliya'' in Iranian sources. The last name however was not accurate, because by this time the nomad state of Moghulistan had collapsed. It was eliminated during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries by nomadic tribes of [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], [[Kazakhs]] and [[Dzungars|Jungars]], that captured all the moghul lands north of ''Tangri Tagh''. The remnants of the moghuls ( about 5,000 families mostly from ''Barlas'', ''Churas'' and ''Arlat'' tribes) moved to [[Kashgaria]] and mixed with the local 1,000 000 [[Uyghur people|uyghur]] population, although a group of the moghuls, in the amount of 30,000 men, joined [[Babur]], a descendant of Timur the Great through his father Omar Sheikh, and a descendant of Chagatai Khan through his mother Kutluk Nighar Hanim, a daughter of the Moghul Yunus Khan, in [[Kunduz]], in 1512, and helped him in his invasion of [[India]]. The Babur state in India was known as the [[Moghul Empire]], and this state recognized Yarkand, as it did the [[Shaybanid]] state in ''Maverannahr'', in 1538.

Relations between Yarkand and [[Ming Dynasty]] [[China]] were not developed, although the far eastern boundaries of Yarkand reached the [[Jiayuguan Pass]] at the western end of the [[Great Wall of China]] due to holy expeditions of Mansur Khan, including expeditions against the ''sary uyghurs'' — Yellow or Yellow-Haired Uyghurs, called [[Yugurs]], that worshipped [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and took refuge in [[Gansu]] province of Ming China in 1529, fleeing the holy warriors of Mansur Khan. This situation can be partly explained by the full extinction of [[Silk Road]] trade by this time.
[[File:Yarkand-tumbas-reyes-d06.jpg|thumb|right| Royal Cemetery ''Altyn'' of Moghul Khans of Yarkand Khanate (1465-1759) in [[Yarkand County|Yarkand]] with tombs of Sultan Said Khan (1514-1533), [[Abdurashid Khan]] (1533-1560), [[Abdul Karim Khan (Yarkand)|Abdul Karim Khan]] (1560-1591), [[Muhammad Sultan|Muhammad Khan]] (1591-1609), Shudja ad-Din Ahmad Khan (1609-1618), Sultan Abdal Latif (Afak Khan) (1618-1630) and other members of this Dynasty]]
[[File:Silver coin of Haidar Dughlat in name of Said Khan.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Silver ''sasnu'' issued in 1533 in Kashmir by Haidar Dughlat, in the name of Said Khan. The obverse legend reads ''al-sultan al-a'zam mir sa'id khan''.]]
'''Sultan Said Khan''' died on July 9, 1533, due to [[asthma]], during a holy expedition against ''Ursang'', Big or Great [[Tibet]] with its capital [[Lhasa]]. The main purpose of this expedition was to destroy the ''Idol Temple of Ursang'', later known as [[Potala Palace]], in Lhasa, and convert [[Tibetans]] to [[Islam]]. Before his death during almost 20 years of ruling he united all the settled country south of ''Tangri Tagh'', from Kashgar to Kumul, in one centralized state with a population of the same origin and language. Also such mountainous regions as [[Kashmir]] and [[Bolor]] (present [[Nuristan]] and [[Kunar Province|Kunar]] provinces of [[Afghanistan]], also [[Chitral District]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]] of [[Pakistan]]) became dependencies of Yarkand state, paid tributes and struck silver and golder coins under name " Abul Fath Sultan Said Khan Ghazi ". The contemporary writer dughlat amir Mirza Muhammad Haidar stated that it was a time when the Power of Tyranny (the rule of Mirza Abu Bakr) had been changed to the Power of Law and Order during the rule of '''Sultan Said Khan'''. Theft of property was considered a high crime and was subject to severe punishment, including execution. Peasants were encouraged to leave their tools in the fields after work, and household owners to keep the doors of their houses unlocked. Foreign traders, upon arrival to any town, could leave their luggage dumped directly on the road and, after taking a rest for several days and returning, they could find their goods in the same place — safe and untouched.

This country was later known as "Kashgar and Uyghurstan", according to [[Balkh]] historian [[Makhmud ibn Vali]] (''Sea of Mysteries'', 1640). Kashgar historian [[Muhammad Imin Sadr Kashgari]] called the country Uyghurstan in his book ''Traces of Invasion'' (''Asar al-futuh'') in 1780 (as opposed to Jungaria, which he called Moghulistan, and the [[Ili River]] valley, which he called Baghistan, ''i.e.'' Land of Gardens). He wrote that this great country embraced a union of six cities south of ''Tangri Tagh'' — Kashgar, Yangihisar, Yarkand, Khotan, Aksu (''Ardabil''), and Uch Turpan (''Safidkuh'') — the so-called Altishahr, as well as [[Kucha]], ''Chalish'' ([[Karashahr]]), [[Turpan]] and [[Kumul, Xinjiang|Kumul]]. According to him, the country collapsed not due to attacks by external enemies, but due to the personal ambitions of its religious leaders, the [[Khoja (Turkestan)|Khojas]]. The Khojas were divided into two hostile groups that hated and killed each other - the ''[[Ak Tagh|ak taghliks]]'' (White Mountaineers) and the ''[[Ishaqi|kara taghliks]]'' (Black Mountaineers), who deposed one of the last moghul khans, Ismail Khan, in 1678, with the help of invited Kalmyks ([[Dzungars]]), and put the whole country under the foot of future invaders, including [[Dzungars]] and [[Qing]]s ([[Manchu]]s), for gaining personal powers.
[[File:Grave marker Samarkand Louvre MAO342 n01.jpg|thumb|Grave marker on engraved [[basalt]] of Sultan Said Khan from the [[The Louvre|Louvre]] Museum in [[Paris]], France]]
'''Sultan Said Khan''' was succeeded in Yarkand by his son, Abdur Rashid Khan ([[Abdurashid Khan]]), who ruled from 1533 to 1560.

==Genealogy of Chaghatai Khanate==

In Babr Nama written by [[Babur]], Page 19, Chapter 1; described genealogy of his maternal grandfather Yunas Khan as:

"Yunas Khan descended from Chaghatal Khan, the second
son of Chlngiz Khan (as follows,) Yunas Khan, son of Wais
Khan, son of Sher-'ali Aughldn, son of Muhammad Khan, son
of Khizr Khwaja Khan, son of Tughluq-timur Khan, son of
Aisan-bugha Khan, son of Dawa Khan, son of Baraq Khan,
son of Yesuntawa Khan, son of Muatukan, son of Chaghatal
Khan, son of Chingiz Khan"

<ref>The Babur Nama in English, Zahiru'd-din Mubammad Babur Padshah Ghdzt, ANNETTE SUSANNAH BEVERIDGE</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; page-break-inside:avoid"
|+ '''Genealogy of Abdul Karim Khan according to ''Tarikh-i-Rashidi'' of [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat]]'''
|- valign="top"
| style="border:none;"| <ol start="1">
<li>[[Chingiz Khan]]</li>
<li>[[Chaghatai Khan]]</li>
<li>[[Mutukan]]</li>
<li>[[Yesü Nto'a]]</li>
<li>[[Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq]]</li>
<li>[[Duwa]]</li>
<li>[[Esen Buqa I]]</li>
</ol>
| style="border:none"| <ol start="8">
<li>[[Tughlugh Timur]]</li>
<li>[[Khizr Khoja]]</li>
<li>[[Muhammad Khan (Khan of Moghulistan)]]</li>
<li>[[Shir Ali Oglan]]</li>
<li>[[Uwais Khan]](Vaise Khan)</li>
<li>[[Yunus Khan]]</li>
<li>[[Ahmad Alaq]]''</li>
</ol>
| style="border:none"| <ol start="15">
<li>Sultan Said Khan</li>
<li>[[Abdurashid Khan]]</li>
<li>[[Muhammad Sultan]]</li>
<li>[[Shudja ad Din Ahmad Khan]]</li>
<li>[[Abdal Latif Sultan (Afak Khan)]]</li>
</ol>
|}

Research project by Dr Abdul Rauf Mughal

==Chagatai Khanate (Kashgaria)==

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Mansur Khan (Moghul Khan)|Mansur Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Chagatai Khans|Moghul Khan]] (in western Moghulistan)| years= 1508−1514}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Abdurashid Khan]]}}
{{s-end}}

== References ==
*[[Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat]]. ''Tarikh-i-Rashidi''. Translated and edited by Elias & [[Denison Ross]] ([[London]], 1898)
*Makhmud ibn Vali. ''Sea of mysteries''. Translated from the [[Balkh]] original text by B. Akhmedov, ([[Tashkent]], 1977)
*Muhammad Imin Sadr Kashgari. ''Asar al-futuh'' (''Traces of Invasion''). Original manuscript (never published, written in 1780 in Samarkand in Uigur language by the exiled author) in custody of Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, No.753, in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
*Kutlukov, M. ''Mongol rule in Eastern Turkestan''. ([[Moscow]], [[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]], 1970)
*Kutlukov, M. ''About emergence of Yarkand state''. ([[Almaty]], [[Gylym]], 1990)
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Sultan Said}}
[[Category:History of Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:1487 births]]
[[Category:1533 deaths]]
[[Category:Descendants of Genghis Khan]]
[[Category:Deaths from asthma]]
[[Category:Chagatai khans]]

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