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{{Orphan|date=December 2011}}

'''Qazhyghumar Shabdanuly''' ({{lang-kz|Қажығұмар Шабданұлы}}, {{lang-ru|Кажигумар Шабданулы}}) is a [[Kazakhs|Kazakh Chinese]] political activist and an author writing in [[Kazakh language]]. For more than forty years, Shabdanuly was imprisoned by the [[People's Republic of China]] for his political views.

Shabdanuly was born in 1925 in the village of Tansyq in Eastern Kazakhstan, then in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=NOV2009>
Omirshan Abdihalykuly (2009, in Russian). ''[http://rus.azattyq.org/content/Kazhygumar_Shabdanuly/1886686.html Kniga 84-letnego kazakskogo ... (Книга 84-летнего казахского писателя дошла до родины, самого автора Китай не отпускает]''. Radio Liberty, November 24, 2009.<br>Abstract in English: ''[http://www.rferl.org/content/Novel_By_Imprisoned_Kazakh_In_China_Released_In_Almaty/1887778.html 'The Tragic Destiny Of Kazakh People Living Abroad, Written By A Witness]''. Radio Liberty, November 25, 2009.</ref>
Soon, the family fled from the [[Soviet famine of 1932–1933|famine of 1932-1933]] to [[Xinjiang]].<ref name=NOV2009/>
Shabdanuly's problems with Chinese law began during the [[Ili Rebellion|1944 Xinjiang uprising]].<ref name=MAR2010/>
During the [[Cultural Revolution]] Shabdanuly participated in a nationalist Kirghiz-Kazakh Society.<ref name=NOV2009/>
In 1958 he was arrested and imprisoned for both "left wing" ''and'' "ultra right" political activities.<ref name=NOV2009/>
He was sentenced to 22 years and served if full-time in [[Tarim Basin|Tarim]] camps in [[Taklamakan Desert]].<ref name=NOV2009/>
Shabdanuly was released in 1980, and in 1982 published the first volume of his [[opus magnum]], ''Qylmys'' (''Crime''), in [[Ürümqi]].<ref name=NOV2009/>
The second volume was printed in 1985.<ref name=NOV2009/>
The third and the fourth volumes were already set for printing when Shabdanuly was arrested again.<ref name=NOV2009/>
This time he was charged with running a Kazakh separatist organization and feeding intelligence to Kazakhstan.<ref name=NOV2009/>
Shabdanuly was sentenced to thirteen years and again served the full term in Ürümqi jail.<ref name=MAR2010>Omirshan Abdihalykuly (2010, in Russian). ''[http://rus.azattyq.org/content/kyzhygumar_shabdanuly_writer/1987918.html Pisatel Qazhyghumar Shabdanuly ... (Писатель Кажыгумар Шабданулы стал легендой, просидев полвека в китайских тюрьмах)]''. Radio Liberty. March 22, 2010.</ref>

The first independent edition of Shabdanuly's history novel ''Pana'' (English: ''Shelter'') was published in Kazakhstan in 2005. Shabdanuly's original [[arabic alphabet|arabic writing]] was transcribed into [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] by [[Qabdesh Jumadilov]].<ref>''[http://www.kazinform.kz/eng/article/2138600 Almaty hosts presentation of a book by Kazakh writer from China]''. Kazinform. December 15, 2005.</ref> The first complete six-volume edition of ''Qylmys'' was printed in [[Almaty]] in 2009. In January 2010 it was nominated for Kazakh state prize in literature.<ref>''[http://www.ibna.ir/vdccisqe.2bqss8y-a2.html Ethnic Kazakh Writer In China Nominated For Prize In Kazakhstan]''. Iran Book News Agency, January 28, 2010.</ref> The nominator presented ''Qylmys'' as "a book about the colonization of the Kazakh territories, which gives a clear picture of what Kazakhs went through under the imperial pressure of China and the Soviet Union".<ref>''[http://www.rferl.org/content/Ethnic_Kazakh_Writer_In_China_Nominated_For_Prize_In_Kazakhstan/1941477.html Ethnic Kazakh Writer In China Nominated For Prize In Kazakhstan]''. Radio Liberty, January 27, 2010.</ref> However, the government commissioners stonewalled the proposal and struck the book off the nominations' list.<ref name=JUL2010>Omirshan Abdihalykuly (2010, in Russian). ''[http://rus.azattyq.org/content/kyzhygumar_shabdanuly_writer/1987918.html Kazaksky pisatel-dissident ... (Казахский писатель-диссидент в Китае премию Астаны не получит)]''. Radio Liberty. July 21, 2010.</ref>

As of July 2010, Shabdanuly remains under [[house arrest]] in [[Tacheng|Chuguchak]].<ref name=JUL2010/> Kazakh nationalist organizations advised president [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] to demand full freedom for Shabdanuly but, as of 2010, limited government efforts brought no result. According to Shabdanuly's daughter Jaynar, who lives in [[Almaty]] and is a citizen of Kazakhstan, the Chinese government regularly refused to let Shabdanuly leave the country.<ref name=NOV2009/> He has five surviving adult children, four of them remain in China. According to Jaynar, her mother and her siblings in China are able to travel from China to Kazakhstan and back.<ref name=NOV2009/>

== See also ==

* [[Oralman]], re-immigration of ethnic Kazakhs to Kazakhstan
* [[Kazakh exodus from Xinjiang]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shabdanuly, Qazhyghumar}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from East Kazakhstan Region]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Chinese dissidents]]
[[Category:Kazakh-language writers]]

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