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{{taxobox
| image= Paeonia anomala.jpg
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Core eudicots]]
| ordo = [[Saxifragales]]
| familia = [[Paeoniaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Paeonia (plant)|Paeonia]]''
| species = '''''P. anomala'''''
| binomial = ''Paeonia anomala''
| binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms =
''P. altaica'', ''P. laciniata'', ''P. siberica'', ''P. sinjiangensis''
}}

'''''Paeonia anomala''''' is a species of herbaceous perennial [[peony]]. The vernacular name in Russia is '''Пион необыча́йный''' (Pion neobycháynyy) meaning "anomalous peony", in Kazakh it is called '''кәдімгі Таушымылдық''' (kädimgi Tawşımıldıq) "common peony", in Mongolia '''Ягаан цээнэand''' (Yagaan tseene) "pink peony", and in China '''新疆芍药''' (xin jiang shao yao), "Xinjiang peony". These plants are ½-1 m high, have a thick irregular taproot and thin side roots, and deeply incised leaves, with leaflets themselves divided in fine segments. It has almost always only one fully developed flower per stem, magenta-red or rarely pink or white. The species occurs in a zone between northern European Russia and northern Mongolia and south to the [[Tien Shan Mountains]].<ref name=HP>{{cite journal|author1= Hong De-Yuan|author2= Pan Kai-Yu |year= 2004|title= A Taxonomic Revision of the Paeonia anomala Complex (Paeoniaceae)|journal= Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden|volume= 91|issue= 1|pages= 87–98|jstor= 3298571}}</ref> ''P. anomala'' bears flowers in early summer.

In garden cultivation, it requires full sun or half-shade and well drained soil. [[Double-flowered]] forms are cultivated.

== Description ==
[[Image:Paeonia anomala 2016-04-19 7722.JPG|{{largethumb}}|left|new growth with flowerbud]][[Image:Paeonia anomala Kuolanpioni Sibirisk pion C IMG 4757.JPG|{{largethumb}}|left|follicles]]''Paeonia anomala'' is a non-woody species of [[peony]] of ½–1 m high, with an irregular ''carrot-shaped'' taproot of over ½ m long and 2 cm thick, gradually getting thinner downwards and slender side roots. As all diploid peonies, it has 10 chromosomes (2n=10).<ref name=HP /><ref name=PZS>{{cite journal|first1= J.|last1= Pan|first2= D.|last2= Zhang|first3= T.|last3= Sang|year= 2007|title= Molecular phylogenetic evidence for the origin of a diploid hybrid of Paeonia (Paeoniaceae)|journal= American Journal of Botany|volume= 94|pages= 400–408|pmid= 21636409|doi=10.3732/ajb.94.3.400}}</ref>

=== Leaves and Stems ===
The leaves have no sheath or [[stipule]]s and are alternately arranged along the stem, are divided into a [[Petiole (botany)|leaf stalk]] and [[Leaf#Morphology (large-scale features)|leaf blade]]. The leaf blade is twice compounded or very deeply incised, first into three leaflets, themselves palmately compounded or deeply divided (this is called biternate), each leaflet being further divided into segments that themselves are lobed, resulting in seventy to one hundred segments of ¾-3¼ cm wide. At the end of the growing season the leaves may turn vivid red.<ref name=HP /><ref name=FoC>{{cite web|website= Flora of China|title= Paeonia anomala|url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200008028|accessdate= 2016-04-13}}</ref><ref name=WD>{{cite web|website= The families of flowering plants|title= Paeoniaceae Rudolphi|author= L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz|url= http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/paeoniac.htm|accessdate= 2016-04-13}}</ref><ref name=AM>{{cite web|website= Arboretum Mustila|title= Paeonia anomala - anomala peony|url= http://www.mustila.fi/en/plants/paeonia/anomala|accessdate= 2016-04-13}}</ref>

=== Inflorescence ===
One or very rarely two hermaphrodite flowers fully develop on each stem, while one or two flowerbuds are arrested in their development, and two to five leaflike [[bract]]s are present. The flowers are somewhat nodding. Each flower has three to five leathery [[sepal]]s that mostly end in a stretched tip, making it "leafy", but sometimes one and rarely two sepals may be obovate with a rounded tip, which do not fall after flowering. The corolla usually consists of six to nine oblong [[Cyclamen (color)|cyclamen]] or rarely pink to white [[petal]]s of 3-6½ × 1½-3 cm. Towards the centre of the flower are many [[stamen]]s consisting of filaments of ½–1 cm topped with anthers that ripen from the inside out, open with slits and release yellow pollen. The pollen is released in sets of four grains together. Dependent on latitude and altitude flowers open between April and July and are said to smell like [[Lily of the valley]]. Petals and stamens are shed after flowering. The two to five carpels are initially pale yellow with reddish [[stigma (botany)|stigma]]s, but eventually become green, may be hairless or covered in soft felty hairs. Within, several large, initially red but eventually shiny black seeds of 6×4 mm develop, and each carpel opens by a slit over the entire length. Ripe seedheads may be present during August and September.<ref name=HP /><ref name=FoC /><ref name=WD /><ref name=AM /><ref>{{cite web|website= RarePlants|title= Paeonia anomala|url= http://www.rareplants.co.uk/product/paeonia-anomala/|accessdate= 2016-04-20}}</ref>

=== Differences with related species ===
Few other peony species are non-woody and have finely segmented leaves. ''[[Paeonia tenuifolia]]'' has even more divided leaves with narrowed segments of up to 6 mm wide, the basal leaves consisting of more than one hundred and thirty segments. ''[[Paeonia emodi]]'' has about 15 entire segments per basal leaf. ''P. anomala'' however strongly resembles ''[[Paeonia intermedia]]'', from which it can be distinguished because the latter has many spindle-shaped roots and at least the two innermost sepals are rounded. Even more morphologically alike is ''[[Paeonia veitchii]]'' which differs only from this species because it usually has two to four flowers per stem in addition to two undeveloped buds, rather than only one flower, rarely two, in addition to few undeveloped buds.<ref name=HP />

== Taxonomy ==
[[Image:Peony anomil.jpg|{{largethumb}}|left|seeds]]

=== Taxonomic history ===
''Paeonia anomala'' was first described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1771, based on a plant from Siberia.<ref name=FoC /> [[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]] described in 1789 three further species, ''P. laciniata'' and ''P. siberiaca'' also from Siberia, and ''P. hybrida'' which developed from seed supposedly from a specimen of ''P. tenuifolia'' in the [[Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden]]. In 1818 [[Alexander Anderson (botanist)|Anderson]] merely recognized ''P. anomala'', considering ''P. hybrida'' a synonym of ''P. tenuifolia''. In the same year [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle]] distinguished between ''P. laciniata'', ''P. anomala'' and ''P. hybrida'', but synonymized ''P. laciniata'' with ''P. anomala'' in 1824. In 1830 [[Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer|Meyer]] named a fourth species, ''P. intermedia'', that had been collected in the [[Altai Mountains]]. Ledebour (1842) cited ''P. hybrida'' and ''P. intermedia'', but treated ''P. laciniata'' as a synonym of ''P. anomala''. [[Ernst Rudolf von Trautvetter|Von Trautvetter]] in 1860 thought there was but one species, and treated ''P. hybrida'' as a variety of ''P. anomala'', while considering ''P. intermedia'' as a form within that variety. The widest delineation of ''P. anomala'' was made by [[Ernst Huth]] in 1892 who included var. ''typica'', var. ''hybrida'' (now ''P. intermedia''), var. ''nudicarpa'', and var. ''emodi'' (now ''P. emodi''). [[Porfiry Krylov (botanist)|Krylov]] in 1901 thought there were two species, ''P. anomala'', and ''P. hybrida'' consisting of var. ''hybrida'' and var. ''intermedia''. In 1904 Trautvetter treated ''P. intermedia'' as a subspecies of ''P. anomala''. [[Nikolai Schipczinsky]] grouped ''P. anomala'', ''P. hybrida'' and as its variety ''intermedia'' together in the series ''Dentatae'' with the common character "leaf lobes incised or with dentate margin" in the 1937 [[Flora of the USSR]]. [[Frederick Claude Stern|Stern]] acknowledged one species, ''P. anomala'' with two varieries: ''anomala'' with hairless fruits and ''intermedia'' with soft hairs. According to Hong and Pan, hairiness of the fruits varies in both ''P. anomala'' and ''P. veitchii'' and the only character that consistently differs between the two taxa is the usual number of fully developing flowers per stem: one for ''P. anomala'' and two to four in ''P. veitchii''. This was the reason to propose to reduce the status of these taxa to ''P. anomala'' ssp. ''anomala'' and ''P. anomala'' ssp. ''veitchii'' respectively.<ref name=HP />

=== Modern classification ===
Although some modern literature still regards ''P. veitchii'' as a subspecies of ''P. anomala'', recent genetic analysis has shown that ''P. anomala'', although being a diploid, is the result of a cross between ''[[Paeonia lactiflora]]'' and ''P. veitchii''. Morphologically, ''P. anomala'' is very similar to ''P. veitchii'' nonetheless, and very different from ''P. lactiflora''.<ref name="PZS"/> ''P. anomala'' and ''P. veitchii'' also share a common chemistry, such as specific unique anthocyanins.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Ni Jia c.s.|year= 2008|title= Identification and Characterization of Anthocyanins by High-performance Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization–Mass Spectrometry in Herbaceous Peony Species|journal= Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science|volume= 133|issue= 3|pages= 418–426|url= http://journal.ashspublications.org/content/133/3/418.full.pdf+html|accessdate= 2016-04-26}}</ref>

=== Etymology ===
The species name ''anomala'', meaning "deviant" is said to refer to the autumn color, which is unique among peonies.

== Distribution and ecology ==
''P. anomala'' is known from Russia, ranging from the [[Kola Peninsula]] to the [[Altai Republic]] and [[Lake Baikal]], northeastern Kazakhstan, China (northwest [[Xinjang]]) and northern Mongolia.<ref name=HP /> It has become naturalized in Finland.<ref>{{cite web|website= Peonies - and the Rest|title= The hardiest- Paeonia anomala|url= http://peonies-of-leo.blogspot.nl/2006/06/hardiest-paeonia-anomala.html|accessdate= 2016-04-20}}</ref> It grows in relatively moist circumstances like coniferous and deciduous forests, valleys and meadows, at the southern end at 1000–2500 m altitude, but further north down to sea level.<ref name=HP /> Its northernmost population in the [[Taz River]] valley, grows in a forest with dwarfed trees like ''[[Larix sibirica]]'', ''[[Betula pubescens]]'', ''[[Alnus viridis]]'' subsp. ''fruticosa'', ''[[Sorbus aucuparia]]'' subsp. ''sibirica'', shrubs like ''[[Rosa majalis]]'', ''[[Lonicera caerulea|Lonicera pallasii]]'', ''[[Ribes spicatum]]'' subsp. ''hispidulum'', and grasses like ''[[Calamagrostis canescens]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|first1= Boris Fedorovich|last1= Sviridenko|first2= Andrey|last2= Efremov|first3= Zoya A.|last3= Samoilenko|year= 2010|title= Состояние популяций пиона уклоняющегося Paeonia anomala (Paeoniaceae) на Северной границе распространения Западной Сибири [Condition of populations of the peony Paeonia anomala (Paeoniaceae) on the northern border of Western Siberia]|journal= Bulletin of the Tomsk State University. Biology|volume= 3|issue= 11|url= http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sostoyanie-populyatsiy-piona-uklonyayuschegosya-paeonia-anomala-paeoniaceae-na-severnoy-granitse-rasprostraneniya-zapadnoy-sibiri|accessdate= 2016-04-21}}</ref>

''P. anomala'' is self-fertile. Mammals, such as deer or rabbits do not eat it.<ref name=PFAF>{{cite web|website= Plants For A Future|title= Paeonia anomala - L.|url= http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+anomala|accessdate= 2016-04-20}}</ref>

== Cultivation ==
''P. anomala'' used to be grown in botanical gardens, but is now becoming available for gardeners as an ornamental. It is easy to grow and prefers a neutral or slightly alkaline, deep rich soil, but is also coping with lime. It does equally well in sun or dapple shade. Plants are intolerant of waterlogged or very dry soil. On sandy soils plants generally produce more leaves and less flowers. As can be expected from a species from Siberia, it survives temperatures down to at least -25 °C. The plants have good ornamental value and may survive in gardens for at least 50 years. This peony inhibits the growth of adjacent plants, especially legumes. All peonies dislike disturbance of their roots, and need time to recover after being replanted or divided.<ref name=PFAF />

== Use ==
In the late 19th century, ''P. anomala'' roots were eaten raw and crumbled in soup in the North-West of Siberia by the [[Khakas people]].<ref>{{cite book|title= Pioneers in European Ethnobiology|editors= Ingvar Svanberg & Łukasz Łuczaj|year= 2014|publisher= Upsala University|series= Uppsala Studies on Eastern Europe|volume= 4|page= 136|url= https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Piotr_Koehler/publication/270895838_An_involuntary_ethnobotanist_Jzef_Rostafiski_(1850-1928)_and_his_research_in_Poland/links/54bcebbf0cf29e0cb04c5686.pdf#page=131|accessdate= 2016-04-20}}</ref> In Mongolia, fruits and roots of ''Paeonia anomala'' are used to treat lower abdominal pain, indigestion, kidney diseases, nocturnal [[enuresis]], [[bleeding]], blood clotting, exhaustion and [[respiratory disease]]s in traditional medicine. Extract of the fruit protects against [[oxidative stress]], by [[Antioxidant|free radical scavenging]], higher [[glutathione]] concentrations in the cells, and inhibiting damage to the DNA. Compounds such as [[ellagic acid]], [[methyl gallate]], [[ethyl gallate]], fischeroside B, and [[quercetin]] derivatives are responsible for this protection.<ref>{{cite journal|first1= S.|last1= Oidovsambuu|first2= C.Y.|last2= Kim|first3= K.|last3= Kang|first4= B.|last4= Dulamjav|first5= T.|last5= Jigjidsuren|first6= C.W.|last6= Nho|year= 2013|title= Protective effect of Paeonia anomala extracts and constituents against tert-butylhydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells|journal= Planta Med|volume= 79|issue= 02|pages= 116–122|url= https://www.thieme-connect.com/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0032-1328062|accessdate= 2016-04-20|doi=10.1055/s-0032-1328062}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Paeonia anomala|''Paeonia anomala''}}
{{wikispecies|Paeonia anomala|''Paeonia anomala''}}
{{taxonbar|wcsp=2661737}}

[[Category:Peonies|anomala]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Flora of Russia]]
[[Category:Flora of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Flora of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1771]]

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