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'''Nushibi''' ('''Nu-shibi''', Chinese 弩失畢) was a Chinese collective name for five tribes of the right (western) wing <ref>Yu. Zuev, ''"The Strongest tribe - Izgil"''//Historical And Cultural Relations Between Iran And Dasht-i Kipchak in the 13th through 18th Centuries, Materials of International Round Table, Almaty, 2004, p. 53, ISBN 9965-699-14-3</ref> in the [[Western Turkic Kaganate]], and members of ''On oq'' (Turkic '''ten arrows''') confederation found in the literature about the Western Turkic Kaganate as ''Ten arrows (ten tribes) Türks''. The references to Nushibi appeared in Chinese sources in 651 and disappeared after 766. The Nushibi tribes occupied the lands of the Western Turkic Kaganate west of the river [[Ili River|Ili]]. The Chinese annals recorded that the first in the list of tribes of right wing was listed [[Ashtak]] tribe of ''Ulug-ok'' (Turkic ''Great tribe''), a conjugal tribe of the Kagans from the Kaganate western branch, who belonged to the "celestial-blue" tribe [[Ashina]]. In the Kaganate, the position of Yabgu (Chinese Pinyin "Sihou"), and Katun (Kagan's wife) belonged to the members of the Ulug-ok tribe.<ref>Yu. Zuev, ''"Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology"'', Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 33, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|9985-4-4152-9}}</ref> Two other members of the Nushibi wing were [[Turgesh]] tribes ''Alishi'' and ''Sakla-baga'' (Chinese [[Pinyin]] ''Soge Mohe''), with a common appellation [[Alat tribe|''Halach'' (''Kalach'')]] for the two-tribe composition, known from the Chinese, Arabic, and Turkic sources.<ref>Yu. Zuev, ''"Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology"'', p. 144</ref> Two more tribes were the descendents of the Eastern "weak Huns" (Ch. [[Yueban]]) - [[Chumuhun]] and Chuban.<ref>Gumilev L.N., ''"Ancient Türks"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.16, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot16.htm (In Russian)</ref>

Etymology of the term ''Nushibi'' comes from the Turkic name for the "right wing" ''on shadapyt'', "nushibi" is a colloquial pronunciation in modern Han dialect of the Chinese hieroglyphs for "right wing", ''modern Chinese'' Nu-shibi < 'nou siet - piet < ''Turkic'' on<sub>g</sub> shadapyt.<ref>Yu. Zuev, ''"The Strongest tribe - Izgil", p. 53, ISBN 9965-699-14-3</ref>

==Historical Outline==

===Western Turkic Kaganate===
{{main article|Western Turkic Khaganate|l1=Western Turkic Kaganate}}

After the split of the [[First Turkic Kaganate]] in 604, the Western Turkic Kaganate was initially reorganized as a "ten arrows" ''Onoq'' confederation with Nushibi 5-tribe right wing dominating over the left wing of the [[Dulu Turks|Dulu]] group of five tribes. Both Nushibi and Dulu (''Dulo'') belonged to the Turkic tribes of the Chuy group, and spoke close dialects.<ref>Chavannes, Édouard. ''Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux''. 1900. Paris, Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient. Reprint: SPb, 1903, p. 47.</ref>

The transfer of supremacy from the Dulu group to Nushibi had outcome reverberating across Erasian continent. Nushibi controlled, and benefited, from the operation of their section of the transcontinental trade road ([[Silk Road]]), and were in alliance with [[Sogdiana]], a chain of small oasis principalities who were also members of the Western Turkic Khaganate, and served as main operators of the Silk Road. Nushibi interest in the Silk Road operation brought them, in addition to the [[Sogdians]], into a coalition with [[Byzantine]] and [[China]], two other superpowers interested in the east-west trade. In the west, the coalition included Khazars in the N. Caucasus, and Bulgars in the N. Pontic steppes. This alignment was opposed a coalition of two other powers, [[Persia]] and [[Turkic Khaganate|Eastern Turkic Kaganate]], which brought about the first world wars of the 7th century Early Middle Ages.<ref>Gumilev L.N., ''"Ancient Türks"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.12, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot12.htm (In Russian)</ref><ref>Gumilev L.N., ''"Ancient Türks"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.15 ''World War of the 7th century'', http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot15.htm (In Russian)</ref>

Nushibi interests in the Western Turkic Kaganate were advanced by the Kagan '''[[Tong Yabghu|Tun-djabgu-khan]]''' (Djabgu = dialect. [[Yabgu]]), known from the Armenian annals as "King of the North". The capital was located north of [[Chach (city)|Chach]] (modern Tashkent) oasis. The period of Nushibi dominance was interrupted in 628 by a joined revolt of [[Karluks]] and Dulu tribes, and a consequent death of Tun-djabgu-kagan from the hands of his uncle. In the interregnum, led by his uncle with a title '''Külüg Sibir-Khan''', the Dulu fraction restored its former dominating position. The coup brought a considerable upshot, in 630 Sibir-Khan had to grant Bulgarians their independence and allow them reorganize as what became known as [[Great Bulgaria]].<ref name="Gumilev L.N. 1967">Gumilev L.N., ''"Ancient Türks"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.16</ref> Nushibi opposition to the usurper was headed by Nishu-Kana-shad, a ruler with a seat in [[Paykend]] (''Paikent''), who ruled [[Bukhara]] province. Sibir-Khan was killed in 631, and Nushibi installed their choice, son of Tun-djabgu-kagan with a title '''Irbis Bolun djabgu-khan''', who received a derisive nickname '''Sydjabgu''' (Turkic ''treacherous''), and was known to western contemporaries as Sinjibu and Silzibul <ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-546105/Sinjibu Sinjibu, or Silzibul (Turkish leader) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia]</ref> but soon had to replace him with Nishu-Kana-shad under a name '''[[Dulu-khan]]''' (632-634), probably to apease the northern Dulu tribes. The next succession followed the traditional [[Order of succession|lateral succession]] order, a younger brother of Nishu was enthroned with a title '''Yshbara Tolis-shad''' (634–639), he enacted a major reform by consenting to the Dulu and Nushibi wings' autonomy and native leadership, not drawn from the Ashina clan. The order, favorable to the Dulu and Nushibi, was hurtful to the [[Karluks]], [[Yagma]], [[Kipchaks]], [[Basmals]], and worse of all to the descendents of the Eastern [[Huns]] - [[Chumuhun|Chuüe]], [[Chumuhun|Chumi]] and [[Shato]], they were especially anguished because their kins [[Chumuhun]] and [[Chumuhun|Chuban]] were in the privileged Nushibi wing.<ref name="Gumilev L.N. 1967"/>

===Independence===
In 647 the Western Turkic Kaganate was split into two independent states as a result of [[Ili River]] treaty. The independence period lasted until the rise of the [[Second Turkic Kaganate]]. In 667 the Nushibi wing of the On oq allied with Tibet.<ref>Beckwith, Christopher I. ''The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia''. (1987), pp. 32–33. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02469-3.</ref> At about 720, a campaign led by [[Kul Tegin]] defeated the forces of the Nushibi tribal union led by the [[Esegel|Ezgil]] (Izgil) tribe, and subjugated the former "eastern wing", which from that time disappeared from the literature. The episode of the military campaign is mentioned in the [[Bilge Kağan|Bilge Kagan]] inscription in the [[Orkhon people|Orkhon]] written monuments.<ref>Yu. Zuev, ''"The Strongest tribe - Izgil"'', p. 58,</ref>

===Nushibi Tribal Leaders===

Reconstructed partial list of tribal leaders of the ''on shadapyt'' right wing, recorded in the Chinese sources:

# [[Esegel|Ezgil]] Kül-erkin;
# Kashu Kül-erkin;;
# Barskhan Tun-ashpa [ra]-erkin;;
# [[Esegel|Ezgil]] Nizuk-erkin;;
# Kashu Chopan-erkin.

The first word of the title is the name of the Nushibi tribe. [[Esegel|Ezgil/Ezgel]] tribe was a "strongest" of them, its leader in the 563 sent ambassadors to the distant Constantinople.<ref>Yu. Zuev, ''"The Strongest tribe - Izgil"'', p. 53</ref>

==Ethnic and linguistic affiliation==
The difference between Nushibi and Dulu groups was solely economical, a consequence of their relative geographical location. Dulu occupied northern portion of the Middle Asia steppes, away from the main artery of the Silk Road, and were little affected by the intracontinental trade. The main source of Dulu trade income came from [[Gaochang|Turfan]] of the [[Turpan|Turfan basin]]. Nushibi occupied lands south of Dulu, controlled a major stretch of the caravan road artery and numerous branches, and were profoundly affected by its operation. The constellation of oasis city-states with a common name Sogdiana, whose merchants were the main trade operators, spoke a Turkic language, and established a symbiotic relationship with their Nushibi nomadic sponsors. Lev Gumilev noted that Dulu and Nushibi language was a "djo"-type dialect ('''dj'''abgu), as opposed to the "yo"-type dialect ('''y'''abgu).<ref>Gumilev L.N., ''"Ancient Türks"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1967, p.150, note 3</ref> The "djo"-type dialect belongs to the Ogur (Karluk) branch of the Turkic language family.

==See also==
[[Chumuhun|Chuy (tribes)]]

==References==
<references/>

{{Kazakhstan topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nushibi}}
[[Category:Turkic tribes]]
[[Category:History of Kazakhstan]]

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