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Fixer88: Disambiguated: Kumul → Kumul Khanate (2)

2016-11-15T17:24:14Z

Disambiguated: Kumul → Kumul Khanate (2)

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{{Multiple issues|
{{context|date=October 2010}}
{{confusing|date=October 2010}}
}}

{{Infobox officeholder
|name=Maqsud Shah
| nationality=[[Uighur people|Uighur]]
| religion=[[Islam]]
| image=
| caption =
| imagesize=
| office= [[Khan (title)|Khan]]/[[Prince]]
| term_start= 1908
| term_end= 1930
| birth_date=1864
| birth_place=[[Kumul, Xinjiang]]
| death_date= 1930
| death_place= [[Kumul, Xinjiang]]
| spouse=
| children= Nasir
| party=
}}

'''Maqsud Shah''' (1864 - 1930) (Shah Mexsut, {{zh|沙木胡索特}}) ({{lang-ug|مقصود شاه|}}), was the Uyghur Jasagh Prince (Qinwang) of the Kumul from 1908 to 1930.

{{Infobox officeholder
|name=Maqsud Shah
|order=
|office= Khan of [[Kumul Khanate|Kumul]]
|reign= {{nowrap|1882 – 1930}}
|predecessor=Muhammad Shah 賣哈莫特
|successor=Nasir Shah 聶滋爾
|birth_date= 1879
|birth_place= [[Gansu]], [[Qing dynasty]]
|death_date= 1941
|death_place= [[Republic of China]]
|alma_mater =
|nationality= [[Republic of China|Chinese]]
|spouse=
|children=
|residence= [[Urumqi]]
|profession=
|party=
|religion=
|work=
|footnotes=
|signature=
}}

==Background==
Maqsud Shah {{zh|t=沙木胡索特|p=shā-mù-hú-suǒ-tè}} was the Khan of [[Kumul Khanate|Kumul]] from 1882 to 1930, and served as the eleventh generational ruler of the Khanate.

Maqsud's family was descended from [[Chaghatai Khan]] and had ruled the area since the time of the [[Yuan dynasty]], though by the 20th century all the other Khanates in Turkestan had disintegrated. Maqsud spoke Turkic in a Chinese accent and often wore Chinese clothing,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44&dq=maqsud+shah&hl=en&ei=HziqTNyjJMWBlAfamoG_DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=maqsud%20shah%20king%20gobi&f=false|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=43|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> and also spoke fluent Chinese.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA74&dq=maqsud+shah&hl=en&ei=PUmpTKapGYK8lQeltoSODQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=maqsud%20shah&f=false|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim borderland|author=S. Frederick Starr|year=2004|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=|isbn=0-7656-1318-2|page=74|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> He reputedly drank copious amounts of alcohol and did not allow anyone to take pictures of him.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C&pg=PA97&dq=maqsud+shah+alcohol&hl=en&ei=RTqqTN-CEMOblgeq-L2EDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang|author=Christian Tyler|year=2004|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=0-8135-3533-6|page=97|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

==Reign==
Maqsud Shah succeeded his father Muhammmad Shah in 1882 as ruler of the [[Kumul Khanate]]. The Khans were officially vassals of the [[Qing Dynasty]], and every six years were required to visit Beijing to be a servant to the Emperor for a period of 40 days.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHsTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA487&dq=kumul+khanate&hl=en&ei=m0ipTMeuC4X7lweGkcWdBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=mahsud%20shah%20vassal%20emperor%20pekin%20servant&f=false|title=Unknown Mongolia: a record of travel and exploration in north-west Mongolia and Dzungaria, Volume 2|author=Alexander Douglas Mitchell Carruthers, Jack Humphrey Miller|year=1914|publisher=Lippincott|location=|isbn=|page=489|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzNyAAAAMAAJ&q=maksud+shah&dq=maksud+shah&hl=en&ei=iEmpTPilJ4LGlQeP8sy_DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBQ|title=The Gobi desert|author=Alexander Mildred Cable, Francesca French|year=1944|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|location=|isbn=|page=134|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
Unlike the rest of [[Xinjiang]] which was subjected to state-encouraged settlement, the Kumul Khanate was not opened to settlement by Han Chinese.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA190&dq=maqsud+shah&hl=en&ei=PUmpTKapGYK8lQeltoSODQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=maqsud%20shah&f=false|title=Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang|author=James A. Millward|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=|isbn=0-231-13924-1|page=190|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> He sent melons as tribute to the Emperor.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA190&dq=maqsud+shah&hl=en&ei=HziqTNyjJMWBlAfamoG_DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=maqsud%20shah%20fluent%20chinese&f=false|title=Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang|author=James A. Millward|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=|isbn=0-231-13924-1|page=190|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

Twenty one [[Begs]] administered Kumul under the Khan, and he received 1,200 taels in silver from the Xinjiang government after he sent tribute.

In 1912, the Qing Dynasty was overthrown in the [[Xinhai Revolution]] and replaced by the [[Republic of China]], which promptly appointed [[Yang Zengxin]] as the new Governor of Xinjiang. Yang was a monarchist and supported the Khanate and as a result the Khanate's status as a vassal was undisturbed.

When Yang Zengxin was assassinated in 1928, the warlord governor [[Jin Shuren]] succeeded him as the governor of Xinjiang, who's period of rule was marked by strife, corruption and ethnic intolerance.

Upon Maqsud Shah's death in 1930 Governor [[Jin Shuren]] replaced the Khanate with the three provincial administrative districts of Hami, Yihe, and Yiwu. Maqsud Shah's son and designated heir Nasir<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44&dq=maqsud+shah&hl=en&ei=HziqTNyjJMWBlAfamoG_DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=maqsud%20shah%20king%20gobi%20militia&f=false|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=44|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
was not permitted to succeed him to the throne, and the succeeding events set off the [[Kumul Rebellion]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA190&dq=maqsud+shah&hl=en&ei=PUmpTKapGYK8lQeltoSODQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=hami%20yihe%20yiwu&f=false|title=Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang|author=James A. Millward|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=|isbn=0-231-13924-1|page=191|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> with the assistance of [[Yulbars Khan]], who served as Maqsud's chancellor at court.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3FHwdHpdu4C&pg=PA187&dq=maksud+shah&hl=en&ei=iEmpTPilJ4LGlQeP8sy_DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=maksud%20shah%20tiger%20prince&f=false|title=Women of the Gobi: Journeys on the Silk Road|author=Kate James|year=2006|publisher=Pluto Press Australia|location=|isbn=1-86403-329-0|page=178|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:History of Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:1930 deaths]]
[[Category:1864 births]]

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Maqsud Shah - Revision history

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Fixer88: Disambiguated: Kumul → Kumul Khanate (2)