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104.14.94.186 at 02:46, 14 February 2017

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{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| status = VU
| status_system = iucn2.3
| status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN|taxon=Malus sieversii|id=32363|assessment_year =2007|version=2.3|criteria-version=2.3|assessor= Participants of the FFI/IUCN SSC Central Asian regional tree Red Listing workshop, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (11–13 July 2006)}}</ref>
| image = 95apple.jpeg
| image_caption = A ''Malus sieversii'' fruit
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Malus]]''
| species = '''''M. sieversii'''''
| binomial = ''Malus sieversii''
| binomial_authority = ([[Carl Friedrich von Ledebour|Ledeb.]]) [[Max Joseph Roemer|M.Roem.]]
| synonyms = ''Malus turkmenorum'' [[Sergei Vasilievich Juzepczuk|Juz]]. & Popov
| synonyms_ref = {{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
}}

'''''Malus sieversii''''' is a [[Malus|wild apple]] native to the mountains of [[Central Asia]] in southern [[Kazakhstan]]. It has recently been shown to be the primary ancestor of most [[cultivar]]s of the domesticated [[apple]] (''[[Malus pumila]]''). It was first described (as ''Pyrus sieversii'') in 1833 by [[Carl Friedrich von Ledebour]], a German naturalist who saw them growing in the [[Altai Mountains]].

It is a [[deciduous]] [[tree]] growing to {{convert|5|to|12|m|ft}}, very similar in appearance to the domestic apple. Its [[fruit]] is the largest of any species of ''Malus'' except ''pumila'', up to 7 cm diameter, equal in size to many modern [[List of Apple cultivars|apple cultivars]]. Unlike domesticated varieties its leaves go red in autumn: 62.2% of the trees in the wild do this compared to only 2.8% of the regular apple plant or the
2,170 English cultivated varieties.<ref name="Archetti">Archetti M. (2009). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2684696/pdf/rspb20090355.pdf Evidence from the domestication of apple for the maintenance of autumn colours by coevolution.] Proc Biol Sci. 276(1667):2575-80. {{DOI|10.1098/rspb.2009.0355}} PMID 19369261</ref> The species is now considered vulnerable to [[extinction]].

== History and importance ==
''Malus sieversii'' has previously been identified as the main contributor to the genome of the cultivated apple (''Malus pumila''), on the basis of [[morphology (biology)|morphological]], [[molecular]], and historical evidence.<ref>{{cite journal|title=New Insight into the History of Domesticated Apple: Secondary Contribution of the European Wild Apple to the Genome of Cultivated Varieties|year=2012|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1002703|url=http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002703|accessdate=23 November 2013 |vauthors=Cornille A, Gladieux P, Smulders MJ, Roldán-Ruiz I, Laurens F, etal |pmid=22589740|pmc=3349737|volume=8|issue=5|pages=e1002703|journal=PLoS Genetics}}</ref> A [[DNA analysis]] in 2010<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Velasco R.|author2=Zharkikh A. |author3=Affourtit J. |title=The genome of the domesticated apple (''Malus'' x ''domestica'' Borkh.)|journal=Nature Genetics|year=2010|volume=42|issue=10|pages=833–839|url=http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v42/n10/abs/ng.654.html|doi=10.1038/ng.654|pmid=20802477|quote=''Phylogenetic reconstruction of Pyreae and the genus Malus, relative to major Rosaceae taxa, identified the progenitor of the cultivated apple as M. sieversii.''|display-authors=etal}}</ref> confirmed ''M. sieversii'' as the progenitor of the cultivated apple.

A third [[species]] that has been thought to have made contributions to the genome of the domestic apples is ''[[Malus baccata]]'', but there is no evidence for this in older apple [[cultivar]]s.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

[[Almaty]], the largest city in [[Kazakhstan]], and formerly its capital, derives its name from the [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] word for "apple" (Alma), and is often translated as "full of apples" (the region surrounding Almaty is home to forests of ''Malus sieversii''); ''alma'' is also "apple" in other [[Turkic languages]], as well as in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]. The [[Soviet Union|Soviet-era]] name, [[Almaty#20th century Almaty|Alma-Ata]], is Kazakh for "Father of Apples".

== Renewed interest ==
These and other ''Malus'' species have been used in some recent breeding programmes to develop apples suitable for growing in harsh climates unsuitable for ''M. pumila'', mainly for increased cold tolerance.<ref name="app3">{{cite book|last=Sauer|first=Jonathan D.|title=Historical Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster|publisher=CRC Press|year=1993|pages=109|isbn=0-8493-8901-1}}</ref>

''Malus sieversii'' has recently been cultivated by the [[Agricultural Research Service|United States Agricultural Research Service]], in hopes of finding genetic information of value in the breeding of the modern apple plant. Some, but not all, of the resulting trees show unusual disease resistance. The variation in their response to disease on an individual basis is, itself, a sign of how much more genetically diverse they are than their domesticated descendants.

<gallery>
Image:Botanischer Garten Berlin-Dahlem 10-2014 photo08 Malus sieversii.jpg|Tree
Image:96apple.jpg|Fruit
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
* {{IUCN2006|assessor=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|year=1998|id=32363|title=Malus sieversii|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Listed as Vulnerable (VU B1+2c v2.3)

== External links ==
{{commons|Malus sieversii|Malus sieversii}}
*Wild apples in Kazakhstan: [http://www.ars.usda.gov/Aboutus/docs.htm?docid=6310 1995] and [http://www.ars.usda.gov/Aboutus/docs.htm?docid=6311 1996] US Agricultural Research Service expeditions
*http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_8_110/ai_79051530
*Malus sieversii [http://www.orangepippintrees.com/crab-apple-trees/malus-sieversii]

{{Apples}}
{{Crabapple}}

[[Category:Malus|sieversii]]
[[Category:Apples]]
[[Category:Flora of temperate Asia]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Flora of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Flora of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Flora of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Vulnerable flora of Asia]]

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Malus sieversii - Revision history

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104.14.94.186 at 02:46, 14 February 2017