Moderator: 1 revision

2026-05-16T20:12:45Z

1 revision

Fixer88: Disambiguated: Kazakh → Kazakhs

2017-02-14T05:52:39Z

Disambiguated: Kazakh → Kazakhs

New page

{{Merge |falconry|date=March 2015}}

'''Hunting with eagles''' is a traditional form of [[falconry]] found throughout the [[Eurasia]]n [[steppe]], practiced by [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] and [[Kyrgyz people]] in contemporary Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as diasporas in [[Bayan-Ölgii Province|Bayan-Ölgii]], [[Mongolia]], and [[Xinjiang]], [[China]]. Though these [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] people are most famous for hunting with [[golden eagles]], they have been known to train [[northern goshawk]]s, [[peregrine falcon]]s, [[saker falcon]]s, and more.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Keen|first1=Dennis|title=Kyrgyz Falconers Use Falcons, Too|url=http://centralasianfalconry.org/kyrgyz-falconers-use-falcons/|website=The Central Asian Falconry Project|accessdate=30 September 2014}}</ref>

== Terminology ==
In both [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] and [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], there are separate terms for those who hunt with birds of prey in general, and those who hunt with eagles.

In Kazakh, both ''qusbegi'' and ''sayatshy'' refer to falconers in general. ''Qusbegi'' comes from the words ''qus'' ("bird") and ''bek'' ("lord"), thus literally translating as "lord of birds." In [[Old Turkic language|Old Turkic]], ''kush begi'' was a title used for the [[khan (title)|khan]]'s most respected advisors, reflecting the valued role of the court falconer.<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Bosworth, C. E.|editor2=van Donzel, E.|editor3=Lewis, B.|editor4=Pellat, C.|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam|volume=5|publisher=E. J. Brill|location=Leiden|date=1980|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5U3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA273&lpg=PA273&dq=kush+begi+uzbek+official&source=bl&ots=Sba2JhBClI&sig=ptNu2MiqZqAyby_8UDuD3vkF4eo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=F_8pVKCaCJLgoAT8p4K4Bw&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=kush%20begi%20uzbek%20official&f=false}}</ref> ''Sayatshy'' comes from the word ''sayat'' ("falconry") and the suffix ''-shy'', used for professional titles in [[Turkic languages]]. The Kazakh word for falconers that hunt with eagles is ''bürtkitshi'', from ''bürkit'' ("golden eagle"), while the word for those that use goshawks is ''qarshyghashy'', from ''qarshygha'' ("goshawk").

In Kyrgyz, the general word for falconers is ''münüshkör''. A falconer who specifically hunts with eagles is a ''bürkütchü'', from ''bürküt'' ("golden eagle").

== History ==
[[Image:MongolHuntersSong.jpg|left|thumb|180px|[[Khitans]] eagle hunters on horse, ([[Song Dynasty]]).]]

=== Khitans ===
In 936-45 AD the [[Khitans]], a nomadic people from Manchuria, conquered part of north [[China]].<ref>The Art of War by Sun Tzu - Special Edition by Sun Tzu and Lionel Giles (2005) p.170</ref> In 960 AD [[China]] was conquered by the [[Song dynasty]].<ref>China: Its History and Culture (4th Edition) by W. Scott Morton, Charlton M. Lewis, and Charlton Lewis (2004) p.100</ref> From its beginnings, the Song dynasty was unable to completely control the Khitan who had already assimilated much of Chinese culture. Throughout its 300-year rule of China, the [[Song]] had to pay tribute to the Khitan to keep them from conquering additional [[Song]] territory.<ref>5 Steps to a 5: AP World History (5 Steps to a 5) by Peggy Martin (2004) p.115</ref> Despite the fact that the [[Khitans]] assimilated Chinese culture, they retained many nomadic traditions, including eagle hunting<ref>Eagle Dreams: Searching for Legends in Wild Mongolia by Stephen J. Bodio (2003) p. 26</ref> (see the unknown Chinese painting from [[Song]] dynasty).

===Jurchen===
The ''hai dong qing'' was an important breed of hunting eagle for [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] tribes. The Khitan extorted this kind of eagle from Jurchen but ended in revolt.

===Kyrgyz===
In 1207, the [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] [[nomad]]s surrendered to [[Genghis Khan]]'s son [[Jochi]]. Under [[Mongol]] rule, the Kyrgyz preserved their nomadic culture as well as eagle falconry tradition until the 1990s.<ref>Soma, Takuya. 2007. ‘Kyrgyz Falconry & Falconers and its Transition’. In Proceedings of Great Silk Road Conference, Culture and Traditions, Then and Now 2006. 130-139. Tashkent: Academy of Uzbekistan/ UNESCO</ref><ref>相馬拓也 2008「形象なき文化遺産としての狩猟技術: キルギス共和国イシク・クル湖岸における鷹狩猟のエスノグラフィ」『国士舘大学地理学報告2007（第16号）』: pp.99-106 [http://bungakubu.kokushikan.ac.jp/chiri/PDF/2008No16.pdf]</ref> Archaeologists trace back falconry in Central Asia to the first or second millennium BC.<ref name="Article on ancient falconry by Keith Dobney">http://www.firstscience.com/home/articles/origins/ancient-falconry_1381.html</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iafor.org/offprints/acss2012-offprints/ACSS2012_offprint_0271.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=December 1, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203091424/http://iafor.org/offprints/acss2012-offprints/ACSS2012_offprint_0271.pdf |archivedate=December 3, 2013 }}</ref>

===Kazakhs===
[[File:Kazakh-Mongolian Eagle Hunter.JPG|right|thumb|300px|[[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] eagle hunter in [[Altai Tavan Bogd National Park]], [[Mongolia]].]]

During the communist period in Kazakhstan, many [[Kazakhs]] fled for [[Mongolia]],<ref>http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/kz.htm</ref> settling in [[Bayan-Ölgii Province]] and bringing with them their tradition of hunting with eagles. There are an estimated 250 eagle hunters in Bayan-Ölgii, which is located in the [[Altai Mountains]] of western Mongolian.<ref>http://www.ijih.org/volumeMgr.ijih?cmd=volumeView&volNo=7&manuType=02</ref><ref>http://www.analytrics.org/Documents/HSS_Actes_Proceedings_2012.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.mefrg.org/images/falco/falco41.pdf</ref> Their falconry custom involves hunting with [[golden eagle]]s on horseback, and they primarily hunt [[red fox]]es and [[corsac fox]]es.<ref>http://matadornetwork.com/trips/photo-essay-hanging-with-eaglehunters-in-western-mongolia</ref> They use eagles to hunt foxes and hares during the cold winter months when it is easier to see the gold colored foxes against the snow.<ref>http://discover-bayanolgii.com/</ref><ref>https://ja.scribd.com/doc/248703715/Takuya-Soma-2014-Eagle-Hunters-in-Action-hunting-practice-of-Altaic-Kazakh-falconers-in-Western-Mongolia-Falco-No-44</ref> Each October, Kazakh eagle hunting customs are displayed at the annual [[Eagle festival|Golden Eagle Festival]].<ref>http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/newsView/113</ref><ref>http://www.ijih.org/volumeMgr.ijih?cmd=volumeView&volNo=9&manuType=02</ref> Although the Kazakh government has made efforts to lure the practitioners of these Kazakh traditions back to Kazakhstan, most Kazakhs have remained in Mongolia.

== See also ==
* [[Ethnic groups in Chinese history]]
* [[Falconry]]
* [[Goryeo-Khitan Wars]]
* [[Kazakh Steppe]]
* [[Kyrgyzstan]]
* [[History of Mongolia]]
* [[Wolf hunting]]

==External links==
* [http://www.thespektator.co.uk/issue13.html Article on eagle hunting in Kyrgyzstan with pictures]
* [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200501/the.eagle.hunters.htm Altai eagle hunting article]
* [http://www.discover-bayanolgii.com/golden-eagle-festival/ Golden Eagle Festival]

== Further reading ==
{{Too much further reading|date=January 2017}}
* Keen, Dennis. 2014. 'The Central Asian Falconry Project'. [http://www.centralasianfalconry.org]
* Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘Contemporary Falconry in Altai-Kazakh in Western Mongolia’''The International Journal of Intangible Heritage (vol.7)'', pp. 103–111. [http://www.ijih.org/volumeMgr.ijih?cmd=volumeView&volNo=7&manuType=02]
* Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘Ethnoarhchaeology of Horse-Riding Falconry’, ''The Asian Conference on the Social Sciences 2012 - Official Conference Proceedings'', pp. 167–182. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131203091424/http://iafor.org/offprints/acss2012-offprints/ACSS2012_offprint_0271.pdf]
* Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘Intangible Cultural Heritage of Arts and Knowledge for Coexisting with Golden Eagles: Ethnographic Studies in “Horseback Eagle-Hunting” of Altai-Kazakh Falconers’, ''The International Congress of Humanities and Social Sciences Research'', pp. 307–316. [http://www.analytrics.org/Documents/HSS_Actes_Proceedings_2012.pdf]
* Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘The Art of Horse-Riding Falconry by Altai-Kazakh Falconers’. In ''HERITAGE 2012 (vol.2) - Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Heritage and Sustainable Development'', edited by Rogério Amoêda, Sérgio Lira, & Cristina Pinheiro, pp. 1499–1506. Porto: Green Line Institute for Sustainable Development. ISBN 978-989-95671-8-4.
* Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘Horse-Riding Falconry in Altai-Kazakh Nomadic Society: Anthropological Researches in Summertime Activities of Falconers and Golden Eagle’. ''Japanese Journal of Human and Animal Relation 32'': pp. 38–47 (written in Japanese).
* Soma, Takuya. 2013. ‘Ethnographic Study of Altaic Kazakh Falconers’, ''Falco: The Newsletter of the Middle East Falcon Research Group 41'', pp. 10–14. [http://www.mefrg.org/images/falco/falco41.pdf]
* Soma, Takuya. 2013. ‘Ethnoarchaeology of Ancient Falconry in East Asia’, ''The Asian Conference on Cultural Studies 2013 - Official Conference Proceedings'', pp. 81–95. [http://iafor.org/offprints/accs2013-offprints/ACCS_2013_Offprint_0108.pdf]
* Soma, Takuya. 2013. ‘Hunting Arts of Eagle Falconers in the Altai-Kazakhs: Contemporary Operations of Horse-Riding Falconry in Sagsai County, Western Mongolia’. ''Japanese Journal of Human and Animal Relation 35'':　pp. 58–66 (written in Japanese).
* Soma, Takuya & Battulga, Sukhee. 2014. 'Altai Kazakh Falconry as Heritage Tourism: “The Golden Eagle Festival” of Western Mongolia', "The International Journal of Intangible Heritage vol. 9", edited by Alissandra Cummins, pp. 135–148. Seoul: The National Folk Museum of Korea. [http://www.ijih.org/volumeMgr.ijih?cmd=volumeView&volNo=9&manuType=02]
* Takuya Soma. 2014. ‘Eagle Hunters in Action: hunting practice of Altaic Kazakh falconers in Western Mongolia’, ''Falco: The Newsletter of the Middle East Falcon Research Group 44'', pp. 16–20. [http://www.mefrg.org/images/falco/falco44.pdf]
* Takuya Soma. 2014. Human and Raptor Interactions in the Context of a Nomadic Society: Anthropological and Ethno-Ornithological Studies of Altaic Kazakh Falconry and its Cultural Sustainability in Western Mongolia (PhD Thesis submitted to University of Kassel, 20 August 2014)
* 相馬拓也 2008 「形象なき文化遺産としての狩猟技術: キルギス共和国イシク・クル湖岸における鷹狩猟のエスノグラフィ」, 『国士舘大学地理学報告2007（第16号）』: pp. 99–106. [http://bungakubu.kokushikan.ac.jp/chiri/PDF/2008No16.pdf]
* 相馬拓也 2012「アルタイ＝カザフ鷹匠による騎馬鷹狩猟: イヌワシと鷹匠の夏季生活誌についての基礎調査」『ヒトと動物の関係学会誌（vol. 32）』: pp. 38–47.
* 相馬拓也 2013「アルタイ=カザフ鷹匠たちの狩猟誌: モンゴル西部サグサイ村における騎馬鷹狩猟の実践と技法の現在」『ヒトと動物の関係学会誌（vol.35）』: pp. 58–66.
* 相馬拓也 2014 「イヌワシと鷲使いにみる「ヒトと動物の調和遺産」の可能性：モンゴル西部アルタイ系カザフ鷹狩文化の伝統知とその持続性の現場から」『日本地理学会発表要旨集 (2014年度日本地理学会春季学術大会)』[https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ajg/2014s/0/2014s_100122/_pdf]
* 日本放送協会(NHK). 2003. 『地球に好奇心：大草原にイヌワシが舞う～モンゴル・カザフ族鷹匠の親子～』: NHKエンタープライズ(co-produced by 群像舎), (on air: 10:05-10:57, 13 December 2003), NHK-BS2 Television.
* 日本放送協会(NHK). 2010. 『アジアンスマイル: 僕とイヌワシの冬物語～モンゴル・サグサイ村～』: NHKエンタープライズ(co-produced by 株式会社グループ現代), (on air: 18:30-18:50, 16 January 2010), NHK BS1 Television.
* 日本放送協会(NHK). 2015. 『地球イチバン: 地球最古のイーグルハンター』: NHK文化福祉部制作, (on air: 22:00-22:50, 29 January 2015), NHK総合.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Falconry]]
[[Category:Central Asian culture]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani culture]]
[[Category:Kyrgyzstani culture]]
[[Category:Ethnic Kyrgyz culture]]

← Older revision	Revision as of 20:12, 16 May 2026
(No difference)

Hunting with eagles - Revision history

Moderator: 1 revision

Fixer88: Disambiguated: Kazakh → Kazakhs