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Founded by a unit of the [[Siberian Cossacks]] headed by [[Fyodor Shubin]] in 1830 as Akmoly settlement.

==Russian Empire==
The settlement of '''Akmoly''' ({{lang-ru|Акмолы}}), also known as '''Akmolinsky prikaz''' ({{lang|ru|Акмолинский приказ}}), was established on the [[Ishim River]] in 1830 as the seat of an [[okrug]]<ref name="Pospelov">Pospelov, pp. 24–25</ref> by a unit of the [[Siberian Cossacks]] headed by [[Fyodor Shubin]].<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:"От центра окружного приказа до столицы Казахстана" (краткий исторический обзор истории столицы) |trans_title=From the center of district order to the capital of Kazakhstan (short historical overview of the history of the capital) |url=http://www.uad.astana.kz/ru/node/41937 |publisher=Archive and Documentation Department of Astana |language=ru |accessdate=23 January 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123193140/http://www.uad.astana.kz/ru/node/41937 |archivedate=23 January 2015 |df= }}</ref> The name was possibly given after a local landmark—"{{lang|kk|Акмола}}" (''Akmola'') literally means ''a white grave'' in [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]—although this theory is not universally accepted.<ref name="Pospelov" /> In 1832, the settlement was granted town status and named '''Akmolinsk''' ({{lang|ru|Акмолинск}}).<ref name="Pospelov" /> In 1838, at the height of the great national and liberation movement headed by [[Kenesary Khan]], Akmolinsk fortress was burned.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=e-history.kz|title=Revolt of 1837—1847 under the leadership of khan Kenesary |url=http://e-history.kz/en/contents/view/272|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> After the repression of the liberation movement, the fortress was rebuilt. On 16 July 1863, Akmolinsk was officially declared an [[uyezd]] [[town]].<ref name="History of Astana">{{cite web|publisher=e-history.kz|title=History of Astana |url=http://e-history.kz/en/contents/view/380|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> During the rapid development of the Russian capitalist market, the huge [[Saryarka — Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan|Saryarka areas]] were actively exploited by the colonial administration. To draft Regulation governing the [[Kazakh steppe]] the Government of the [[Russian Empire]] formed Steppe Commission in 1865.<ref name="The social and economic relations in Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIX century">{{cite web|publisher=e-history.kz|title=The social and economic relations in Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIX century |url=http://e-history.kz/en/contents/view/148|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> On 21 October 1868, Tsar [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] signed a draft Regulation on governing [[Turgay Oblast (Russian Empire)|Turgay]], [[Ural Oblast (Russian Empire)|Ural]], [[Aqmola Oblast (Russian Empire)|Akmolinsk]] and [[Semipalatinsk Oblast, Russia|Semipalatinsk]] oblasts.<ref name="The social and economic relations in Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIX century" /> In 1869, Akmolinsk external district and department were cancelled, and Akmolinsk became a center of newly established [[Aqmola Oblast (Russian Empire)|Akmolinsk Oblast]].

==Soviet Union==
From 1917 to 1919, Akmolinsk became a sockpit for [[bolshevik]]s and their political opponents.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=e-history.kz|title=Kazakhstan during the civil war |url=http://e-history.kz/en/contents/view/157 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], Akmolinsk served as traffic way for transportation engineering tools and equipment from evacuated [[plant]]s of [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]], [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]], and [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] placed in oblasts of the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]]. Local industries were recognized for war needs, assisting the country to provide the battle and home fronts with all stuffs needed. In the post-war years, Akmolinsk became of the locators to revive the economies of the western of the [[Soviet Union]] ruined by the war. Additionally, many [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union|Russian-Germans]] were resettled here after being [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|deported]] under [[Joseph Stalin]] rule.<ref>{{Cite web|author=S. Kurmanova|title=Deportation of Volga Germans to Kazakhstan: Causes and Consequences|url=http://e-history.kz/media/upload/1488/2014/06/26/18cc9c944aa4adcf1f67b8f1f45826ca.pdf|accessdate=13 January 2015|publisher=e-history.kz|format=PDF}}</ref>

The city was administrative and cultural center of the [[Virgin Lands Campaign]] led by [[Nikita Khrushchev]] in the 1950s, in order to turn the region into a second [[food grain|grain producer]] for the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ian MacWilliam |title=In Virgin Lands, a Dream Ends |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/1994/4/article/in-virgin-lands-a-dream-ends/213516.html |date=20 April 1994 |accessdate=1 December 2016 |publisher=Web Archive (The Moscow Times) |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114232557/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/1994/4/article/in-virgin-lands-a-dream-ends/213516.html |archivedate=14 January 2015 |df= }}</ref> In 1961, to commemorate the campaign, the city was renamed '''Tselinograd''' ({{lang|ru|Целиноград}}).<ref name="Pospelov" /> The high portion of [[Russians|Russian immigrants]] in this area, which later led to ethnic tension, can be traced to the influx of agricultural workers at this time.

==Inpedendent Kazakhstan==
After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and the consequent independence of Kazakhstan, the city's original form was restored in the modified form '''Akmola'''.<ref name="Pospelov" /> After the capital of Kazakhstan was moved to Akmola on 10 December 1997, the city was consequently renamed Astana in 1998.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1298395.stm |title=Timeline: Kazakhstan |publisher=BBC News |date=31 January 2012 |accessdate=24 November 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Astana}}
[[Category:History of Astana| ]]

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