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The Healthcare system in [[Kazakhstan]] is a post-Soviet healthcare system under reform.

== Overview ==

Life expectancy at birth in Kazakhstan is 148th in the world, below most developed nations and some developing nations. It is below the average life expectancy for the European Union.<ref>https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html CIA Factbook, Life expectancy by country.</ref><ref>https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html CIA Factbook, Infant mortality rate by country.</ref>

The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), in 2000, ranked the Kazakhstani healthcare system as the 64th in overall performance, and 135th by overall level of health (among 191 member nations included in the study).

==History==
The quality of healthcare, which remained entirely under state control in 2006, declined in the post-Soviet era because of insufficient funding and the loss of technical experts through emigration. Between 1989 and 2001, the ratio of [[physician|doctors]] per 10,000 inhabitants fell by 15% , to 34.6, and the ratio of hospital beds per 10,000 inhabitants fell by 46%, to 74. By 2005 those indicators had recovered somewhat, to 55 and 77, respectively. Since 1991, health care has consistently lacked adequate government funding; in 2005 only 2.5% of [[gross domestic product]] went for that purpose. A government health reform program aims to increase that figure to 4% in 2010. A compulsory [[health insurance]] system has been in the planning stages for several years. Wages for health workers are extremely low, and equipment is in critically short supply. The main foreign source of medical equipment is Japan. Because of cost, the emphasis of treatment increasingly is on outpatient care instead of the hospital care preferred under the Soviet system. The health system is in crisis in rural areas such as the [[Aral Sea]] region, where health is most affected by [[pollution]].<ref name=cp>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kazakhstan.pdf Kazakhstancountry profile]. [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (December 2006). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref>

The most common diseases are [[Respiratory disease|respiratory infections]], [[Cardiovascular disease|cardiovascular conditions]], and [[tuberculosis]]. Since 2000, the incidence of [[human immunodeficiency virus]] (HIV) has increased, as has the incidence of environment-linked [[cancers]]. In 2003 an estimated 23,000 citizens had HIV. Because of increasing numbers of people in high-risk categories, such as female sex workers and intravenous [[narcotics]] users, experts forecast an increase in that figure. In 2003 an estimated 80 percent of cases were narcotics-related. In 2006 an outbreak of juvenile HIV caused by improper hospital techniques gained national attention. In the first nine months of 2006, some 1,285 new cases were reported officially.<ref name=cp/>

37 mothers died per 100,000 live births in 2009. The maternal mortality rate had gone down slightly in comparison to 2008.<ref>http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/197402/index.en.shtml</ref>

Officials reported very high numbers for [[Suicide in Kazakhstan|suicides in Kazakhstan]].

==Healthcare System==

'''Healthcare in Kazakhstan''' is provided by a network of primary, secondary and tertiary care facilities. Healthcare facilities are largely owned and operated by the [[public sector]] represented by the Ministry of Health. Health insurance is now primarily provided by the government in the public sector.

==Providers==
[[Healthcare provider]]s in Kazakhstan encompass individual healthcare personnel, healthcare facilities and medical products.

==Facilities==
{{Main|Hospitals in Kazakhstan}}

The [[public hospital]]s share of total hospital capacity has remained relatively stable (about 70%) for decades. There are also [[For-profit hospital|privately owned for-profit hospitals]] as well as [[public hospital|government hospitals]] in some locations, mainly owned by county and city governments.

There is a nationwide system of government-owned medical facilities open to the general public. The national [[Department of Defense of Kazakhstan|Department of Defense]] operates field hospitals as well as permanent hospitals (the [[Military Health System]]), to provide military-funded care to active military personnel.

[[Hospital]]s provide some outpatient care in their emergency rooms and specialty clinics, but primarily exist to provide inpatient care. Hospital [[emergency department]]s and [[urgent care]] centers are sources of sporadic problem-focused care. [[Hospice]] services for the terminally ill who are expected to live six months or less are most commonly subsidized by charities and government. Prenatal, [[family planning]] care is government-funded [[obstetric]] and [[gynaecological]] specialty and provided in primary care facilities, and are usually staffed by nurse practitioners (midwives).

A big share of medical health care is delivered through a vast network of primary care facilities called ambulatories and policlinics.

== [[Ministry of Health of Kazakhstan|Ministry of Health]] ==

One of executive branches in Kazakhstani government to control, regulate and organize the delivery of social services in [[public health]] and medical care. Currently the office head is [[Salidat Kairbekova]].

== Medical Universities ==
* [[Kazakh National Medical University]]
* [[Qaraghandy State Medical University|Karaganda State Medical University]]

== [[National Medical Holding]] ==

National Medical Holding is an experimental health system located in capital city [[Astana]]. Its purpose is to be "medical cluster", so new health technologies could be acquired, developed and disseminated across the nation. It comprises several [[hospital]]s under centralized management, and as of 2012 is subordinated to [[Nazarbayev University]].

==List of National Medical Holding's subsidiaries==
{{Unbulleted list|
|National Research Center for Maternal and Child Health
|Republican Diagnostic Center
|[[National Research Cardiac Surgery Center]]
|Republican Research Center for Neurosurgery
|Republican Research Center for Emergency Care
|National Children's Rehabilitation Center
}}

==Non-governmental organizations==

Multiple domestic and international health [[NGO]]s conduct their work in Kazakhstan.

== Quality of Care in Kazakhstan ==

Enacted in 2010, new Code of Health proposed several changes in existing procedures in healthcare quality assurance.

==External links==
* [http://www.mzsr.gov.kz/en Ministry of Healthcare and Social Development Kazakhstan]
* [http://www.khp.kz/ Kazakhstan Health & Prosperity]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Europe topic|Health in}}
{{Asia topic|Health in}}

[[Category:Health in Kazakhstan| ]]

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