L.tak: /* Central Authority */ more general statement

2017-03-30T21:10:02Z

‎Central Authority: more general statement

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{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox treaty
|name = Hague Service Convention
|long_name = Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters
|image = Hague_Service_Convention_contracting_parties.png
|caption = {{legend|#00CC00|State party to the Convention}}
|type =
|date_drafted =
|date_signed = 15 November 1965
|location_signed = {{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[The Hague]]
|date_sealed =
|date_effective = 10 February 1969
|condition_effective = 3 ratifications
|date_expiration =
|ratifiers =
|parties = 71
|depositor = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands]]
|languages = English and French
|wikisource = Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters
}}

The '''Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters''', more commonly called the '''Hague Service Convention''', is a [[multilateral treaty]] which was adopted in [[The Hague]], The [[Netherlands]], on 15 November 1965 by member states of the [[Hague Conference on Private International Law]]. The treaty allows for [[service of process]] of legal documents from one state to another without the use of [[Consul (representative)|consular]] or [[diplomacy|diplomatic]] channels. The treaty supersedes the 1905 Civil Procedure Convention, which had previously dealt with the issue of international service of process.

== Diplomatic service via letters rogatory ==
{{Main|Letter rogatory}}

For states which are not party to the Hague Service Convention, diplomatic channels are generally used for the service of legal documents. It is generally effected by a [[letter rogatory]], which is a formal request to issue a judicial order from a court in the state where proceedings are underway to a court in another state. This procedure generally requires transmission of the document to be served from the originating court to the foreign ministry in the state of origin. The foreign ministry in the state of origin forwards the request to the foreign ministry in the destination state. The foreign ministry then forwards the documents to the local court. The local court then makes an order to allow for the service. Once service is made, a certificate of service would then pass through the same channels in reverse. Under a somewhat more streamlined procedure, courts can sometimes forward service requests to the foreign ministry or the foreign court directly, cutting out one or more steps in the process.

== Procedure ==
The Hague Service Convention established a more simplified means for parties to effect service in other contracting states. Under the convention, each contracting state is required to designate a central authority to accept incoming requests for service. A judicial officer who is competent to serve process in the state of origin is permitted to send request for service directly to the central authority of the state where service is to be made. Upon receiving the request, the central authority in the receiving state arranges for service in a manner permitted within the receiving state, typically through a local court. Once service is effected, the central authority sends a certificate of service to the judicial officer who made the request. Parties are required to use three standardized forms: a request for service, a summary of the proceedings (similar to a summons), and a certificate of service.

The main benefits of the Hague Service Convention over letters rogatory is that it is faster (requests generally take two to four months rather than six months to one year), it uses standardized forms which should be recognized by authorities in other states, and it is cheaper (in most cases) because service can be effected by a local attorney without hiring a foreign attorney to advise on foreign service procedures.

The Hague Service Convention does not prohibit a receiving state from permitting international service by methods otherwise authorized by domestic law. For example, a state could allow for service directly by mail or by personal service. States which permit parties to use these alternative means of service make a separate designation in the documents they file upon ratifying or acceding to the Convention.

== Methods of Service ==
=== Self Service ===
There are several methods of service. If the Central Authority agrees, Article 10 states that an individual may affect self-service by:<ref>{{cite web|title=International Service of Process in Hong Kong|url=https://plexus-pi.com/the-hague-convention/process-service-under-the-hague-convention/|website=www.plexus-pi.com|publisher=Plexus Investigative Solutions|accessdate=22 May 2016}}</ref>
*Direct service i.e. Hand delivery to the defendant by an individual located in the Country or territory to be served.
*Service through postal channels (mail delivery or private courier)

=== Central Authority ===
Although the service is free, it may take 4 to 6 months for the Central Authority to Process. The central authority decides which method is to be used. In many cases a bailiff will be assigned by a local court to serve the documents and mail back the proof of service but service by mail is also possible. <ref>{{cite web|title=International Service of Process in Hong Kong|url=https://plexus-pi.com/the-hague-convention/process-service-under-the-hague-convention/|website=www.plexus-pi.com|publisher=Plexus Investigative Solutions|accessdate=22 May 2016}}</ref>

== Interpretation issues==

=== Definition of court officers ===
In the United States, an attorney is regarded as an officer of the court,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=authorities.details&aid=279 |title=United States of America – Central Authority & practical information |publisher=Hague Conference on Private International Law |accessdate=26 September 2014}}</ref> but not all states parties to the Convention accept them to participate in their court procedures.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://travel.state.gov/content/travel/english/legal-considerations/judicial/obtaining-evidence/preparation-letters-rogatory.html |title=Preparation of Letters Rogatory |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |accessdate=26 September 2014}}</ref>

=== Service by mail ===
Service by mail is only possible in those states that have not objected to that method under Article 10(a) of the convention. It is therefore impossible in amongst others Germany, Switzerland, and South Korea, which incoming service to be effected exclusively through the state's central authority.<ref name="List of states">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=conventions.status&cid=17 |title=Convention of 15 November 1965 on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters: Status table |publisher=Hague Conference on Private International Law |accessdate=26 September 2014}}</ref>

In the United States, the interpretation of a provision in Article 10(a) is controversial. The provision permits the requesting judicial officer to "send" judicial documents by postal channels to states that have authorised this channel upon ratifying or acceding to the Convention, such as France and Italy. Other provisions of the convention say "serve" or "service". The controversy is over whether the provision permits service directly on parties by mail{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} and the question is [[Water Splash, Inc. v. Menon|currently pending]] before the [[United States Supreme Court]]. Meanwhile, an increasing number of courts have interpreted this provision to permit international service of process by mail, where authorized by forum-state law and unless the state where service is affected has objected to the use of Article 10(a).

== Relation with other instruments ==
Under the convention, states may conclude different agreements between them that take precedence over the convention. Thus, within the [[European Union]] (except for Denmark) [[Service regulation|other rules]] are applied instead of the Convention.

==State parties==
{{As of|2016|March}}, 71 states are contracting parties of the Hague Service Convention. They include 56 of the 81 Hague Conference on Private International Law member states in addition to 15 other states.<ref name="List of states"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! State party
! Signed
! Ratified or acceded
! Entry into force
|-
| {{Flag|Albania}}
| —
| {{Dts|2006|November|1|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2007|July|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
| —
| {{Dts|1985|May|1|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1981|November|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Argentina}}
| —
| {{Dts|2001|February|2|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2001|December|2|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Armenia}}
| —
| {{Dts|2012|June|27|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2013|February|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Australia}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|The Convention entered into force on 1 November 2010 for all of Australia's external territories.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Extension of Application of the Convention of 15 November 1965 on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters to Australian External Territories |url=http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=conventions.childstatus&cid=17&mid=1062 |publisher=Hague Conference on Private International Law |accessdate=2015-04-22}}</ref>}}
| —
| {{Dts|2010|March|15|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2010|November|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Bahamas|name=Bahamas, The}}
| —
| {{Dts|1997|June|17|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1998|February|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Barbados}}
| —
| {{Dts|1969|February|10|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1969|October|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Belarus}}
| —
| {{Dts|1997|June|6|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1998|February|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Belgium}}
| {{Dts|1966|January|21|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1970|November|19|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1971|January|18|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Belize}}
| —
| {{Dts|2009|September|8|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2010|May|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
| —
| {{Dts|2008|June|16|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2009|February|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Botswana}}
| —
| {{Dts|1969|February|10|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1969|September|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Bulgaria}}
| —
| {{Dts|1999|November|23|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2000|August|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Canada}}
| —
| {{Dts|1998|September|26|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1999|May|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|China}}
| —
| {{Dts|1991|May|6|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1992|January|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Colombia}}
| —
| {{Dts|2013|April|10|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2013|November|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
| —
| {{Dts|2016|March|16|format=dmy}}
|
|-
| {{Flag|Croatia}}
| —
| {{Dts|2006|February|28|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2006|November|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Cyprus}}
| —
| {{Dts|1982|October|26|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1983|June|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Czech Republic}}
| —
| {{Dts|1993|January|28|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1993|January|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Denmark}}
| {{Dts|1969|January|7|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1969|August|2|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1969|October|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Egypt}}
| {{Dts|1966|March|1|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1968|December|12|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1969|February|10|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Estonia}}
| —
| {{Dts|1996|February|2|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1996|October|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Finland}}
| {{Dts|1965|November|15|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1969|November|11|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1969|November|10|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|France}}
| {{Dts|1967|January|12|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1972|July|3|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1972|September|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Germany}}
| {{Dts|1965|November|15|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1979|April|27|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1979|June|26|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Greece}}
| {{Dts|1983|July|20|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1983|July|20|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1983|September|18|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Hungary}}
| —
| {{Dts|2004|July|13|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2005|April|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Iceland}}
| —
| {{Dts|2008|November|10|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2009|July|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|India}}
| —
| {{Dts|2006|November|23|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2007|August|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Ireland}}
| {{Dts|1989|October|20|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1994|April|5|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1994|June|4|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Israel}}
| {{Dts|1965|November|25|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1972|August|14|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1972|October|13|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Italy}}
| {{Dts|1979|January|25|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1981|November|25|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1982|January|24|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Japan}}
| {{Dts|1970|March|12|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1970|May|28|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1970|July|27|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Kazakhstan}}
| —
| {{Dts|2015|October|15|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2016|June|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|South Korea|name=Korea, South}}
| —
| {{Dts|2000|January|13|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2000|August|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Kuwait}}
| —
| {{Dts|2002|May|8|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2002|December|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Latvia}}
| —
| {{Dts|1995|March|28|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1995|November|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Lithuania}}
| —
| {{Dts|2000|August|2|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2001|June|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Luxembourg}}
| {{Dts|1971|October|27|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1975|July|9|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1975|September|7|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Macedonia|name=Macedonia, Republic of}}
| —
| {{Dts|2008|December|23|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2009|September|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Malawi}}
| —
| {{Dts|1972|April|24|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1972|December|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Malta}}
| —
| {{Dts|2011|February|1|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2011|October|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Mexico}}
| —
| {{Dts|1999|November|2|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2000|June|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Moldova}}
| —
| {{Dts|2012|July|4|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2013|February|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Monaco}}
| —
| {{Dts|2007|March|1|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2007|November|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Montenegro}}
| —
| {{Dts|2012|January|16|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2012|September|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Morocco}}
| —
| {{Dts|2011|March|24|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2011|November|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands|name=Netherlands}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|The Convention entered into force on 27 July 1986 for [[Aruba]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Extension of Application of the Convention of 15 November 1965 on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters to Aruba |url=http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=conventions.childstatus&cid=17&mid=413 |publisher=Hague Conference on Private International Law |accessdate=2015-04-22}}</ref>}}
| {{Dts|1965|November|15|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1975|November|3|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1976|January|2|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Norway}}
| {{Dts|1968|October|15|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1969|August|2|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1969|October|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Pakistan}}
| —
| {{Dts|1988|December|7|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1989|August|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Poland}}
| —
| {{Dts|1996|February|13|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1996|September|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Portugal}}
| {{Dts|1971|July|5|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1973|December|27|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1974|February|25|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Romania}}
| —
| {{Dts|2003|August|21|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2004|April|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Russia}}
| —
| {{Dts|2001|May|1|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2001|December|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
| —
| {{Dts|2005|January|6|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1979|October|27|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|San Marino}}
| —
| {{Dts|2002|April|15|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2002|November|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Serbia}}
| —
| {{Dts|2010|July|2|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2011|February|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Seychelles}}
| —
| {{Dts|1980|November|18|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1981|July|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Slovakia}}
| —
| {{Dts|1993|March|15|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1993|January|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Slovenia}}
| —
| {{Dts|2000|September|18|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2001|June|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Spain}}
| {{Dts|1976|October|21|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1987|June|4|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1987|August|3|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
| —
| {{Dts|2000|August|31|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2001|June|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Sweden}}
| {{Dts|1969|February|4|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1969|August|2|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1969|October|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Switzerland}}
| {{Dts|1985|May|21|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1994|November|2|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1995|January|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Turkey}}
| {{Dts|1968|June|11|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1972|February|28|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1972|April|28|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Ukraine}}
| —
| {{Dts|2001|February|1|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|2001|December|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|The Convention entered into force on 19 July 1970 for [[Bermuda]], the [[British Virgin Islands]], the [[Cayman Islands]], the [[Falkland Islands]], [[Gibraltar]], [[Guernsey]], the [[Isle of Man]], [[Jersey]], [[Montserrat]], the [[Pitcairn Islands]], [[Saint Helena]], and the [[Turks and Caicos Islands]].<ref name="British territories">{{Cite web |title=Extension of Application of the Convention of 15 November 1965 on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters to British Territories |url=http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=conventions.childstatus&cid=17&mid=427 |publisher=Hague Conference on Private International Law |accessdate=2015-04-22}}</ref> It entered into force on 2 October 1982 for [[Anguilla]].<ref name="British territories"/>}}
| {{Dts|1965|December|10|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1967|November|17|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1969|February|10|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|United States}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|The Convention entered into force for the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] on 30 May 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Extension of Application of the Convention of 15 November 1965 on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters to the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands |url=http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=conventions.childstatus&cid=17&mid=428 |publisher=Hague Conference on Private International Law |accessdate=2015-04-22}}</ref>}}
| {{Dts|1965|November|15|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1967|August|24|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1969|February|10|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Venezuela}}
| —
| {{Dts|1993|October|29|format=dmy}}
| {{Dts|1994|July|1|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Vietnam}}
| —
| {{Dts|2016|December|1|format=dmy}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|group=upper-alpha|close}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=conventions.text&cid=17 Full text of the Convention]
*[http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=conventions.authorities&cid=17 List of central authorities designated by states parties]

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[[Category:Treaties extended to Wallis and Futuna]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to French Somaliland]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to French Comoros]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau]]
[[Category:20th century in The Hague]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Northern Mariana Islands]]

Hague Service Convention - Revision history

Moderator: 1 revision

L.tak: /* Central Authority */ more general statement

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