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{{refimprove|date=April 2012}}

'''Buzkashi''' (literally "goat pulling" in [[Persian language|Persian]]), (similar games are known as '''kokpar''',<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/columnists/dom-joly/dom-joly-know-your-kokpar-from-your-kyz-kuu-1917860.html "Dom Joly: Know your Kokpar from your Kyz-Kuu"], The Independent: Columnists</ref> '''kupkari'''<ref>[http://discoveruzbekistan.com/october2004/10.shtml "Traditions: Kupkari"], ZOOM Central Asia</ref> and '''ulak tartysh''',<ref>http://caravanistan.com/trip-reports/bishkek-independence-day-ulak-tyrtysh/</ref> in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan) is the [[Central Asia]]n sport in which horse-mounted players attempt to place a [[goat]] or [[calf (animal)|calf]] carcass in a goal. It is the national sport of [[Afghanistan]], although it was not banned, it certainly experienced a sharp decline due to reduced number of playing horses under the [[Taliban]] regime. Traditionally, games could last for several days, but in its more regulated tournament version, it has a limited match time.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

[[Image:Afghan Game Buzkashi.jpg|thumb|right|450px|Game of buzkashi in [[Mazar-i-Sharif]], [[Afghanistan]]]]
[[File:Франц Рубо - Игра Кокпар.jpg|thumb|right|450px| Playing Kokpar by [[Franz Roubaud]] ]]

==History==
Buzkashi may have begun with the nomadic Turkic-Mongol peoples who came from farther north and east spreading westward from China and Mongolia between the 10th and 15th centuries in a centuries-long series of migrations that ended only in the 1930s. From [[Scythian]] times until recent decades, buzkashi has remained as a legacy of that bygone era.<ref name="Azoy">G. Whitney Azoy, [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=d8Fo13XCP6wC&q=Buzkashi+Scythian#v=snippet&q=Buzkashi%20Scythian&f=false Buzkashi: Game and Power in Afghanistan, Third Edition. Waveland Press 2011. pp.3-4].</ref><ref name="Azoy2">G. Whitney Azoy, Buzkashi: Game and Power in Afghanistan, 2nd ed. (2002), In: [http://universalium.academic.ru/261277/buzkash%C4%AB Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias "buzkashi"]</ref>

During the rule of the Taliban regime, buzkashi was banned in Afghanistan, as the Taliban considered the game immoral. After the Taliban regime was ousted, the game resumed being played.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,219661,00.html Ban on Buzkashi]</ref><ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002-12-09-goat-game-usat_x.htm Buzkashi played again]</ref>

==Distribution==
Today games similar to buzkashi are played by several Central Asian ethnic groups such as the [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], [[Pashtuns]], [[Kazakhs]], [[Uzbeks]], [[Uyghurs]], [[Hazaras]], [[Tajiks]], and [[Turkmens]]. In the West, the game is also played by [[Afghan people|Afghan]] [[Turkish people|Turks]] (ethnic [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]]) who migrated to [[Ulupamir]] village in the [[Van, Turkey|Van]] district of [[Turkey]] from the [[Pamir Mountains|Pamir]] region. In [[western China]], there is not only [[horse]]-back buzkashi, but also [[yak]] buzkashi among [[Tajiks of Xinjiang]].<ref>{{cite book|title=塔什库尔干：高天下的太阳部落|isbn=7-5613-2787-0|page=162|asin=B00AZKSHHS|asin-tld=cn}}</ref>

===Afghanistan===
Buzkashi is the national sport and a "passion" in Afghanistan where it is often played on Fridays and matches draw thousands of fans. Whitney Azoy notes in his book ''Buzkashi: Game and Power in Afghanistan'' that "leaders are men who can seize control by means foul and fair and then fight off their rivals. The Buzkashi rider does the same".<ref>Tony Perry ''Afghans love to get their goat in rough national sport'' January 3, 2009 page A20 LA Times</ref>

===Kazakhstan===
[[Image:Kokpar2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A game of kokpar, Kazakhstan]]
[[Kazakhstan]]'s first [[National Kokpar Association]] was registered in 2000. The Association has been holding annual kokpar championships among adults since 2001 and youth kokpar championships since 2005. All 14 regions of Kazakhstan have professional kokpar teams. The regions with the biggest number of professional kokpar teams are [[South Kazakhstan Province|Southern Kazakhstan]] with 32 professional teams, [[Jambyl Province|Jambyl region]] with 27 teams and [[Akmola Province|Akmola region]] with 18 teams. Kazakhstan's national kokpar team currently holds a title of [[Eurasia]]n kokpar champions.<ref>[http://zhigerastana.kz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14&Itemid=33 Zhiger sport club – history and development of kokpar]</ref>

===Kyrgyzstan===
A photograph documents ''kokboru'' players in [[Kyrgyzstan]] around 1870;<ref>{{cite web|title=Everyday Kyrgyz Pastimes. Kok-Boru, a Traditional Sport Played on Horseback with the Carcass of a Goat|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/10810/#time_periods=1850-1899&page=8|work=[[World Digital Library]]|accessdate=14 May 2014}}</ref> however, Kyrgyzstan's kokboru rules were first officially defined and regulated in 1949. Starting from 1958 kokboru began being held in hippodromes. The size of a kokboru field depends on the number of participants.

===Tajikistan===
The buzkashi season in [[Tajikistan]] generally runs from November through April. High temperatures often prevent matches from taking place outside of this period, though isolated games might be found in some cooler mountain areas.

=== United States ===
Buzkashi was brought to the USA by a descendant from the [[Afghan Royal Family]], the family of [[King Amanullah]] and [[King Zahir Shah]]. A mounted version of the game has also been played in the [[United States]] in the 1940s. Young men in [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]] played a game they called Kav Kaz. The men – five to a team – played on horseback with a sheepskin-covered ball. The Greater Cleveland area had six or seven teams. The game was divided into three "chukkers", somewhat like [[polo]]. The field was about the size of a football field and had goals at each end: large wooden frameworks standing on tripods, with holes about two feet square. The players carried the ball in their hands, holding it by the long-fleeced sheepskin. A team had to pass the ball three times before throwing it into the goal. If the ball fell to the ground, the player had to reach down from his horse to pick it up. One player recalls, "Others would try to unseat the rider as he leaned over. They would grab you by the shoulder to shove you off. There weren't many rules."<ref>Dean, Ruth and Melissa Thomson, ''Making the Good Earth Better: The Heritage of Kurtz Bros., Inc.'' pp. 17–18</ref>

==Rules and variations==
Competition is typically fierce. Prior to the establishment of official rules by the [[Afghanistan National Olympic Committee|Afghan Olympic Federation]] the sport was mainly conducted based upon rules such as not whipping a fellow rider intentionally or deliberately knocking him off his horse. Riders usually wear heavy clothing and head protection to protect themselves against other players' [[whip]]s and [[boots]]. For example, riders in the former Soviet Union often wear salvaged Soviet tank helmets for protection. The boots usually have high heels that lock into the saddle of the horse to help the rider lean on the side of the horse while trying to pick up the goat. Games can last for several days, and the winning team receives a prize, not necessarily money, as a reward for their win. Top players, such as [[Aziz Ahmad]], are often sponsored by wealthy Afghans.<ref name=twsj>{{cite news|last1=Abi-Habib|first1=Maria|last2=Fazly|first2=Walid|title=In Afghanistan's National Pastime, It's Better to Be a Hero Than a Goat|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703841904576256632384932122.html|accessdate=13 April 2011|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=13 April 2011}}</ref>

A buzkashi player is called a [[Chapandaz]], It is mainly believed in Afghanistan that a skillful Chapandaz is usually in his forties. This is based on the fact that the nature of the game requires its player to undergo severe physical practice and observation. Similarly horses used in buzkashi also undergo severe training and due attention. A player does not necessarily own the horse. Horses are usually owned by landlords and highly rich people wealthy enough to look after and provide for training facilities for such horses. However a master Chapandaz can choose to select any horse and the owner of the horse usually wants his horse to be ridden by a master Chapandaz as a winning horse also brings pride to the owner.

The game consists of two main forms: Tudabarai and Qarajai. Tudabarai is considered to be the simpler form of the game. In this version, the goal is simply to grab the goat and move in any direction until clear of the other players. In Qarajai, players must carry the carcass around a flag or marker at one end of the field, then throw it into a scoring circle (the "Circle of Justice") at the other end. The riders will carry a whip to fend off opposing horses and riders. When not in use - e.g. because the rider needs both hands to steer the horse and secure the carcass - the whip is typically carried in the teeth.

The calf in a buzkashi game is normally beheaded and disemboweled and has 2 limbs cut off. It is then soaked in cold water for 24 hours before play to toughen it. Occasionally sand is packed into the carcass to give it extra weight. Though a goat is used when no calf is available, a calf is less likely to disintegrate during the game. While players may not strap the calf to their bodies or [[horse tack|saddle]]s, it is acceptable - and common practice - to wedge the calf under one leg in order to free up the hands.

[[File:The carcass of a headless goat used in Buzkashi..jpg|thumb|right|250px|The headless carcass of a goat used in buzkashi]]

===Rules introduced by Afghan Olympic Federation===
These rules are strictly observed only for contests in [[Kabul]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Buzkashi: The National Game of Afghanis|url=http://www.afghanembassy.net/cultural/buzkashi|publisher=Embassy of Afghanistan in Australia|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref>
# The ground has a square layout with each side 400 meters long.
# Each team consists of 10 riders.
# Only five riders from each team can play in a half.
# The total duration of each half is 45 minutes.
# There is only one 15 minute break between the two halves.
# The game is supervised by a referee.

===Kyrgyzstan===
Rules of kokboru have undergone several changes throughout history. Modernized rules of kokboru are:
# There are two teams with 10 participants in each.
# Only 4 players a team are allowed to play on a field at a given time.
# Teams are allowed to substitute players or their horses.
# Game is played on a field of 200 meters long and 80 meters wide.
# Two ''kazans'' – big goals with a diameter of 3.6 meters and 1.5 meter high are placed on opposite sides of a field.
# A goal is scored each time a kokpar (goat carcass) is placed in an opponent's kazan.
# A kokboru is brought to the field center after scoring a goal.

It is also prohibited to ride towards the spectators and/or receive spectators assistance or to start a kokboru game without giving an oath to play justly.

===Tajikistan===
In Tajikistan, buzkashi is played in a variety of ways. The most common iteration is a free-form game, often played in a mountain valley or other natural arena, in which each player competes individually to seize the buz and carry it to a goal. Forming unofficial teams or alliances does occur, but is discouraged in favor of individual play. Often, dozens of riders will compete against one another simultaneously, making the scrum to retrieve a fallen buz a chaotic affair. Tajik buzkashi games typically consist of many short matches, with a prize being awarded to each player who successfully scores a point.

==In popular culture==
{{refimprove section|date=January 2015}}

===In books and film adaptations===
Buzkashi is portrayed in several books, both fiction and non-fiction. It is shown in [[Steve Berry (novelist)|Steve Berry]]'s book ''[[The Venetian Betrayal]]'', and it is briefly mentioned in the [[Khaled Hosseini]] book ''[[The Kite Runner]]''. Buzkashi was the subject of a book called ''Horsemen of Afghanistan'' by French photojournalists Roland and Sabrina Michaud. [[Gino Strada]] wrote a book named after the sport (with the spelling Buskashì) in which he tells about his life as surgeon in Kabul in the days after the [[September 11 attacks|9-11 strikes]]. P.J. O'Rourke also mentions the game in discussions about Afghanistan and Pakistan in the Foreign Policy section of [[Parliament of Whores]], and [[Rory Stewart]] devotes a few sentences to it in "[[The Places in Between]]".{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

Two books have been written about buzkashi which were later turned into films. The game is the subject of a novel by French novelist [[Joseph Kessel]] titled ''Les Cavaliers'' (aka ''Horsemen''), which then became the basis of the film ''[[The Horsemen (1971 film)|The Horsemen]]'' ([[1971 in film|1971]]). The film was directed by [[John Frankenheimer]] with [[Omar Sharif]] in the lead role, and U.S. actor and accomplished horseman [[Jack Palance]] as his father, a legendary retired chapandaz. This film shows Afghanistan and its people the way they were before the wars that wracked the country, particularly their love for the sport of buzkashi.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

The game is also a key element in the book ''[[Caravans (novel)|Caravans]]'' by [[James Michener]] and the [[Caravans (1978 film)|film of the same name]] ([[1978 in film|1978]]) starring [[Anthony Quinn]]. A scene from the film featuring the king of Afghanistan watching a game included the real-life king at the time, [[Mohammed Zahir Shah]]. The whole sequence of the game being witnessed by the king was filmed on the Kabul Golf Course, where the national championships were played at the time the film was made.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

===In film===
A number of films also reference the game.
''[[:fr: La Passe du Diable]]'' (1956), by Jacques Dupont and Pierre Schoendoerfer. ''[[The Horsemen (1971 film)|The Horsemen]]'' ([[1971 in film|1971]]) starring [[Jack Palance]] and [[Omar Sharif]] as father and son is centered on the game. Both ''La Passe du Diable'' and ''The Horseman'' are based on scripts written by Joseph Heller, although they are not similar in plot or style.
In ''[[Rambo III]]'' ([[1988 in film|1988]]), directed by [[Peter MacDonald (film director)|Peter MacDonald]], [[John Rambo]] (played by [[Sylvester Stallone]]) was shown in a sequence playing and scoring in a buzkashi with his [[mujahideen]] friends when suddenly they were attacked by [[Russians]]. The [[Tom Selleck]] film ''[[High Road to China]]'' ([[1983 in film|1983]]) features a spirited game of buzkashi. Buzkashi is described at length in Episode 2, "The Harvest of the Seasons", of the documentary ''[[The Ascent of Man]]'' by [[Jacob Bronowski]]. It is put in the context of the development, by the [[Mongols]], of warfare using the horse and its effect on agricultural settlements. The film includes several scenes from a game in Afghanistan. The opening scenes of the [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Khuda Gawah]]'' ([[1992 in film|1992]]), which was filmed in Afghanistan and [[India]], show actors [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Sridevi]] engaged in the game. The game is mentioned briefly in [[John Huston]]'s film ''[[The Man Who Would Be King (film)|The Man Who Would Be King]]'' ([[1975 in film|1975]]) based on a story by [[Rudyard Kipling]], the movie ''[[Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story]]'' ([[2004 in film|2004]]) during advertisements for the fictional ESPN 8 (El Ocho) television channel, episode 15 of season 5 of ''[[NCIS: Los Angeles]]'' (2015), and the Bollywood movie ''[[Kabul Express]]'' ([[2006 in film|2006]]).

The 2012 joint international-Afghan short film ''[[Buzkashi Boys]]'' depicts a fictional story centered on the game, and has won awards at several international film festivals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/10/11/14349378-beyond-the-bombs-afghanistans-toughest-sport-also-source-of-hope |title=Beyond the bombs: Afghanistan's toughest sport also source of hope – World News |publisher=Worldnews.nbcnews.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-04}}</ref>
On January 10, 2013, The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences nominated ''Buzkashi Boys'' for an Oscar in the category of Short Film (Live Action) for the [[85th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/85/nominees.html |title=Nominees for the 85th Academy Awards | Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences |publisher=Oscars.org |date=2012-08-24 |accessdate=2013-06-04}}</ref>

===In music===
Composer [[Scott Fields]] recorded a track called Buzkashi on the Clean Feed Records guitar compilation "[[I Never Meta Guitar]]" (2010).{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

==See also==
* [[Pato]], a similar horseback [[Argentina|Argentine]] sport
* [[Horseball]], another game played on horseback
* [[Yak racing]]
* [[Rugby union in Afghanistan]]
* [[polo]] a similar horseback game played with a ball

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* G. Whitney Azoy (2003), ''Buzkashi: Game and Power in Afghanistan'', 2nd ed. Waveland Press, 2011. ISBN 978-1577667209
* "Ancient Kyrgyz game may captivate Europe", ''The Times of Central Asia'', 9 November 2006 (www.timesca.com)
* V. Kadyrov, ''Kyrgyzstan: Traditions of Nomads'', Rarity Ltd., Bishkek, 2005 ISBN 9967-424-42-7

==External links==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Buzkashi.ogg|2005-04-17|SubCat=}}
* [http://www.academia.edu/7477061/Essays_on_Central_Asia Traditional Oglak Tartis]
* [http://www.theodorekaye.com/buzkashi Photo-essay on Buzkashi in Tajikistan]
* [http://pocketcultures.com/2013/03/08/what-is-the-kazakh-sport/ What is the biggest Kazakh sport?]
*[http://photo.mellbin.com/Afghanistan/Afghanistan-Buskashi/6361204_xWGx9#401941958_bH7ox Afghanistan Buzkashi Pictures]
* [http://www.afghan-web.com/sports/buzkashi.html Afghanistan Online: Afghan National Sport (Buzkashi)]
* [http://seanbaby.com/news/buzkashi.htm Buzkashi – Afghanistan's Lovable National Sport]
* {{YouTube|9IVToMmlLhk|Kok boru video}} {{tr icon}}
* [http://guneyturkistan.com/ Kok boru video] {{tr icon}}
* [http://www.llukasz.com/Buzkashi.htm Buzkashi in Mazar-e Sharif in 2014]

{{Equestrian Sports}}
{{Team Sport}}

[[Category:Equestrian team sports]]
[[Category:Central Asia]]
[[Category:Sport in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Sport in Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Sport in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Sport in Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Traditional sports of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

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24.185.41.191: /* In film */ added French film from 1956