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{{for|places in Iran|Farab, Iran (disambiguation){{!}}Farab, Iran}}
{{Infobox settlement
 | official_name = Otrar 
 | native_name = Отырар <br/> Отрар
 | image_flag = 
 | image_seal = 
 | image_skyline =
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 | map_caption = 
 |pushpin_map            = Kazakhstan
 |pushpin_label_position = right
 |pushpin_mapsize        = 280
 |pushpin_map_caption    =Location in Kazakhstan
 |subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
 |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Kazakhstan|Province]]
 |subdivision_name = [[Kazakhstan]]
 |subdivision_name1 = [[South Kazakhstan Province]]
 | established_title = Founded
 | established_date =before 8th century
 | government_type = 
 | leader_title = Akim <small>([[mayor]])</small>
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 | timezone = [[Almaty Time|ALMT]]
 | utc_offset = +6
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 |coordinates      = {{coord|42|51|09|N|68|18|10|E|region:KZ|display=inline,title}}
 | elevation_footnotes=
 | elevation_m = 506
 | elevation_ft = 1660
 | postal_code_type = [[Postal code]]
 | postal_code = 160000
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 }}
'''Otrar''' or '''Utrar''' ({{lang-kz|Отырар ''Otırar''}}; also called '''Farab''') is a Central Asian [[ghost town]] that was a city located along the [[Silk Road]] in  [[Kazakhstan]]. Otrar was an important town in the history of [[Central Asia]], situated on the borders of settled and agricultural civilizations. It was the center of a great oasis and political district, commanding a key point connecting Kazakhstan with [[China]], [[Europe]], [[Near East|Near]] and [[Middle East]], [[Siberia]] and [[Ural (region)|Ural]].

==Names==
The first known state in the region was known to Chinese scholars as ''[[Kangju]]'', which was centered on the Syr Darya (also known as the Kang River). Kangju existed from the 1st century BC until the 5th century AD. Its capital was reportedly at or near Bityan. After being subject to several different waves of invaders Kangju, collapsed into several independent states situated mainly in the Syr Darya valley and its tributuaries of Keles and Atysi. Its people appear to have [[Turkified]], becoming known as the [[Kankalis|Kangars]].

There are records that portray the determination of earlier names of Farab. It is thought that a group of coins collected in Otrar and some towns of the oasis date back to the time of these records. There is a generic symbol of the [[Turgesh]]i in the form of a bow on the face-side of such coins and the image of a lion on the reverse side. On a second type of coin, there is an "X" sign on the reverse side; these may originate from the mint of a local ruler. There is a suggestion that the coins of the second type were minted by rulers of the Turkic state of Kangu Tarban, the population of which were the Kangars. According to the coins, in the 6th to 8th centuries, Kangu Tarban was ruled by a local dynasty of the Kangars, and their capital became a Tarban town named Turarband that was later to be called Otrar. Since the times of the golden hordes, the ruins of Otrar have been attractive because of rumours about the treasures of the ancient rulers, and about buried piles of gold coins and jewelry. The source of such legends was perhaps confirmed by the archaeological finds of various coins and jewelry.

In the 9th to the 10th centuries, various sources refer to Otrar as one of the Ispidjab towns. This is probably related to the fact that the city first submitted to the Caliphate and then to the [[Samanids]]. As before, Otrar remained the center of the district which occupied a space of "about one day’s journey in all directions", which is many times mentioned by the chroniclers. The town is also known to have minted its own coinage. Otrar was the cultural center where [[al-Farabi|Abu Nasr al-Farabi]] was born, and Aristan-Bab, an important representative of Islamic culture and teacher of [[Ahmed Yesevi|Khoja Ahmed Yasawi]], preached here.

==Location==
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[[Syr Darya]] played a special role in the life of Otrar and the whole region, and its waters were used for irrigation. They were also known for being abundant with fish and its shores were covered with rich vegetation and were also home to many birds and animals. Otrar is mentioned in numerous sources such as medieval Arab, Persian and Turkic authors. These sources refer to it as one of the [[Zhetysu]] (Seven Rivers) towns. The town was situated at the junction of different geographical landscapes and was at the intersection of the caravan ways of the Great Silk Road. Otrar, being at the junction of the two great rivers, was the center of the large agricultural region and, being near the foothills of the Karatau mountains, became one of the supporting fortresses of the nomads wandering in the steppes. From Otrar, along the Arys, roads spread out to [[Taraz]], [[Balasagun]] and further on to Chinese [[Xinjiang]]; along the Syr Darya an old road went up to [[Shash]], [[Sogd]] and then to [[Merv]] and [[Nishapur]], and another road went down to Pre-Aral and Ural. Another well known road ran through Kzylkum moving westward to [[Khorezm]] and on to the [[Volga]] region, the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Caucasus]].

The oasis of Otrar is situated in the Kusulkum district of the [[South Kazakhstan Province]]. It is 170&nbsp;km northwest of [[Shymkent]] and 60&nbsp;km from [[Russian Turkestan]]. In fact, the disasters and wars that passed over the town have done their part. Now, at the site of the once-prosperous town, there remain only ruins overgrown with grass. A person who first comes to the Otrar oasis is often surprised by the appearance of the numerous stark ruins of towns and settlements, castles and watchtowers. The main irrigation channels are now crossed with dried fields and their cracked beds have not held water for centuries.

The oasis of Otrar is not one single site, but rather it is a large oasis containing a series of towns and cities. Each hill formed in the place of ancient settlements has, at present its own name: Altyntobe, Dzhalpak-tobe, Kuyuk-Mardan-tobe and Pchakchi-tobe. In earlier times, they had different names that are now forgotten and only the names of the three towns known in manuscript sources may be identified at the present ruins.

==History==
The city has a history of over dating back to the time of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian empire]], when it was known as [[Parab]]. The older [[Persian language|Persian]]<ref name="Iranica" /> Pārāb (in [[Hudud ul-'alam|Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam]]) or Fārāb (also Fāryāb and Pāryāb), is a common Persian toponym meaning “lands irrigated by diversion of river water”. (Fāryāb) also is the name of a province in northern Afghanistan.<ref name="Iranica">DANIEL BALLAND, "FĀRYĀB" in Encyclopedia Iranica [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v9f4/v9f410.html].  excerpt: "Fāryāb (also Pāryāb), common Persian toponym meaning “lands irrigated by diversion of river water"</ref><ref>[http://www.loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-f1f713a319da41dc97d398057889ff2f-fa.html Dehkhoda Dictionary under "Parab"] excerpt: "پاراب . (اِ مرکب ) زراعتی که به آب چشمه و کاریز ورودخانه و مانند آن کنند مَسقوی . آبی . مقابل دیم" (translation: "Lands irrigated by diversion of river water, springs and [[qanat]]s.")</ref>  By the 13th century, Fārāb on the [[Jaxartes]] was known as Otrār.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/otrar |title=C. E. Bosworth, "OTRĀR" in Encyclopedia Iranica |publisher=Iranicaonline.org |date=2002-07-20 |accessdate=2012-09-19}}</ref>

===Mongols and Timurids===
The prosperity of Otrar was interrupted by the [[Mongol invasion of Central Asia]].

In 1218, a Mongolian trade caravan of around 450 men arrived in Otrar, including an ambassador of Genghis Khan. The governor of Otrar, [[Inalchuq]], who was an uncle of [[Muhammad II of Khwarezm|Sultan Muhammad II]] of Khwarezmia<ref name=Soucek>{{cite book | author = [[Svat Soucek]] | title = A History of Inner Asia | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-521-65704-0 | pages = 106}}</ref> accused them of being Mongolian spies and arrested them,<ref name=deHartog>{{cite book | author = Leo de Hartog | title = Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World | publisher = Tauris Parke | year = 2004 | isbn = 1-86064-972-6 | pages = 86–87}}</ref> and with the assent of Sultan Muhammed, executed the entire caravan.<ref name=deHartog />

Genghis Khan responded by sending a delegation of three diplomats to Sultan Muhammad, demanding Inalchuq be punished; but Muhammad responded by beheading the Muslim ambassador and shaving off the beards of his two Mongol companions, provoking Genghis Khan's into a retaliatory invasion.<ref name=deHartog /> He besieged Otrar for five months in 1219, eventually breaching its walls and executing Inalchuq.<ref name=Man>{{cite book | author = John Man | title = Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection | publisher = Macmillan | year = 2007 | isbn = 0-312-36624-8 | pages = 163}}</ref>

Many of the towns in the oasis never recovered and were abandoned. However, Otrar city rose again and during the troubled years of civil wars, which followed [[Genghis Khan]]'s death, the town again became an important political and economic center. By the middle of the 13th century it had returned as a large trade center on the way from the West to the East. During the second half of the 14th century Southern Kazakhstan was brought into the sphere of [[Timur]]'s power. In February 1405, when Timur was visiting Otrar to gather his troops, he caught a cold and died in one of the Otrar palaces.

===Uzbeks and Dzungars===
The death of Timur led to more struggles, which resulted in [[Abu'l-Khayr Khan]] conquering several tribes and placing himself at the head of a new [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] Khanate. Other descendants of Genghis Khan had claims over the area, and so for most of the 16th and 17th centuries there was non stop feuding among these various parties for power over the Kazakh steppe and the Syr Darya valley, especially between the Kazakh Khanate and [[Dzungars|Dzungar]] feudal lords. Even so, a degree of stability was maintained in Otrar up until the Dzungars arrived in Kazakhstan.

These followed a prolonged period of revolt, which resulted in the economic decline of the area and its towns. As the Eurasian arm of the Silk Road gradually lost its importance, so did the city. Through the 17th and 18th centuries, the irrigation system slowly fell out of use, and the lower part of the Temir-aryk dried out.

By the end of the 18th century there were only 40 families remaining in Otrar, compared to perhaps 5,000–7,000 in the 14th through 17th centuries, and the irrigated area had declined to about 5 square kilometres.{{ref_label|unesco|1|a}}
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==Archaeological findings==
The area of the settlement is about 2 square kilometres. The lowest layers of the settlement are dated from the 1st century AD and the earliest monuments are dated from the 12th to 15th centuries. Otrar was a typical fortress for Central Asia. The Ark (central fortress) and Shahristan (fortified city) formed a five-corner hill about 18 meters of height. The area of the hill is 200,000 square metres. Excavations proved that it was an advanced town with monumental buildings. The town was densely populated: the houses stood close to each and formed the group of quarters or blocks. Two bath houses, dated by 9th to the 12th centuries, were found on the rabat (suburbs) outside the city wall. The baths had central halls for bathing and massaging, rooms for undressing, restrooms and a prayer room. They had hot water supply systems. Dishes excavated near two furnaces help prove that Otrar was the center of ceramic production in Central Asia. The ceramics had elements of decoration. One of the greatest artifacts was the figure of water carrier &ndash; a camel with a woman's head and cradle on its back.

==References==
{{reflist}}

''This article draws heavily from a [[UNESCO]] report.{{ref|unesco}}''
*{{note|unesco}}{{note_label|unesco|1|a}}Division of Cultural Heritage, [[UNESCO]] [[Almaty]] Cluster Office, [[Aachen University]] ([[Germany]]). "[http://www.sbg.rwth-aachen.de/forschung/otrar_paper/Proceedings-english.pdf Central Asian Regional Training Course: CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND EARTHEN STRUCTURES AND SITES]". Retrieved November 29, 2005.

{{Refimprove|date=July 2007}}

==External links==
*[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/otrar OTRĀR], Encyclopædia Iranica
*[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/602 Village of Farab, Turkmenistan. Railroad Station and Tracks] by [[Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii]]

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Central Asia]]
[[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:World Heritage Site Tentative list]]