View source for Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name                = Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
| long_name           =
| image               =
| image_width         =
| caption             =
| type                =
| date_drafted        =
| date_signed         = 25 May 2000<ref name=untreaty/>
| location_signed     = New York<ref name=untreaty/>
| date_sealed         =
| date_effective      = 12 February 2002<ref name=untreaty/>
| condition_effective = 10 ratifications
| date_expiration     =
| signatories         = 130<ref name=untreaty/>
| parties             = 166<ref name=untreaty/>
| depositor           = [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General]]<ref name=article47>[http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/k2crc.htm Article 47].</ref>
| languages           = Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
| website             =
| wikisource          = Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in armed conflict
}}
The '''Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict''' is an [[multilateral treaty]] whereby states agree to (1) prohibit the [[Military use of children|conscription into the military of children]] under the age of 18 and (2) ensure that military volunteers under the age of 18 are exempted from taking a direct part in hostilities. The [[United Nations General Assembly]] adopted the treaty as a supplementary protocol to the [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]] by [[United Nations General Assembly resolution|resolution]] 54/263 on 25 May 2000.<ref name="UN_ARES54263">{{UN document |docid=A-RES-54-263 |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=54 |resolution_number=263 |accessdate=20 July 2008|title=Optional protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict and on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography|date=25 May 2000}}</ref> The protocol came into force on 12 February 2002. The protocol requires that ratifying governments ensure that while their armed forces can accept volunteers below the age of 18, they cannot be conscripted and "States Parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure that members of their armed forces who have not attained the age of 18 years do not take a direct part in hostilities".<ref>[http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/pdf/crc-conflict.pdf Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict], (see Articles 1 and 2)</ref> Non-state actors and guerrilla forces are forbidden from recruiting anyone under the age of 18 for any purpose.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yun|first1=Seira|title=Breaking Imaginary Barriers: Obligations of Armed Non-State Actors Under General Human Rights Law – The Case of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child|journal=Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies|date=2014|volume=5|issue=1-2|pages=213–257|ssrn=2556825|accessdate=}}</ref> As of the end of November 2016, 166 states are party to the protocol and another 13 states have signed but not ratified it.<ref name=untreaty>{{Cite web
  | last       =
  | first      =
  | last2      =
  | first2     =
  | title      = Signatories & Dates of Ratification of the '''Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in armed conflict'''
  | work       =
  | publisher  = UN
  | date       =
  | url        = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en
  | format     =
  | doi        =
  | accessdate = 23 May 2016}}
</ref>

==ICRC commentary==
The sentence "States Parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure that members of their armed forces who have not attained the age of 18 years do not take a direct part in hostilities" was adapted from Article 77.2 of the Additional [[Protocol I]] to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, adopted in 1977, with an alteration from fifteen years to eighteen years and some other minor modifications. ("The Parties to the conflict shall take all feasible measures in order that children who have not attained the age of fifteen years do not take a direct part in hostilities and, in particular, they shall refrain from recruiting them into their armed forces.")

The ICRC commentary on Protocol I makes clear that it does not require a complete ban on the use of children in conflict. The ICRC had suggested that the Protocol require parties to "take all necessary measures;" however, the final text instead uses the wording "take all feasible measures" which is not a total prohibition on their doing so. Furthermore, refraining from recruiting children under fifteen does not exclude children who volunteer for armed service. During the negotiations over the clause "take a part in hostilities," the word "direct" was added opening up the possibility that child volunteers could be involved indirectly in hostilities, gathering and transmitting military information, helping in the transportation of arms and munitions, provision of supplies, etc.<ref>[http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/COM/470-750099?OpenDocument ICRC Commentary on Protocol I: Article 77] website of the [[International Committee of the Red Cross|ICRC]] ¶ 3183–3191 also ¶ [http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/COM/470-750098?OpenDocument 3171]</ref>

==National responses==
The United Kingdom, which recruits citizens into the army who are under 18, clarified its position in an explanatory memorandum, stating that "whilst Army personnel under the age of 18 may continue to undertake a limited range of duties with resident units in Northern Ireland, they do not participate in activities in direct support of the civil powers; UK military personnel under the age of 18 are not deployed as aircrew; and in line with UN policy, personnel under the age of 18 are not deployed on [[Peacekeeping|UN peacekeeping operations]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=Explanatory Memorandum on the Optional Protocol to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child – Command Paper number: 5759|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/publications/treaty-command-papers-ems/explanatory-memoranda/explanatory-memoranda-2003/unchild|publisher=Foreign Office}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Committee on the Rights of the Child]]
* [[List of international instruments relevant to the worst forms of child labour]]
* [[Free Children from War conference]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/OPACCRC.aspx The full text of this convention]
*[http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en List of ratifications]
*[http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/option_protocol_conflict.pdf Guide to the Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict] UNICEF, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2003

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