View source for Montreal Convention

''{{For|other similarly named agreements|Montreal Convention (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name                =Montreal Convention
| long_name           =Convention for the Unification of certain rules for international carriage by air
| image               =
| image_width         =
| caption             =
| type                =
| date_drafted        =
| date_signed         = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|05|28}}
| location_signed     =[[Montreal]], Canada
| date_sealed         =
| date_effective      =4 November 2003
| condition_effective =
| date_expiration     =
| signatories         =
| parties             =120 (119 states + EU)<ref name = ratifications/>
| ratifiers           =
| depositor           =International Civil Aviation Organization
| language            =
| languages           =English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish
| wikisource          =
}}
The '''Montreal Convention''' (formally, the '''Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air''') is a [[multilateral treaty]] adopted by a diplomatic meeting of [[ICAO]] member states in 1999. It amended important provisions of the [[Warsaw Convention]]'s regime concerning compensation for the victims of air disasters. The Convention attempts to re-establish uniformity and predictability of rules relating to the international carriage of [[passenger]]s, [[baggage]] and cargo. Whilst maintaining the core provisions which have served the international [[air transport]] community for several decades (i.e., the Warsaw regime), the new treaty achieves modernization in a number of key areas. It protects passengers by introducing a two-tier liability system that eliminates the previous requirement of proving willful neglect by the air carrier to obtain more than US$75,000 in damages, which should eliminate or reduce protracted litigation.<ref name = "73 Year Odyssey">[http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=913117 A 73-Year Odyssey: The Time Has Come For a New International Air Liability System].</ref>

== Damages ==

Under the Montreal Convention, air carriers are [[strictly liable]] for proven damages up to 100,000 [[special drawing rights]] (SDR), a mix of currency values established by the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF).<ref>[http://www.iata.org/policy/Documents/Position_Paper_mc99.pdf IATA:The Montreal Convention 1999 (MC99)]</ref> Where damages of more than 113,100 SDR are sought, the airline may avoid liability by proving that the accident which caused the injury or death was not due to their negligence or was attributable to the negligence of a third party. <ref>[http://www.iata.org/policy/Documents/MC99_en.pdf IATA: The Montreal Convention 1999 (Article 22)]</ref>This defence is not available where damages of less than 113,100 SDR are sought. The Convention also amended the jurisdictional provisions of Warsaw and now allows the victim or their families to sue foreign carriers where they maintain their principal residence, and requires all air carriers to carry [[legal liability|liability]] insurance.

The Montreal Convention was brought about mainly to amend liabilities to be paid to families for death or injury whilst on board an aircraft.

== No compensation purely for psychiatric injury ==

The Convention refuses to pay any compensation for psychiatric injury or damage unless inextricably linked to the physical injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/air.carriage.unification.convention.montreal.1999/17.html|title=17 -     Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air - Montreal, 28 May 1999|work=uio.no}}</ref> {{Dubious |Inaccurate content with respect to "psychiatric injury" ("mental distress")|date=May 2016}} Purely psychiatric injury is not eligible for compensation which has been criticised by people injured in plane accidents,<ref>[[2009 Pel-Air Westwind ditching]]</ref> legal experts<ref name="abc.net.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-23/survivor-of-norfolk-plane-crash-still-fighting-for-compensation/6339242|title=Pel-Air crash survivor Karen Casey entitled to compensation for psychological trauma, Nick Xenophon says|work=ABC News}}</ref> and their families.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-advice/she-was-like-a-ghost-australian-plane-crash-survivors-tragic-story/story-fn6yjmoc-1227274733103|title=Karen Casey, Pel-Air crash survivor tells of PTSD on 4 Corners|work=NewsComAu}}</ref>

=== Australia ===
Australia changed its law so as to fit with the Montreal Convention including in some of the following ways

* the removal of references to ‘personal injury’ and replaced with ‘bodily injury’ under the CACL Act<ref name="www5.austlii.edu.au">{{cite web|url=http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/cala1959327/|title=CIVIL AVIATION (CARRIERS' LIABILITY) ACT 1959|work=austlii.edu.au}}</ref> to ensure consistency with the 1999 Montreal Convention concerning international flights;
* the preclusion of potential claimants from claiming compensation for mental injuries where that person has not suffered additional personal or property damage<ref name="www5.austlii.edu.au"/>

Independent Australian senator Nick Xenophon will introduce a private member's bill into the Australian Parliament in May 2015 which will seek to protect the rights of plane crash survivors to be compensated for psychological trauma.<ref name="abc.net.au"/>

Leading Australian current affairs TV show 4 Corners on the government owned broadcaster ABC,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/|title=ABC - Australian Broadcasting Corporation|work=abc.net.au}}</ref> broadcast a program<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/stories/2015/03/23/4199980.htm|title=Ditched|work=abc.net.au}}</ref> focusing on the unfairness and injustice of excluding psychiatric injury on March 23, 2015 featuring Karen Casey, a nurse injured when the medical evacuation flight she was nursing on crashed in the waters off Norfolk Island.

== Lost baggage ==

The Montreal Convention changes and generally increases the maximum liability of airlines for lost baggage to a fixed amount 1,131 SDR per passenger (the amount in the Warsaw Convention is based on weight of the baggage). It requires airlines to fully compensate travellers the cost of replacement items purchased until the baggage is delivered, to a maximum of 1,131 SDR. At 21 days any delayed baggage is considered lost, even if the airline delivers it after that period.

=== Disabled passengers and mobility equipment ===

The limitation of compensation for damage to baggage to 1,131 SDRs means that the value of damaged mobility equipment may often significantly exceed available compensation under the Montreal Convention, while the effect of the loss, even temporarily, of mobility equipment places disabled passengers at a substantially increased disadvantage in comparison to other passengers suffering damaged baggage.

The EU in "Communication on the scope of the liability of air carriers and airports in the event of destroyed, damaged or lost mobility equipment of [[passengers with reduced mobility]] when travelling by air"<ref name = liability>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52008DC0510:EN:HTML:NOT Scope of Liability].</ref> notes this disadvantage in relation to EC 1107/2006 "[[Disabled rights|rights]] of [[Disability|disabled persons]] and persons with reduced mobility when travelling by air".<ref name = PRM>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32006R1107:EN:NOT (EC)1107/2006].</ref>

The EU report notes that the United States under the Air Carrier Access Act and Canada under Part VII of the Air Transport Regulations have taken action to force airlines to fully cover the costs of damage to mobility equipment as a condition of allowing an airline to operate in their airspace, and notes that the EU may have to take similar steps if the additional duties imposed on airlines by EC 1107/2006 do not resolve the issue.

== Ratifications ==
As of the end of June 2016, there are 120 parties to the Convention. Included in this total is 119 of the 191 ICAO Member States plus the [[European Union]]. The states that have ratified represent 118 [[UN member states]] plus the [[Cook Islands]]. Other states that have ratified include [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[China]], all member states of the [[European Union]], [[India]], [[Israel]], [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mexico]], [[New Zealand]], [[Norway]], [[Pakistan]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Singapore]], [[South Africa]], [[Switzerland]], [[Turkey]], [[Ukraine]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], and the [[United States]].<ref name = ratifications>[http://www.icao.int/secretariat/legal/List%20of%20Parties/Mtl99_EN.pdf Signatures and ratifications].</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Member state
! Date of entry into force
! Notes
|-
| {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Albania}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|12|19}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Algeria}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Andorra}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Angola}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Argentina|}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2010|2|14}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Armenia}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2010|6|15}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Australia}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2009|1|24}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Austria}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Azerbaijan}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|4|11}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Bahamas}}
| '' ''
| ''Signed. Not ratified''
|-
| {{flag|Bahrain}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| '' ''
| ''Signed. Not ratified''
|-
| {{flag|Barbados}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Belarus}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Belgium|state<!--Use state flag-->}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Belize}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Benin}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|5|29}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Bhutan}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Bolivia|state<!--Use state flag-->|name=<!--Official designation used by the UN-->Bolivia (Plurinational State of)}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|7|5}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|5|8}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Botswana}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Brazil}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2006|7|18}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Brunei|name=<!--Official designation used by the UN-->Brunei Darussalam}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention''
|-
| {{flag|Bulgaria}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|1|9}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Burkina Faso}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2013|8|25}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Burundi}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Cape Verde|name=Cabo Verde}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|22}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Cambodia}}
| '' ''
| ''Signed. Not ratified''
|-
| {{flag|Cameroon}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Canada}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Central African Republic}}
| '' ''
| ''Signed. Not ratified''
|-
| {{flag|Chad}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Chile}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2009|5|18}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|People's Republic of China|name=China}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|7|31}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Colombia}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Comoros}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention''
|-
| {{flag|Congo}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2012|2|17}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
|-
| {{flag|Costa Rica|state<!--Use state flag-->}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2011|8|8}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{sort|Cote d'Ivoire|{{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|4|5}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Croatia}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2008|3|23}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Cuba}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|12|13}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Cyprus}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Czech Republic}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|North Korea|name=<!--Official designation used by the UN-->Democratic People's Republic of Korea}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2014|9|19}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Denmark}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Djibouti}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Dominica}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Dominican Republic}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|11|20}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Ecuador}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2006|8|26}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Egypt}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|4|25}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|El Salvador}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
| ''{{dts|format=dmy|2015|11|17}}''
| ''Warsaw Convention''
|-
| {{flag|Eritrea}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Estonia}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2014|6|22}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Fiji}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Finland}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|France}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Gabon}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2014|4|5}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Gambia}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|5|9}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Georgia}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|18}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Germany}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Ghana}}
| '' ''
| ''Signed. Not ratified''
|-
| {{flag|Greece}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Grenada}}
| ''-''
| ''Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Guatemala}}
| ''{{dts|format=dmy|2016|8|6}}''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Guinea}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Guyana}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|2|21}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Haiti}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Honduras}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention''
|-
| {{flag|Hungary}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|1|7}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Iceland}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|8|16}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|India}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2009|6|30}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Indonesia}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention''
|-
| {{flag|Iran|name=<!--Official designation used by the UN-->Iran (Islamic Republic of)}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Iraq}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Ireland}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Israel}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|20}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Italy}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Jamaica}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2009|9|5}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Japan}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Jordan}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|8|31}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Kenya}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Kiribati}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Kuwait}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Laos|name=<!--Official designation used by the UN-->Lao People's Democratic Republic}} 
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Latvia}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|2|15}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Lebanon}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|5|14}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Lesotho}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Liberia}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention''
|-
| {{flag|Libya}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Liechtenstein}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Lithuania}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|1|29}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Luxembourg}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Madagascar}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|2|26}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Malawi}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Malaysia}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2008|2|29}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Maldives}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|12|30}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Mali}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2008|3|16}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Malta}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|7|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Marshall Islands}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Mauritania}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention''
|-
| {{flag|Mauritius}}
| '' ''
| ''Signed. Not ratified''
|-
| {{flag|Mexico}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Federated States of Micronesia|name=<!--Official designation used by the UN-->Micronesia (Federated States of)}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Monaco}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|17}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|12|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Montenegro}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2010|3|16}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Morocco}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2010|6|14}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Mozambique}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2014|3|28}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Myanmar}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention''
|-
| {{flag|Namibia}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Nauru}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Nepal}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands<!--Link to sovereign state instead of country-->|name=Netherlands}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|New Zealand}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Nicaragua}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Niger}}
| '' ''
| ''Signed. Not ratified''
|-
| {{flag|Nigeria}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Norway}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Oman}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|7|27}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Pakistan}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|2|17}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Palau}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Panama}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Paraguay}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Peru|state<!--Use state flag-->}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Philippines}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Poland}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2006|3|18}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Portugal}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Qatar}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|14}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|South Korea|name=<!--Official designation used by the UN-->Republic of Korea}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|12|29}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Moldova|name=<!--Official designation used by the UN-->Republic of Moldova}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2009|5|16}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Romania}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Russia|name=<!--Official designation used by the UN-->Russian Federation}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2017|4|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Rwanda}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Saint Lucia}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|5|28}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Samoa}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|San Marino}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe|name=<!--Official designation used by the UN-->Sao Tome and Principe}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|14}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Senegal}}
| '' ''
| ''Signed. Not ratified''
|-
| {{flag|Serbia}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2010|4|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Seychelles}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2010|11|12}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Sierra Leone}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention''
|-
| {{flag|Singapore}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|11|16}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Slovakia}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Slovenia}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Solomon Islands}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Somalia}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|South Africa}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|1|21}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|South Sudan}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Spain}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Sudan}}
| '' ''
| ''Signed. Not ratified''
|-
| {{flag|Suriname}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Swaziland}}
| '' ''
| ''Signed. Not ratified''
|-
| {{flag|Sweden}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Switzerland}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|9|5}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Syria|name=<!--Official designation used by the UN-->Syrian Arab Republic}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Tajikistan}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Thailand}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Macedonia|name=<!--Official designation used by the UN-->The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Timor-Leste}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Togo}}
| '' ''
| ''Signed. Not ratified''
|-
| {{flag|Tonga}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|1|19}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Tunisia}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Turkey}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|26}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention''
|-
| {{flag|Tuvalu}}
| ''-''
| ''None International Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Uganda}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention''
|-
| {{flag|Ukraine}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2009|5|5}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|United Kingdom|name=<!--Official designation used by the UN-->United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|6|28}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Tanzania|name=<!--Official designation used by the UN-->United Republic of Tanzania}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|United States|name=<!--Official designation used by the UN-->United States of America}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Uruguay}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2008|4|4}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Vanuatu}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2006|1|8}}
| {{sort|~|}}
|-
| {{flag|Venezuela|state<!--Use state flag-->|name=<!--Official designation used by the UN-->Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Vietnam|name=Viet Nam<!--The space is included due to its use in the official UN designation-->}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Yemen}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|-
| {{flag|Zambia}}
| '' ''
| ''Signed. Not ratified''
|-
| {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
| ''-''
| ''Warsaw Convention & Hague Protocol''
|}

==See also==
*[[Aviation law]]
*[[CMR convention]]
*[[Kenneth Beaumont]]
* [[Warsaw Convention]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/air.carriage.unification.convention.montreal.1999/ Text].
*[http://www.icao.int/secretariat/legal/List%20of%20Parties/Mtl99_EN.pdf Signatures and ratifications]
*[http://www.dot.gov/ost/ogc/e-library.html Other related sources from the U.S. Department of Transport]

{{Commercial air travel}}

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''