View source for Ingush people

{{infobox ethnic group|
|group=Ingush<br>ГIалгIай (''Ğalğay'')
|image    = 
|poptime  = ~700,000
|region1  = {{flag|Russia}}
|pop1     = 444,833
|ref1     = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity |date= |accessdate=2013-04-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424000000/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |archivedate=2012-04-24 |df= }}</ref>
 |region2 = &nbsp; &nbsp;{{flag|Ingushetia}}
 |pop2    = 385,537
 |ref2    =
 |region3 = &nbsp; &nbsp;{{flag|Chechnya}}
 |pop3    = 1,296
 |ref3    = 
 |region4 = &nbsp; &nbsp;{{flag|North Ossetia-Alania}}
 |pop4    = 28,336 
 |ref4    = 
|region5  = {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
|pop5     = 16,893
|ref5     =  
|region6 = {{flag|Ukraine}}
|pop6    = 455
|ref6    = 
|rels     = Predominantly [[Sunni Islam]] ([[Shafii|Shafii Madhhab]])
|langs    = [[Ingush language|Ingush]]
|related  =[[Chechen people|Chechens]], [[Bats people|Bats]], [[Kist people|Kists]]
}}

The '''Ingush''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|n|g|ʊ|ʃ}}, {{lang-inh|ГIалгIай}}, {{transl|inh|''Ġalġay''}}, pronounced {{IPA-cau|ˈʁəlʁɑj|}}) are a [[People of the Caucasus|Caucasian]] native [[ethnic group]] of the [[North Caucasus]], mostly inhabiting the [[Russia]]n republic of [[Ingushetia]]. The Ingush are predominantly [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]]s and speak the [[Ingush language]], a [[Northeast Caucasian language]] that is closely related to [[Chechen language|Chechen]]; the two form a [[dialect continuum]].<ref>Nichols, J. and Vagapov, A. D. (2004). ''Chechen-English and English-Chechen Dictionary'', p. 4. RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-415-31594-8.</ref> The Ingush and Chechen peoples are collectively known as the [[Nakh peoples]].<ref>Arutiunov, Sergei. (1996). [http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/Proceed97/Arutiunov5.html "Ethnicity and Conflict in the Caucasus"]. Slavic Research Center</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|Ingushetia}}
[[Caucas]] is the legendary ancestor of all modern [[Nakh peoples]] (although the origin of the [[Batsbi]] is still disputed), including the Ingush and [[Chechen people|Chechens]], who are closely related linguistically and genetically. The [[Georgian language|Georgian]] name is ''Ghlivi / Ghlighvi.''. Ancient author ([[Strabo]]) spoke about the Gargars, American cartographer J.H.Colton labeled the people as Gelians.

The Ingush came under Russian rule in 1810, but during [[World War II]] they were falsely accused of collaborating with the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] and the entire population was deported to [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]]. They were [[rehabilitate (Soviet)|rehabilitate]]d in the 1950s, after the death of [[Joseph Stalin]], and allowed to return home in 1957, though by that time western Ingush lands had been ceded to [[North Ossetia]].

==Culture==
The Ingush possess a varied culture of traditions, legends, epics, tales, songs, proverbs, and sayings. Music, songs and dance are particularly highly regarded. Popular musical instruments include the ''dachick-panderr'' (a kind of [[balalaika]]), ''kekhat ponder'' ([[accordion]], generally played by girls), mirz ponder (a three-stringed violin), [[zurna]] (a type of [[oboe]]), [[tambourine]], and drums.

==Religion==
The Ingush are predominantly [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]]s of the [[Shāfi‘ī]] [[Madh'hab]], although a [[Sufi]] minority exists.<ref name="Allievi">{{cite book |author1=Stefano Allievi |author2=Jørgen S. Nielsen |title=Muslim networks and transnational communities in and across Europe |volume=1 |year=2003}}</ref>

==Ingush genetics==
"The Caucasus populations exhibit, on average, less variability than other populations for the eight Alu insertion poly-morphisms analysed here. The average heterozygosity is less than that for any other region of the world, with the exception of Sahul. Within the Caucasus, Ingushians have much lower levels of variability than any of the other populations. The Ingushians also showed unusual patterns of [[mtDNA]] variation when compared with other Caucasus populations (Nasidze and Stoneking, submitted), which indicates that some feature of the Ingushian population history, or of this particular sample of Ingushians, must be responsible for their different patterns of [[genetic variation]] at both mtDNA and the [[Alu sequence|Alu]] insertion loci."<ref name="European Journal of Human Genetics">{{cite journal |author=Ivane Nasidze|year=2001 |title=Alu insertion polymorphisms and the genetic structure of human populations from the Caucasus |journal=[[European Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=9 |pages=267–272 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200615 |pmid=11313770 |issue=4|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="Nature">{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v9/n4/pdf/5200615a.pdf|title=Alu insertion polymorphisms and the genetic structure of human populations from the Caucasus|format=PDF | volume=9|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200615|pmid=11313770|date=April 2001|journal=Eur. J. Hum. Genet.|pages=267–72 | last1 = Nasidze | first1 = I | last2 = Risch | first2 = GM | last3 = Robichaux | first3 = M | last4 = Sherry | first4 = ST | last5 = Batzer | first5 = MA | last6 = Stoneking | first6 = M}}</ref>

According to one test by Nasidze in 2003 (analyzed further in 2004), the Y-chromosome structure of the Ingush greatly resembled that of neighboring Caucasian populations (especially Chechens, their linguistic and cultural brethren).<ref name="Nasidze2003">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nasidze I, Sarkisian T, Kerimov A, Stoneking M |title=Testing hypotheses of language replacement in the Caucasus: evidence from the Y-chromosome |journal=Human Genetics |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=255–61 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12596050 |doi=10.1007/s00439-002-0874-4 |url=http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Nasidze_2003.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Nasidze2004">{{cite journal|last1=Nasidze |first1=I. |last2=Ling |first2=E. Y. S. |last3=Quinque |first3=D. |display-authors=3 |last4=et al |year=2004 |title=Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus |url=http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Caucasus_big_paper.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=68 |issue= |pages=205–221 |doi=10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608081424/http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Caucasus_big_paper.pdf |archivedate=2011-06-08 |df= }}</ref>

There has been only one notable study on the Ingush Y chromosome. These following statistics should not be regarded as final, as Nasidze's test had a notably low sample data for the Ingush. However, they do give an idea of the main haplogroups of the Ingush.

* [[Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)|J2]] – '''89%''' of Ingush have the highest reported frequency of J2 which is associated with the [[Fertile Crescent]].<ref>Oleg Balanovsky, Khadizhat Dibirova, Anna Dybo, Oleg Mudrak, Svetlana Frolova, Elvira Pocheshkhova, Marc Haber, Daniel Platt, Theodore Schurr, Wolfgang Haak, Marina Kuznetsova, Magomed Radzhabov, Olga Balaganskaya, Alexey Romanov, Tatiana Zakharova, David F. Soria Hernanz, Pierre Zalloua, Sergey Koshel, Merritt Ruhlen, Colin Renfrew, R. Spencer Wells, Chris Tyler-Smith, Elena Balanovska, and The Genographic Consortium Parallel [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/05/13/molbev.msr126.abstract Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region] Mol. Biol. Evol. 2011 : msr126v1-msr126.</ref>
* [[Haplogroup F*(Y-DNA)|F*]] – ('''11%''' of Ingush)<ref name="Nasidze2004"/> This haplogroup was called "F*" by Nasidze. It may have actually been any haplogroup under F that was not under G, I, J2, or K; however, it is probably consists of haplotypes that are either under J1 (typical of the region, with very high frequencies in parts of Dagestan, as well as Arabia, albeit in a different subclade) or F3.
* [[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|G]] – ('''27%''' of Ingush)<ref name="Nasidze2004"/> Typical of the Middle East, the Mediterranean and the Caucasus. The highest values were found among Georgians, Circassians and Ossetes. There was a noticeable difference in G between Ingush and Chechens (in J2 and F*, Ingush and Chechens have similar levels), possibly attributable to low samples that were all from the same town.

In the mtDNA, the Ingush formed a more clearly distinct population, with distance from other populations. The closest in an analysis by Nasidze were Chechens, [[Kabarday|Kabardins]] and [[Adyghe people|Adyghe]] (Circassians), but these were all much closer to other populations than they were to the Ingush.<ref name="Nasidze2004"/>

==See also==
* [[Vainakhia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://ingush.us News and History of Ingushetia]
*[http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~ingush/ingush_people.html The Ingush people]

{{European Muslims}}
{{Peoples of the Caucasus}}
{{Ethnic groups of Russia}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ingush People}}
[[Category:Peoples of the Caucasus]]
[[Category:Ingushetia|People]]
[[Category:Nakh peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Russia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Iraq]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Russia]]