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{{Chinese
|pic=Xinjiang regions simplified.png
|picsize=200px
|piccap={{legend|red|Dzungaria}} {{legend|blue|[[Tarim Basin]]}}
|s=准噶尔
|t=準噶爾
|p=Zhǔngá'ěr
|w=Chun<sup>3</sup>-ka<sup>2</sup>'-erh<sup>3</sup>
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|zh|un|3|g|a|2|er|3}}
|11=[[Dzungar people|Zunghar]]
|c2=北疆
|altname=Beijiang
|p2=Běijiāng
|w2=Pei<sup>3</sup>-chiang<sup>1</sup>
|mi2={{IPAc-cmn|b|ei|3|j|iang|1}}
|l2=Northern [[Xinjiang]]
|rus=Джунгария
|rusr=''Dzhungariya''
|mon=Зүүнгарын нутаг
|uig=جوڭغار (Junghariyä<ref name="Brophy2016">{{cite book|author=David Brophy|title=Uyghur Nation: Reform and Revolution on the Russia-China Frontier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=84bPCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT319&dq=qilghan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiupcrw3v3LAhWLthoKHdwgBDs4ChDoAQggMAE#v=onepage&q=qilghan&f=false|date=4 April 2016|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-97046-5|pages=319–}}</ref>)
|uly=Jongghar
|uyy=Jongƣar
|usy=Җоңғар
}}
[[File:River-ili-2.jpg|thumb|[[Ili River]]]]
[[File:Tianshan tianchi.jpg|thumb|[[Heaven Lake of Tian Shan]]]]
[[File:MoonBay IMG 0921.jpg|thumb|[[Kanas Lake]]]]
[[File:Bayanbulak grassland.jpg|thumb|[[Hejing County]], [[Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture]]]]

'''Dzungaria''' (also spelled '''Zungharia''') is a [[geographical region]] in [[northwest China]] corresponding to the northern half of [[Xinjiang]], also known as '''Beijiang''' ({{zh |c = 北疆 |p = Běijiāng |l = Northern Xinjiang}}).<ref name="Starr2004">{{cite book|author=S. Frederick Starr|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA30&dq#v=onepage&q=zungharia%20and%20altishahr&f=false|date=15 March 2004|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-3192-3|pages=30–}}</ref> Bounded by the [[Tian Shan]] mountain range to the south and the [[Altai Mountains]] to the north, it covers approximately {{convert|777000|km2|abbr=on}}, extending into western [[Mongolia]] and eastern [[Kazakhstan]].  Formerly the term could cover a wider area, conterminous with the [[Dzungar Khanate]], a state led by the native [[Oirats]] in the 18th century which was based in the area.

Although geographically, historically, and ethnically distinct from the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]-speaking [[Tarim Basin]] area, the [[Qing dynasty]] and subsequent Chinese governments integrated both areas into one province, Xinjiang. As the center of Xinjiang's heavy industry, generator of most of Xinjiang's GDP, as well as containing its political capital [[Ürümqi]] ("beautiful pasture" in Mongolian), northern Xinjiang continues to attract intraprovincial and interprovincial migration to its cities. In comparison to southern Xinjiang (''Nanjiang'', or the Tarim Basin), Dzungaria is relatively well-integrated with the rest of China by rail and trade links.<ref name="Stahle">{{cite web|url=http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/assetserver/controller/item/etd-Stahle-2942.pdf|title=Ethnic Resistance and State Environmental Policy: Uyghurs and Mongols|first=Laura N|last=Stahle|date=August 2009|publisher=University of southern California}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name Dzungaria or Zungharia is a corruption of the [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] term "Zűn Gar" or "Jüün Gar" depending on the dialect of Mongolian used. "Zűn"/"Jüün" means "left" and "Gar" means "hand". The name originates from the notion that the Western Mongols are on the left hand side when the Mongol Empire began its division into East and West Mongols. After this fragmentation, the western Mongolian nation was called "Zuun Gar".

== Background ==
[[File:Xinjiang regions simplified.png|thumb|right|Dzungaria (red) and the Tarim Basin (blue)]]

[[File:Xinjiang regions.png|thumb|left|Northern Xinjiang - Dzungharian Basin (yellow), Eastern Xinjiang - [[Turpan Depression]] ([[Turpan Prefecture]] and [[Hami Prefecture]]) (red), Southern Xinjiang - Tarim Basin (blue)]]

[[Xinjiang]] consists of two main geographically, historically, and ethnically distinct regions, Dzungaria north of the Tianshan Mountains and the [[Tarim Basin]] south of the Tianshan Mountains, before [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]] unified them into one political entity called [[Xinjiang]] province in 1884. At the time of the Qing conquest in 1759, Dzungaria was inhabited by steppe dwelling, nomadic [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] [[Dzungar people]], while the Tarim Basin was inhabited by sedentary, oasis dwelling, [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] [[Muslim]] farmers, now known as the [[Uyghur people]].

The Qing dynasty was well aware of the differences between the former Buddhist Mongol area to the north of the Tianshan and Turkic Muslim south of the Tianshan, and ruled them in separate administrative units at first.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q&f=false Liu & Faure 1996], p. 69.</ref> However, Qing people began to think of both areas as part of one distinct region called Xinjiang .<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70#v=onepage&q&f=false Liu & Faure 1996], p. 70.</ref> The very concept of Xinjiang as one distinct geographic identity was created by the Qing and it was originally not the native inhabitants who viewed it that way, but rather it was the Chinese who held that point of view.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67#v=onepage&q&f=false Liu & Faure 1996], p. 67.</ref> During the Qing rule, no sense of "regional identity" was held by ordinary Xinjiang people; rather, Xinjiang's distinct identity was given to the region by the Qing, since it had distinct geography, history and culture, while at the same time it was created by the Chinese, multicultural, settled by Han and Hui, and separated from Central Asia for over a century and a half.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA77#v=onepage&q&f=false Liu & Faure 1996], p. 77.</ref>

In the late 19th century, it was still being proposed by some people that two separate parts be created out of Xinjiang, the area north of the Tianshan and the area south of the Tianshan, while it was being argued over whether to turn Xinjiang into a province.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false Liu & Faure 1996], p. 78.</ref>

==Dzungarian Basin==
[[File:Altai,Tienschan-Orte.png|thumb|250px|Right|Physical map showing the separation of Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin (Taklamakan) by the Tien Shan Mountains]]

The core of Dzungaria is the triangular Dzungarian Basin, also known as '''Jungar Basin''', or in Chinese as {{zh
|s=准噶尔盆地
|t=準噶爾盆地
|p=Zhǔngá'ěr Péndì}}, with its central [[Gurbantünggüt Desert]].
It is bounded by the [[Tian Shan]] to the south, the [[Altai Mountains]] to the northeast and the [[Tarbagatai Mountains]] to the northwest.<ref>{{cite web
|author=
|year=
|url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9031692/Jungar-Basin
|title=Jungar Basin
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|accessdate=2008-02-13
}}
</ref> The three corners are relatively open. The northern corner is the valley of the upper [[Irtysh River]]. The western corner is the [[Dzungarian Gate]], a historically important gateway between Dzungaria and the Kazakh Steppe; presently, a highway and a [[Lanxin Railway|railway]] (opened in 1990) run through it, connecting China with Kazakhstan. The eastern corner of the basin leads to [[Gansu]] and the rest of China. In the south an easy pass leads from [[Ürümqi]] to the [[Turfan Depression]]. In the southwest the tall [[Borohoro Mountains]] branch of the [[Tian Shan]] separates the basin from the upper [[Ili River]].

The basin is similar to the larger [[Tarim Basin]] on the southern side of the Tian Shan Range. Only a gap in the mountains to the north allows moist air masses to provide the basin lands with enough moisture to remain semi-desert rather than becoming a true desert like most of the Tarim Basin, and allows a thin layer of vegetation to grow. This is enough to sustain populations of wild [[Bactrian camel|camel]]s, [[jerboa]]s, and other wild species.<ref name=nationalgeo>{{NatGeo ecoregion
|id=pa1317
|name=Junggar Basin semi-desert
|accessdate=2008-02-13
}}
</ref>

The Dzungarian Basin is a structural basin with thick sequences of Paleozoic-Pleistocene rocks with large estimated oil reserves.<ref>{{cite web
|author=
|year=1997
|url=http://aapgbull.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/81/11/1926
|title=Geochemistry of oils from the Junggar Basin, Northwest China
|publisher=AAPG Bulletin, GeoScience World
|accessdate=2008-02-13
}}
</ref> The [[Gurbantunggut Desert]], China’s second largest, is in the center of the basin.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion
|id=pa1317
|name=Junggar Basin semi-desert
|accessdate=2008-02-13
}}
</ref>

The Dzungarian basin does not have a single [[drainage basin|catchment]] center. The northernmost section of Dzungaria is part of the basin of the [[Irtysh River]], which ultimately drains into the [[Arctic Ocean]]. The rest of the region is split into a number of [[endorheic basins]]. In particular, south of the Irtysh, the [[Ulungur River]] ends up in the (presently) [[endorheic]] [[Lake Ulungur]]. The Southwestern part of the Dzungarian basin drains into the 
[[Aibi Lake]]. In the west-central part of the region, streams flow into (or toward) a group of endorheic lakes that include [[Lake Manas]] and [[Lake Ailik]]. During the region's geological past, a much larger lake (the "Old Manas Lake") was located in the area of today's Manas Lake; it was fed not only by the streams that presently flow toward it, but also by the Irtysh and Ulungur, which too were flowing toward the Old Manas Lake at the time.<ref name=arid>{{citation|journal=Journal of Arid Land|year=2010|volume=2|issue=3|pages=167–173|title=Tectonic geomorphological characteristics for evolution of the Manas Lake
|first=Yonghui|last=Yao|first2=Huiguo|last2=Li
|url=http://jal.xjegi.com/EN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=51}}</ref>

The cold climate of nearby Siberia influences the climate of the Dzungarian Basin, making the temperature colder—as low as {{convert|-4|°F}}—and providing more precipitation, ranging from {{convert|3|to|10|in}}, compared to the warmer, drier basins to the south. Runoff from the surrounding mountains into the basin supplies several lakes. The ecologically rich habitats traditionally included meadows, marshlands, and rivers. However most of the land is now used for agriculture.<ref name=nationalgeo/>

It is a largely [[steppe]] and semi-desert basin surrounded by high mountains: the [[Tian Shan]] (ancient [[Mount Imeon]]) in the south and the [[Altai Mountains|Altai]] in the north. Geologically it is an extension of the Paleozoic [[Kazakhstan Block]] and was once part of an independent continent before the Altai mountains formed in the late Paleozoic. It does not contain the abundant minerals of Kazakhstan and may have been a pre-existing continental block before the Kazakhstan Block was formed.

[[Ürümqi]], [[Yining (city)|Yining]] and [[Karamai]] are the main cities; other smaller [[oasis]] towns dot the piedmont areas.

===Paleontology===
Dzungaria and its derivatives are used to name a number of pre-historic animals<ref>''Nature'', Nature Publishing Group, Norman Lockyer, 1869</ref> hailing from the rocky outcrops located in the Dzungar Basin:
*''[[Dsungaripterus]] weii'' ([[pterosaur]])
*''[[Junggarsuchus]] sloani'' ([[crocodylomorph]])

A recent notable find, in February 2006, is the oldest [[tyrannosaur]] fossil unearthed by a team of scientists from [[George Washington University]] who were conducting a study in the Dzungarian Basin. The species, named ''[[Guanlong]]'', lived 160 million years ago, more than 90 million years before the famed ''[[Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus rex]]''.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}

==Ecology==
Dzungaria is home to a semi-desert [[steppe]] [[ecoregion]] known as the '''Dzungarian Basin semi-desert'''. The vegetation consists mostly of low scrub of ''[[Anabasis brevifolia]]''. Taller shrublands of [[Haloxylon ammodendron|saxaul]] bush ''(Haloxylon ammodendron)'' and ''[[Ephedra przewalskii]]'' can be found near the margins of the basin. Streams descending from the Tian Shan and Altai ranges support stands of [[Populus|poplar]] ''(Populus diversifolia)'' together with ''Nitraria roborovsky, N. sibirica, [[Achnatherum splendens]],'' [[tamarisk]] ''(Tamarix sibirimosissima)'', and [[willow]] ''([[Salix ledebouriana]])''.

The northeastern portion of the Dzungarian Basin semi-desert lies within [[Great Gobi National Park]], and is home to herds of [[Onager]]s ''(Equus hemionus)'', [[goitered gazelle]]s ''(Gazella subgutturosa)'' and [[Wild Bactrian camel]]s ''(Camelus ferus)''.

The basin was one of the last [[habitat]]s of [[Przewalski's horse]] ''(Equus przewalskii)'', also known as Dzungarian horse, which was once [[extinct]] in the wild, though it has since been reintroduced in areas of Mongolia and China.

==History==
{{Main|History of Xinjiang}}
[[File:Renat map.jpg|thumb|A map of the Dzungar Khanate, by a [[Johan Gustaf Renat|Swedish officer]] in captivity there in 1716-1733, which include the region known today as [[Zhetysu]]]]
Before the 21st century, all or part of the region has been ruled or controlled by the [[Xiongnu Empire]], [[Han dynasty]], [[Xianbei state]], [[Rouran Khaganate]], [[Turkic Khaganate]], [[Tang Dynasty]], [[Uyghur Khaganate]], [[Liao dynasty]], [[Kara-Khitan Khanate]], [[Mongol Empire]], [[Yuan Dynasty]], [[Chagatai Khanate]], [[Moghulistan]], [[Qara Del]], [[Northern Yuan Dynasty|Northern Yuan]], [[Four Oirat]], [[Dzungar Khanate]], [[Qing Dynasty]], the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]] and, since 1950, the [[People's Republic of China]].

One of the earliest mentions of the Dzungaria region occurs when the [[Han dynasty]] dispatched an explorer to investigate lands to the west, using the northernmost [[Silk Road]] trackway of about {{convert|2600|km}} in length, which connected the ancient Chinese capital of [[Xi'an]] to the west over the [[Wushao Ling Pass]] to [[Wuwei, Gansu|Wuwei]] and emerged in [[Kashgar]].<ref>[http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18006 ''Silk Road, North China'', C.Michael Hogan, the Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham]</ref>

[[Istämi]] of the [[Göktürks]] received the lands of Dzungaria as an inheritance after the death of his father in the latter half of the sixth century [[AD]].<ref>''The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia'', By René Grousset</ref>

Dzungaria is named after a [[Mongols|Mongolian]] kingdom which existed in [[Central Asia]] during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It derived its name from the [[Dzungars]], who were so called because they formed the left wing (''züün'', left; ''gar'', hand) of the Mongolian army, self-named [[Oirats]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Dzungaria|volume=8|page=787}}</ref> Dzungar power reached its height in the second half of the 17th century, when [[Kaldan]] (also known as Galdan Boshigtu Khan) repeatedly intervened in the affairs of the [[Kazakhs]] to the west, but it was completely destroyed by the [[Kazakhs]] about 1757–1759. It has played an important part in the history of [[Mongolia]] and the great migrations of Mongolian stems westward. Its widest limit included [[Kashgar]], [[Yarkant County|Yarkand]], [[Khotan]], the whole region of the [[Tian Shan]], and the greater proportion of that part of Central Asia which extends from 35° to 50° N and from 72° to 97° E.<ref name="EB1911"/>

After 1761, its territory fell mostly to the [[Qing dynasty]] during [[Ten Great Campaigns|the campaign against the Dzungars]] ([[Xinjiang]] and north-western Mongolia) and partly to [[Russian Turkestan]] (the earlier Kazakh state provinces of [[Semirechye]]- Jetysu and Irtysh river).

After the [[Dzungar genocide]], the Qing subsequently began to repopulate the area with Han and Hui people from China Proper.

The population in the 21st century consists of [[Kazakhs]], [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], [[Mongols]], [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] and [[Han Chinese]]. Since 1953, northern Xinjiang has attracted skilled workers from all over China—who have mostly been [[Han Chinese]]—to work on water conservation and industrial projects, especially the [[Karamay]] oil fields. Intraprovincial migration has mostly been directed towards Dzungaria also, with immigrants from the poor Uyghur areas of southern Xinjiang flooding to the provincial capital of [[Ürümqi]] to find work.

As a political or geographical term ''Dzungaria'' has practically disappeared from the map; but the range of mountains stretching north-east along the southern frontier of the [[Zhetysu|Jeti-su]], as the district to the south-east of [[Lake Balkhash]] preserves the name of [[Dzungarian Alatau]].<ref name="EB1911"/> It also gave name to [[Phodopus sungorus|Dzungarian Hamster]]s.

===Dzungaria and the Silk Road===
A traveler going west from China must go either north of the Tian Shan mountains through Dzungaria or south of the mountains through the Tarim Basin. Trade usually took the south side and migrations the north. This is most likely because the Tarim leads to the Ferghana Valley and Iran, while Dzungaria leads only to the open steppe. The difficulty with south side was the high mountains between the Tarim and Ferghana. There is also another reason. The Taklamakan is too dry to support much grass, and therefore nomads when they are not robbing caravans. Its inhabitants live mostly in oases formed where rivers run out of the mountains into the desert. These are inhabited by peasants who are unwarlike and merchants who have an interest in keeping trade running smoothly. Dzungaria has a fair amount of grass, few towns to base soldiers in and no significant mountain barriers to the west.  Therefore, trade went south and migrations north.<ref>Grosset, 'The Empire of the Steppes', p xxii,</ref> Today most trade is north of the mountains ([[Dzungarian Gate]] and [[Khorgas]] in the Ili valley) to avoid the mountains west of the Tarim and because Russia is currently more developed.

==Economy==
[[Wheat]], [[barley]], [[oat]]s, and [[sugar beet]]s are grown, and [[cattle]], [[sheep]], and [[horse]]s are raised. The fields are irrigated with melted snow from the permanently white-capped mountains.

Dzungaria has deposits of [[coal]], [[iron]], and [[gold]], as well as large [[oil field]]s.

== References ==
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{{Reflist|30em}}

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*{{cite news |author= UPI  |date=September 22, 1981 |title=Radio war aims at China Moslems  |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19810922&id=3oAxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9KQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5348,448513 |newspaper= The Montreal Gazette |page=11|location= |publisher= |accessdate=12 May 2014 }}

{{Commons category|Zungharia}}
{{Clear}}
{{Paleartic deserts and xeric shrublands}}
{{Xinjiang topics}}

{{coord|45|00|N|85|00|E|region:CN_type:adm1st_source:kolossus-zhwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Deserts and xeric shrublands]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of China]]
[[Category:Geography of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Geography of Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Flora of Xinjiang| ]]
[[Category:Deserts of China]]
[[Category:Deserts of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Environment of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Altai Mountains]]
[[Category:Sites along the Silk Road]]
[[Category:Palearctic ecozone]]