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{{About|the drum|the Iranian film|The Circle (2000 film)}}
{{Infobox Instrument
|name=Dayereh
|names=qaval
|image=Daf-Khalaj.jpg
|classification=[[hand percussion]]
|range=High sound of jingles, plus some have a skin with a lower sound.
|related=[[Riq]], Buben, Dayereh, [[Daf]], [[Kanjira]], [[Frame drum]] }}

A '''''dayereh''''' (or '''doyra''', '''dojra''', '''dajre''', '''doira''', '''dajreja''') is a medium-sized [[frame drum]] with [[jingles]], used to accompany both popular and classical music in [[Bukharan Jews]], [[Iran]] ([[Persian Empire|Persia]]), [[Azerbaijan]] (known as qaval), the [[Caucasus]], the [[Balkans]], and many [[Central Asia]]n countries such as [[Tajikistan]], and [[Uzbekistan]]. Frame drums are also popular in many regions of Georgia, like [[Kartli]], [[Kakheti]], [[Tusheti]], [[Samegrelo]], [[Racha]], and [[Imereti]]. This is a single headed percussion instrument which is not only found in Northern [[South Asia]],{{cn|date=June 2015}}{{dubious|date=June 2015}} [[Central Asia]], and the [[Middle East]], but also in parts of the Russian [[polar region]]s. The simple drum is formed by attaching a skin cover onto a wooden ring with glue and cloth ties. This is similar to the Persian daira and the Turkish def. Some daira have metal pieces attached to give them a [[tambourine]]-like quality.

==History==
The history of dayereh goes back to many centuries. An engraved bronze cup from [[Lorestān Province|Lorestān]] at the [[National Museum of Iran]] in [[Tehran]], portrays a double [[ney]] (end-blown reed pipes), [[chang (instrument)|chang]] (harp), and dayereh in a shrine or court processional, as similarly documented in [[Egypt]], [[Elam]], and the Persian province of [[Babylonia]] where music was arranged for performance by large orchestral ensembles.<ref name=Kariagdiev>[http://www.drumdojo.com/ghaval.htm, in ''Ghaval'' by Dzhabbar Kariagdiev]</ref>

In the Pahlavi (Persian pre-Islamic language) the name is dareh. The poet Abu Saeed Abolkheir (967–1048) mentioned in his works, the word dayereh as a drum.<ref name= Kariagdiev/>

==Regional variations==
The dayereh is one of the most famous frame drums in [[Persian Empire|Persia]] and [[Central Asia]], and in the [[Zoroastrian Middle Persian|Pahlavi]] ([[Persian language|Persian]] ancient language) the dayereh is called ''dareh''.<ref name= Kariagdiev/>

In [[Azerbaijan]], it is called ''ghaval'' and sometimes [[daf]], and is played on festive occasions.<ref name= Kariagdiev/> In Azerbaijani art music, the drum that usually accompanies the Ashigh (poet/singer) is ghaval (dayereh). A traditional ensemble contains a singer, who plays this drum, and two instrumentalists, one playing the tar (long-necked lute) and the other, the kamancheh (bowed spike fiddle).<ref name= Kariagdiev/>

==Structure and construction==
The jingles which are thin metal plates or rings, are attached to hooks in three or four rectangular holes in the circular wooden frame. The [[drumhead]] is made of goat skin.

The width of the frame is 45–50&nbsp;cm (18–20 in.) and the depth, 5–7&nbsp;cm (2–3 in.). In order to bend the frame, the wood ("buka", "orev") may be softened in water before being bent around a hot metal cylinder.

The frame is closed by gluing the ends together. Finally, the skin is attached to the frame by fixing it with another wooden frame or by using nails.

Another variation is to have the ring-style jingles arranged around the edge of the inside of the drum the whole way around<ref>[http://www.drumdojo.com/ghaval.htm, Ghaval image.]</ref> or to have several tiers half way around the inside edge.<ref>[http://www.rhythmweb.com/frame/ semi-ringed frame drum]</ref>

==Performance==
The sound is produced by hitting the membrane with either hand – the left hand, which also holds the dayereh, strikes the edges, and the right hand strikes the center. The right-hand fingers are fastened about their neighbours and suddenly released (like the action of finger-snapping) to produce loud, rapid, sharp sounds.

The dayereh is a solo instrument. Most often it is supported by "Gajda", "chalgija", or "tarabuka". Marko Cepenkov mentions the dayereh as a companion of the "Gajda" in the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref name=Birseyogren>[http://www.birseyogren.com/hakkinda/dayereh/ ''Dayereh'']</ref> It is most often used for keeping the rhythm in [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonian]] folk songs and dances, and also in traditional Macedonian rituals, like wedding ceremony.<ref name=Birseyogren/>

==References==
* ''DVD of Tombak'' / ''Madjid Khaladj'' - Coproduction : Le Salon de Musique & École de Tombak | Langues : français, anglais, espagnol | Livret de 80 pages (français/anglais.)| EDV 937 CV.
* CD ''Infinit Breath'' / ''Madjid Khaladj'', NAFAS / Bâ Music Records.
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nasehpour.com/tonbak/ghaval-azerbaijani-dayereh-frame-drum.html Ghaval, the Azerbaijani frame drum]
*[http://www.drumdojo.com/world/framedrum.htm Frame drums]
*[http://www.rhythmweb.com/frame Frame Drums Central <small>with image of semi-ringed frame drum</small>]
*[http://www.pakistanstudies-aips.org/English/about_culture_instruments.htm Pakistan traditional instruments <small> including "daira" and "daff"</small>]

{{Iranian musical instruments}}
{{Musical instruments of Georgia (country)}}
{{Percussion}}

[[Category:Hand drums]]
[[Category:Medicine drums]]
[[Category:Iranian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Azerbaijani musical instruments]]
[[Category:Albanian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Bulgarian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani musical instruments]]
[[Category:Uzbekistani musical instruments]]
[[Category:Kyrgyz musical instruments]]
[[Category:Tajik musical instruments]]
[[Category:Turkmen musical instruments]]
[[Category:Musical instruments of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Macedonian musical instruments]]