View source for Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name                =Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
| long_name           =
| image               =Refugeeconvention.PNG
| caption             ={{legend|#00ff00|parties to only the 1951 Convention}}
{{legend|#ffff00|parties to only the [[Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees|1967 Protocol]]}}
{{legend|#007500|parties to both}}
{{legend|#b2b2b2|non-members}}
| type                =
| date_drafted        =
| date_signed         =28 July 1951 
| location_signed     = [[Geneva]]
| date_sealed         =
| date_effective      =22 April 1954 
| condition_effective =
| signatories         =144
| parties             =Convention: 145<ref name=convrat/><br />Protocol: 146<ref name=convrat/>
| ratifiers           =
| depositor           =[[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]
| language            =
| languages           =English and French <br />(Chinese, Russian and Spanish)
| wikisource          =1951 Refugee Convention
| image_width         =300px
| date_expiration     =
}}

The '''Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees''', also known as the '''1951 Refugee Convention''', is a [[United Nations]] [[multilateral treaty]] that defines who is a [[refugee]], and sets out the rights of individuals who are granted [[Right of asylum|asylum]] and the responsibilities of nations that grant asylum. The Convention also sets out which people do ''not'' qualify as refugees, such as [[war crime|war criminals]]. The Convention also provides for some visa-free travel for holders of [[travel document]]s issued under the convention. Although the Refugee Convention was agreed in [[Geneva]], it is considered incorrect to refer to it as "the Geneva Convention," because there are four treaties regulating armed conflict better known as the [[Geneva Conventions]].

The Refugee Convention builds on Article 14 of the 1948 [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], which recognizes the right of persons to seek asylum from persecution in other countries. A refugee may enjoy rights and benefits in a state in addition to those provided for in the Convention.<ref>'''Convention relating to the Status of Refugees''', Article 5.</ref>

==History==
The Convention was approved at a special [[United Nations]] conference on 28 July 1951. [[Denmark]] was the first state to ratify the treaty on 4 December 1952, which entered into force on 22 April 1954. It was initially limited to protecting European refugees from before 1 January 1951 (after [[World War II]]), though states could make a declaration that the provisions would apply to refugees from other places.

The 1967 [[Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees|Protocol]] removed the time limits and applied to refugees "without any geographic limitation", but declarations previously made by parties to the Convention on geographic scope were grandfathered.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/UNTS/Volume%20606/v606.pdf|title=Treaty Series - Treaties and international agreements registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations|volume=606|number=8791|date=1970|accessdate=2013-10-19|publisher=[[United Nations]]|pages=268}}</ref> 

As at 1 July 2013, there were 145 parties to the Convention, and 146 to the Protocol.<ref name=convrat>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetailsII.aspx?&src=UNTSONLINE&mtdsg_no=V~2&chapter=5&Temp=mtdsg2&lang=en#Participants |title=Chapter V – Refugees and Stateless Persons |date=22 July 2013 |accessdate=22 July 2013 |publisher=[[United Nations Treaty Series]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114081432/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetailsII.aspx?&src=UNTSONLINE&mtdsg_no=V~2&chapter=5&Temp=mtdsg2&lang=en |archivedate=14 November 2012 }}</ref><ref name=protrat>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=UNTSONLINE&tabid=2&mtdsg_no=V-5&chapter=5&lang=en#Participants |title=Chapter V – Refugees and Stateless Persons |date=22 July 2013 |accessdate=22 July 2013 |publisher=[[United Nations Treaty Series]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401214403/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=UNTSONLINE&tabid=2&mtdsg_no=V-5&chapter=5&lang=en |archivedate=1 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/protect/PROTECTION/3b73b0d63.pdf UNHCR: ''States Parties to the Convention and Protocol''], retrieved 15 July 2010</ref> Most recently, the [[President of Nauru|President]] of [[Nauru]], [[Marcus Stephen]], signed both the Convention and the Protocol on 17 June 2011<ref name="RNZI_61276">{{cite web |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=61276 |title=Nauru signs UN refugee convention |date=17 June 2011 |work=[[Radio New Zealand International]] |accessdate=26 September 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/naurus-un-move-on-refugee-convention-adds-to-pressure-on-labor/story-fn59niix-1226077250521 "Nauru's UN move on refugee convention adds to pressure on Labor"], ''The Australian'', 17 June 2011</ref> and acceded on 28 June 2011.  [[Madagascar]] and [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] are parties only to the Convention, while [[Cape Verde]], the [[United States of America]] and [[Venezuela]] are parties only to the Protocol. Since the US ratified the Protocol in 1968, it undertook a majority of the obligations spelled out in the original 1951 document (Articles 2-34), and Article 1 as amended in the Protocol, as [[Supremacy Clause|"supreme Law of the Land"]].<ref>Joan Fitzpatrick, [http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1154&context=bjil "The International Dimension of U.S. Refugee Law"], ''15 Berkeley J. Int'l. Law 1'', Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository, 1997</ref>

The rights promulgated by the Convention generally still stand today. Some have argued that the complex nature of 21st century refugee relationships calls for a new treaty that recognizes the evolving nature of the nation-state, population displacement, and modern warfare.<ref>http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2768162</ref> <ref>http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2617336</ref> Nevertheless, ideas like the principle of non-refoulement (Article 33) are still applied today, with the 1951 Convention being the hallmark of such rights.

==Definition of refugee==
Article 1 of the Convention, as amended by the 1967 Protocol, defines a refugee as this: 
:''"A person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.."''<ref>United Nations High Commission for Refugees. (2012). [http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/refugees.htm Text of Convention]. Retrieved 5 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607013438/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/refugees.htm |date=7 June 2012 }}</ref>

Several groups have built upon the 1951 Convention to create a more objective definition. While their terms differ from those of the 1951 Convention, the Convention has significantly shaped the new, more objective definitions. They include the 1969 [[Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa]] by the [[Organisation of African Unity]] (since 2002 [[African Union]]) and the 1984 [[Cartagena Declaration]], while nonbinding, also sets out regional standards for refugees in Central America, Mexico and Panama.

==Rights and responsibilities of parties to the Refugee Convention==
In the general principle of international law, treaties in force are binding upon the parties to it and must be performed in good faith. Countries that have ratified the Refugee Convention are obliged to protect refugees that are on their territory, in accordance with its terms.<ref name="UNHCR Guide">[http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/StatusOfRefugees.aspx UNHCR: ''Refugee protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law''], 2001, ISBN 92-9142-101-4, retrieved 19 August 2015</ref> There are a number of provisions that States parties to the Refugee Convention must adhere to.

=== Refugees shall ===
* abide by the national laws of the contracting states (Article 2)

=== The contracting states shall ===

* exempt refugees from reciprocity (Article 7): That means that the granting of a right to a refugee should not be subject to the granting of similar treatment by the refugee's country of nationality, because refugees do not enjoy the protection of their home state.<ref name="UNHCR Guide"/>
* be able to take provisional measures against a refugee if needed in the interest of essential national security (Article 9)
* respect a refugee's personal status and the rights that come with it, particularly rights related to marriage (Article 12)
* provide free access to courts for refugees (Article 16)
* provide administrative assistance for refugees (Article 25)
* provide identity papers for refugees (Article 27)
* provide travel documents for refugees (Article 28)
* allow refugees to transfer their assets (Article 30)
* provide the possibility of assimilation and naturalization to refugees (Article 34)
* cooperate with the UNHCR (Article 35) in the exercise of its functions and to help UNHCR supervise the implementation of the provisions in the Convention.<ref name="UNHCR Guide"/>
* provide information on any national legislation they may adopt to ensure the application of the Convention (Article 36).<ref name="UNHCR Guide"/>
* settle disputes they may have with other contracting states at the International Court of Justice if not otherwise possible (Article 38)

=== The contracting states shall not ===
* discriminate against refugees (Article 3)
* take exceptional measures against a refugee solely on account of his or her nationality (Article 8)
* expect refugees to pay taxes and fiscal charges that are different to those of nationals (Article 29)
* impose penalties on refugees who entered illegally in search of asylum if they present themselves (Article 31)
* expel refugees (Article 32)
* forcibly return or [[Non-refoulement|"refoul"]] refugees to the country they've fled from (Article 33). It is widely accepted that the prohibition of forcible return is part of customary international law. This means that even States that are not party to the 1951 Refugee Convention must respect the principle of non-refoulement.<ref name="UNHCR Guide"/> Therefore, States are obligated under the Convention and under customary international law to respect the principle of [[non-refoulement]]. If and when this principle is threatened, UNHCR can respond by intervening with relevant authorities, and if it deems necessary, will inform the public.<ref name="UNHCR Guide"/>

=== Refugees shall be treated at least like ''nationals'' in relation to ===
* freedom to practice their religion (Article 4)
* the respect and protection of artistic rights and industrial property (Article 14)
* rationing (Article 20)
* elementary education (Article 22)
* public relief and assistance (Article 23)
* labour legislation and social security (Article 24)

=== Refugees shall be treated at least like ''other non-nationals'' in relation to ===
* movable and immovable property (Article 13)
* the right of association in unions or other associations (Article  15)
* wage-earning employment (Article 17)
* self-employment (Article 18)
* practice of the liberal professions (Article 19)
* housing (Article 21)
* education higher than elementary  (Article 22)
* the right to free movement and free choice of residence within the country (Article 26)

==See also==
{{wikisource|1951 Refugee Convention}}
*[[Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons]]
*[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (UNHCHR)
*[[Refugee Law]]
*[[Refugee travel document]]
*[[Right of Asylum]]
*[[Statelessness]]
*[[Travel Document]]
*[[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (Article 14)
*[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR)
*[[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]]
*[[World Refugee Day]]
*[[XXB]] Refugee, as per the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.unhcr.org/protect/PROTECTION/3b66c2aa10.pdf Full text of the Convention (UNHCR)]
* [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/prsr/prsr.html Introductory note] by [[Guy Goodwin-Gill|Guy S. Goodwin-Gill]], procedural history note and audiovisual material on the ''Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees'' in the [http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law]
* [http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Goodwin-Gill_IML.html Lectures] by [[Guy Goodwin-Gill|Guy S. Goodwin-Gill]] entitled ''International Migration Law  – A General Introduction'' and ''Forced Migration – The Evolution of International Refugee Law and Organization'' in the [http://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law]

{{International human rights legal instruments}}
{{European migrant crisis}}
{{Immigration to the United States}}

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