View source for Alikhan Bukeikhanov

{{Infobox Governor
|name         = Alikhan Bokeikhan
|nick         =
|image        = Alikhan Bukeikhanov.jpg
|imagesize    = 240px
|caption      = Alikhan Bukeikhanov in 1906.
|order        = Prime Minister of
|office       = Alash Autonomy
|term_start   = December 13, 1917
|term_end     = March 5, 1920
|predecessor  = Office established
|successor    = Office disestablished
|birth_date   = {{Birth date|1866|3|5}}
|birth_place  = Tokyrauyn Volost, [[Karkaraly|Karkaralinsky Uyezd]], [[Semipalatinsk Oblast, Russia|Semipalatinsk Oblast]], [[Russian Empire]]
|death_date   = {{death date and age|1937|9|27|1866|3|5}}
|death_place  = [[Moscow]], [[Soviet Union]]
|nationality  = [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]]
|party        = [[Constitutional Democratic Party]]<br>[[Alash Party]]
|spouse       = Yelena Sevostyanova
|relations    =
|children     =
|residence    =
|alma_mater   = Omsk Technical School<br>Saint Petersburg Forestry Institute
|occupation   = [[Politics|Politician]], [[writer]], [[Environmental science|environmental scientist]]
|profession   = 
|religion     = [[Sunni Islam]]
|signature    = Alikhan Bukeikhanov Signature.svg
|website      =
|footnotes    =
|branch       =
|serviceyears =
}}
'''Alikhan Nurmukhameduly Bukeikhanov''' ({{lang-kz|Әлихан Нұрмұхамедұлы Бөкейханов}}; {{lang-ru|Алихан Нурмухамедович Букейханов}}; March 5, 1866 — September 27, 1937) was a [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] statesman, politician, publicist, teacher, writer and environmental scientist who served as the Prime Minister of the [[Alash Autonomy]] from 1917 to 1920. He was leader and founder of the [[Alash Orda]] national liberation movement. He sided with the [[westernizer]]s in the Kazakh political scene who were promoting the idea of the [[Western culture]] into the [[Kazakh steppe]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The School of Russian and Asian Studies|title=The rise of Alash Orda and Kazakh nationalism|author=David Galick|url=http://www.sras.org/alash_orda_kazakh|date=March 29, 2014|accessdate=January 31, 2015}}</ref>

==Early life==
Alikhan Bukeikhanov was born March 5, 1866, in Tokyrauyn Volost, [[Karkaraly|Karkaralinsky Uyezd]], [[Semipalatinsk Oblast, Russia|Semipalatinsk Oblast]], [[Russian Empire]]. He was a great grandson of [[Barak Sultan]], former khan of [[Bukey Horde]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Sultan-Khan Akkuly|title=Childhood and boyhood of the future leader of the nation: Alikhan was born different|url=http://e-history.kz/media/upload/2065/2014/10/27/b9b0e05f4555f26ba7b09cfb1949d4c8.pdf|date=December 2014|accessdate=January 31, 2015|publisher=e-history.kz|format=PDF}}</ref> He graduated from the Russian-Kazakh School and Omsk Technical School in 1890. He later studied at the Saint Petersburg Forestry Institute, where he graduated from the Faculty of Economics in 1894. During his youth, he is believed to have been influenced by [[Socialism|socialists]].

Upon graduating, Bukeikhanov returned to [[Omsk]] and spent the next fourteen years there working. From 1895 to 1897, he worked as teacher of mathematic in Omsk school for Kazakh children.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=e-history.kz|title=Alikhan Bokeikhan: prison epopee|author=Sultan-Khan Akkuly|url=http://e-history.kz/en/publications/view/776|date=October 21, 2014|accessdate=January 31, 2015}}</ref> He was a participant in the 1896 Shcherbina Expedition, which aimed to research and assess virtually every aspect of Russian-controlled [[Central Asia]] from the [[Natural environment|environment]] and resources to the culture and traditions of its inhabitants. This was the first of a few similar missions which Bukeikhanov accepted. Among his recorded contributions is "Ovtsevodstvo v stepnom krae" ("Sheep-Breeding in the Steppe Land"), which analyzed animal husbandry in Central Asia. Bukeikhanov was the first biographer of [[Abay Kunanbayev]], publishing an obituary in ''Semipalatinsky listok'' in 1905. In 1909, he published collection of Kunanbayev's works.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Aigul Bidanova|title=Ethnic Costumes in 1902 Exhibition Came From Abai|url=http://www.astanatimes.com/2013/08/ethnic-costumes-in-1902-exhibition-came-from-abai/|date=August 21, 2013|accessdate=February 1, 2015|publisher=''The Astana Times''}}</ref>

==Political life==
In 1905, Bukeikhanov's political activism began when he joined the [[Constitutional Democratic Party]].{{cn|date=July 2015}} In late 1905 at the Uralsk oblast party congress, he tried to create the Kazakh Democratic party but failed. As a result of this action, he was arrested and prohibited from living in the Steppe Oblasts. During his exile, he relocated to [[Samara, Russia|Samara]]. He was elected to the [[State Duma (Russian Empire)|State Duma of the Russian Empire]] as a member of that party in 1906, and signed the Vyborg petition to protest the dissolution of the Duma by [[tsar]]. In 1908, he was arrested again and was exiled in Samara until 1917. While in Samara, he participated in the Samara Guberniya Committee of the People's Freedom party set up in 1915. 

[[File:Baitursynuly, Bokeikhan and Dulatuly.jpg|thumb|left|[[Akhmet Baitursynov]], Alikhan Bukeikhanov and [[Mirzhakip Dulatov]] in [[Orenburg]] in 1913.]]
[[File:Alash intelligentsia, Semipalatinsk, 1918.jpg|thumb|left|Bukeikhanov among Alash intelligentsia in [[Semey|Semipalatinsk]] in 1918.]]
In April 1917, Bukeikhanov, [[Akhmet Baitursynov]] and several other native political figures took the initiative to convening an All-Kazakh Congress in [[Orenburg]].{{Sfn | Pipes | 1997 | p = 84}} In its resolution the Congress urged the return to the native population of all the lands confiscated from it by the previous regime, and the explusion of all the new settlers from the Kazakh-Kirghiz territories. Other resolutions demanded the transfer of the local schools into native hands, and the termination of the recruitment introduced in 1916. Within the group, Bukeikhanov sought to direct attention first to economic problems along with Russian liberals, chiefly the [[Constitutional Democratic Party|Kadets]], whereas others sought to unite the Kazakhs with the other Turkic peoples of Russia.{{Sfn | Pierce | 1960 | p = 260}} Three month later another Kazakh-Kirghiz Congress met in Orenburg. There for the first time the idea of territorial autonomy emerged, and a national Kazakh-Kirghiz political party was formed [[Alash Autonomy]].{{Sfn | Pipes | 1997 | p = 85}} Before the [[February Revolution]], he collaborated with the Kadets in the hope of getting autonomous status for Kazakhs and contacted the head of the [[Russian Provisional Government]] [[Alexander Kerensky]]. Kerensky proceeded to make Bukeikhanov a comissar. On March 19, 1917, he was appointed as the Provisional Government Commissioner of [[Turgay Oblast (Russian Empire)|Turgay Oblast]]. After the [[October Revolution]], he was elected in 1917 as president of the [[Alash Orda]] government of [[Alash Autonomy]].

In 1920, after the establishment of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] hegemony, Bukeikhanov joined the [[Bolshevik]] party and returned to scientific life. His earlier political activities caused the authorities to view him with suspicion, leading to arrests in 1926 and 1928. In 1926, Bukeikhanov was arrested on the charge of counter-revolutionary activity and put into [[Butyrka prison]] in Moscow. But due to the lack of evidence in the criminal case against him, he was released from prison. In 1930, the authorities banished him to [[Moscow]], where he was arrested a final time in 1937 and executed.{{cn|date=July 2015}}

It was not until 1989 that the Soviet authorities rehabilitated him.

==Writings==
Bukeikhanov's major political publication was "Kirgizy" ("The Kazakhs") (1910), which was released in the Constitutional Democratic party book on nationalities edited by A. I. Kosteliansky. Bukeikhanov's other activities of this period include assisting in the creation of ''[[Qazaq (journal)|Qazaq]]'', a [[Kazakh language]] newspaper and writing newspaper articles for newspapers including "Dala Walayatynyng Gazeti" (Omsk), "Orenburgskii Listok", "Semipalatinskii Listok", "Turkestanskie Vedomosti" ([[Tashkent]]), "Stepnoi Pioner" (Omsk) and "Sary-Arqa" ([[Semey|Semipalatinsk]]). He was also a contributor to ''[[Ay Qap]]'' and "Sibirskie Voprosy".

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
* {{Citation | url= http://books.google.kz/books/about/The_Formation_of_the_Soviet_Union.html?id=smDy35onbtAC&redir_esc=y | last = Pipes | first = Richard | author-link = Richard Pipes | title = The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917-1923 | publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] | year = 1997 | isbn = 9780674309517}}
* {{Citation | last = Sabol | first = Steven | title = Russian Colonization of Central Asia and the Genesis of Kazak National Conscious | publisher = [[Palgrave Macmillan]] | year = 2003 | isbn=978-0333921425}}
* {{Citation | url= https://books.google.kz/books?id=N3d07qFjyVwC&pg=PA340&dq=Russian+Central+Asia&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=-pzMVLmoBoepyQPk_IDgBQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Russian%20Central%20Asia&f=false | last = Pierce | first = Richard A. | author-link = Richard Pierce (historian) | title = Russian Central Asia | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | year = 1960}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Alikhan Bukeikhanov}}
*[http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/98summer/pdf/uyama.pdf The Geography of Civilizations: A Spatial Analysis of the Kazakh Intelligentsia's activities, From the Mid-Nineteenth to the Early Twentieth Century]

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{{S-new|reason=State founded}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Alash Autonomy|Prime Minister of Alash Autonomy]]|years=December 13, 1917 – March 5, 1920}}
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{{Prime Ministers of Kazakhstan}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bukeikhanov, Alikhan}}

[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:Environmental scientists]]
[[Category:Executed politicians]]
[[Category:Great Purge victims from Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Kazakh-language writers]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani scientists]]
[[Category:Members of the State Duma (Russian Empire)]]
[[Category:People from Semipalatinsk Oblast]]
[[Category:Russian Constitutional Democratic Party members]]
[[Category:Saint Petersburg Forestry Institute alumni]]