View source for Zhuz

{{refimprove|date=June 2015}}
[[File:Жуз.svg|thumb|right|Approximate areas occupied by the three Kazakh hordes in the early 20th century; red represents the Senioren zhuz, orange represents the  Middle zhuz and green represents the Junior zhuz.]]
A '''''zhuz''''' ({{lang-kz|жүз ''jüz''  ٴجۇز}} {{IPA|[ʒʉz]}}, also translated as "[[Orda (organization)|horde]]" or "[[Hundred (county division)|hundred]]") is one of the three main territorial  and tribal divisions in the [[Desht-i Kypchak|Kypchak Plain]] area that covers much of the contemporary [[Kazakhstan]], and represents the main [[Kazakh tribes|tribal]] division within the ethnic group of the [[Kazakhs]].

*The  '''Senior zhuz''' ({{lang-kk|Ұлы жүз / Ulı jüz / ۇلى  ٴجۇز}}) or '''Uly zhuz''' covers territories of southern and southeastern [[Kazakhstan]], northwestern China ([[Xinjiang]])  and parts of [[Uzbekistan]]. 
*The  '''Middle zhuz''' ({{lang-kk|Орта жүз / Orta jüz / ورتا    ٴجۇز}}) or '''Orta zhuz''' consists of six tribes, covering central and eastern Kazakhstan
*The  '''Junior zhuz''' ({{lang-kk|Кіші жүз / Kişi jüz / كىشى   ٴجۇز)}}) or '''Kishi zhuz''' consists of three tribes, covering western Kazakhstan.

==History ==
The earliest mention of the Kazakh ''jüz'' or hordes dates to the 17th century.
Velyaminov-Zernov (1919) believed that the division arose as a result of the
capture of the important cities of [[Tashkent]], [[Turkestan (city)|Yasi]], and [[Sayram (city)|Sayram]] in 1598.<ref>Velyaminov-Zernov, "Russia, Mongolia, China in the 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries". Vol II. Baddeley (1919, MacMillan, London). Reprint&nbsp;– Burt Franklin, New York. 1963 p. 59.</ref>

Some researchers argued that the ''jüz'' in origin corresponded to tribal, military alliances of steppe nomads that emerged around mid-16th century after the disintegration of the [[Kazakh Khanate]]. 
[[Yuri Zuev]]{{year needed|date=June 2015}} argued their territorial division comprises three ecological or topographic zones, the Senior ''zhuz'' of the southern and southeastern steppe being  set apart from the two other zones by [[Lake Balkhash]].

According to Kazakh legends,{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} the three ''jüz''  were the territorial inheritances of the three sons of the mythical founder father of the Kazakhs. 
In Kazakh language, ''jüz'' means either "union" or "hundred".{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} <!-- there is a disagreement on the etymology,  some books (which?!) in English do have the "hundred" translation, while the author of [[:ru:Жуз]] ([[:ru:User:AlefZet]]) - who is a Kazakh speaker knowledgeable about ethnography of his country) believes it is just a homonym. 
Another suggestion{{by whom}} derives the word from Arabic {{lang|ar|جزء}} "section, division".
-->

== Senior zhuz ==
[[File:Kz Uysyns.gif|thumb|Ethnographic map of the Senior or Uysyn zhuz in Kazakhstan in the early 20th century, following  M. S. Mukanov (1991).<ref name="Mukanov">
Муканов М. С., Этническая территория казахов в 18 – нач. 20 вв ("Ethnic territory of Kazakhs from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century"),  Almaty, 1991.</ref>]]

Historically, the Senior ''zhuz'' ({{lang-kz|Ұлы жүз, ''Ulı jüz'', ۇلى   ٴجۇز}}; {{lang-ru|Старший жуз, ''Staršij žuz''}})  inhabited the northern lands of the former [[Chagatai Khanate|Chagatai Ulus]] of the [[Mongol Empire]], in the [[Ili River]] and [[Chu River]] basins, in today's South-Eastern [[Kazakhstan]] and China's [[Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture]] (northern [[Xinjiang]]). It was also called ''Üysin jüz''.

The first record of the  Senior ''zhuz'' dates to 1748, due to a [[Tatar]] emissary of the  [[Anna of Russia|Tsaritsa]] who had been sent to the steppe to negotiate the submission of [[Abul Khair Khan]] in 1732. According to [[Nikolai Aristov]],{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} the estimated population of the Senior ''zhuz'' was about 550,000 people in the second half of the 19th century. 
The territory was   conquered by the [[Kokand Khanate]] in 1820s, and by the [[Russian Empire]] during the 1850s to 1860s.

Kazakhstan's ruling elite, including current president [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], former [[First Secretary]] of the [[Communist Party of Kazakhstan]] [[Dinmukhamed Konayev]], as well as famous poet [[Jambyl Jabayev]] are representatives of the Senioren zhuz.
 
There have been several attempts to determine the exact names and nature of top level clans throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. However, different studies created vastly different names and population numbers for the steppe clans. Generally accepted names of the first order Senioren zhuz tribes or clans are:{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

* [[Dulat]]  ({{lang-kz|Дулат, ''Duwlat'', دۋلات}})
** Janys ({{lang-kz|Жаныс, ''Janıs'', جانىس}})
** Siyqym ({{lang-kz|Сиқым, ''Sıyqım'', سىيقىم}})
** Botbay ({{lang-kz|Ботбай, ''Botbay'', بوتباي}})
** Shymyr ({{lang-kz|Шымыр, ''Şımır'', شىمىر}})
* [[Jalayir]]  ({{lang-kz|Жалайыр, ''Jalayır'', جالايىر}})
* [[Kangly|Qangly]] ({{lang-kz|Қаңлы, ''Qañlı'', قاڭلى}})
* Alban ({{lang-kz|Албан, ''Alban'', البان}})
* Suwan ({{lang-kz|Суан, ''Suwan'', سۋان}})
* Sary-Uysin ({{lang-kz|Сары-үйсін, ''Sarı-üysin'', سارى-ۇيسىن}} “Yellow Uysin”)
* Shapyrashty ({{lang-kz|Шапырашты, ''Şapıraştı'', شاپىراشتى}})
* Sirgeli ({{lang-kz|Сіргелі, ''Sirgeli'', سىرگەلى}})
* Oshaqty ({{lang-kz|Ошақты, ''Oşaqtı'', وشاقتى}})
* Ysty ({{lang-kz|Ысты, ''Istı'', ىستى}})
* Shanyshqyly ({{lang-kz|Шанышқылы, ''Şanışqılı'', شانىشقىلى}})

== Middle zhuz ==
[[File:Kz Tribe Argyns.gif|thumb|Ethnographic map of the Senior or Uysyn zhuz in Kazakhstan in the early 20th century, following  M. S. Mukanov (1991).<ref name="Mukanov"/>]]
The Middle zhuz ({{lang-kz|Орта жүз, ''Orta jüz'', ورتا   ٴجۇز}}; {{lang-ru|Средний жуз, ''Srednij žuz''}}), also known as ''Arğın jüz'',  occupies the eastern lands of the former [[Golden Horde]], in central, northern and eastern Kazakhstan.

Some of  Kazakhstan's famous poets and intellectuals  were born in the Middle zhuz territories, including [[Abay Qunanbayuli]], [[Akhmet Baytursinuli]], [[Shokan Walikhanuli]] and [[Alikhan Bokeikhanov]].

The Middle zhuz consists of the following tribes:
*[[Argyns|Argyn]] ({{lang-kk|Арғын, ''Arğın'', ارعىن}})
*[[Khereid|Kerei]] ({{lang-kk|Керей, ''Kerey'', كەرەي}})
*[[Naimans|Naiman]] ({{lang-kk|Найман, ''Nayman'', نايمان}})
*[[Qonyrat|Khongirad]] ({{lang-kk|Қоңырат, ''Qoñırat'', قوڭىرات}})
*[[Kypchaks|Qypchak]] ({{lang-kk|Қыпшақ, ''Qıpşaq'', قىپشاق}})
*[[Taraqty]] {{lang-kk|Тарақты, ''Taraqtı'', تاراقتى}})
*[[Waq]] ({{lang-kk|Уақ, ''Uwaq'', ۋاق}})

== Junior zhuz ==

The Junior or Lesser zhuz ({{lang-kz|Кiшi жүз ''Kişi jüz'', كىشى   ٴجۇز}}; {{lang-ru|Младший жуз  ''Mladšij žuz''}}), also known as ''Alşın jüz'', occupied the lands of the former [[Nogai Khanate]] in Western Kazakhstan. It was also called ''Alşın jüz''.

They originate from the [[Nogais]] of the [[Nogai Horde]], which once was placed in Western Kazakhstan, but in the 16th century it was defeated by the Kazakhs and the Russians and [[Nogais]] retreated to the Western part of their khanate, to the [[Kuban River]] steppes. In the 18th century they endanged inner Russian cities, so the Russian Empire allied the [[Kalmucks]] (Kalmyks) to supplant Alshyns back to the [[Urals]]. There they formed the Lesser zhuz. During Kazakh-Kalymk struggles, [[Khiva Khanate]] annexed [[Mangyshlak Peninsula]] for repelling Kalmyk raids and managed it for two centuries before Russian conquest. In the beginning of the 19th century, Kazakhs shifted some to the west, to [[Astrakhan Governorate]], forming [[Bukey Horde]] there. As the [[Kazakh SSR]] was formed with [[Bukey Horde]] as the most remoted its western part,{{Clarify|date=January 2010}} situated geographically in [[Europe]].

Historical leaders of Kazakh resistance against the Russian Empire associated with the Junior zhuz include [[Isatay Taymanuly]] ({{lang-kz|Исатай Тайманұлы}}, 1791—1838) and [[Makhambet Otemisuly]]  ({{lang-kz|Махамбет Өтемісұлы}},  1803/4–1846).

The Junior zhuz consisted of three groups, subdivided into clans:
*Baiuly ({{lang-kk|Байұлы, ''Bayulı'', بايۇلى}})
** Adai ({{lang-kz|Адай, ''Aday'', اداي}})
** Alasha ({{lang-kz|Алаша, ''Alaşa'', الاشا}})
** Baibaqty ({{lang-kz|Байбақты, ''Baybaqtı'', بايباقتى}})
** Berish ({{lang-kz|Беріш, ''Beriş'', ء بەرىش}})
** Zhappas ({{lang-kz|Жаппас, ''Jappas'', جاپپاس}})
** Masqar ({{lang-kz|Масқар, ''Masqar'', ماسقار}})
** Taz ({{lang-kz|Таз, ''Taz'', تاز}})
** Tana ({{lang-kz|Тана, ''Tana'', تانا}})
** Esentemir ({{lang-kz|Есентемір, ''Esentemir'', ء ەسەنتەمىر}})
** Ysyq ({{lang-kz|Ысық, ''Isıq'', ىسىق}})
** Qyzylqurt ({{lang-kz|Қызылқұрт, ''Qızılqurt'', قىزىلقۇرت}})
** Sherkesh ({{lang-kz|Шеркеш, ''Şerkeş'', شەركەش}})
*Alimuly ({{lang-kk|Әлімұлы, ''Älimulı'', ء الىمۇلى}})
** Qarakesek ({{lang-kz|Қаракесек, ''Qarakesek'', قاراكەسەك}})
** Qarasaqal ({{lang-kz|Қарасақал, ''Qarasaqal'', قاراساقال}})
** Tortqara ({{lang-kz|Төртқара, ''Törtqara'', ء تورتقارا}})
** Kete ({{lang-kz|Кете, ''Kete'', كەتە}})
** Shomekei ({{lang-kz|Шөмекей, ''Şömekey'', ء شومەكەي}})
** Shekti ({{lang-kz|Шекті, ''Şekti'', ء شەكتى}})
*Jetyru ({{lang-kk|Жетіру, ''Jetiruw'', ء جەتىرۋ}})
** Tabyn ({{lang-kz|Табын, ''Tabın'', تابىن}})
** Tama ({{lang-kz|Тама, ''Tama'', تاما}})
** Kerderi ({{lang-kz|Кердері, ''Kerderi'', ء كەردەرى}})
** Kereit ({{lang-kz|Керейт, ''Kereyt'', كەرەيت}})
** Zhagalbaily ({{lang-kz|Жағалбайлы, ''Jağalbaylı'', جاعالبايلى}})
** Telew ({{lang-kz|Телеу, ''Telew'', تەلەۋ}})
** Ramadan ({{lang-kz|Рамадан, ''Ramadan'', رامادان}})

==See also==
*[[Kazakh tribes]]
*[[Kazakh Khanate]]
*[[Zhetysu]]
*[[Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan]]
*[[List of medieval Mongolian tribes and clans]]
*[[Orda (structure)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Literature ==
*Svat Soucek, "A History of Inner Asia". Cambridge University Press (2000). ISBN 0-521-65704-0.
*W. W. Bartold, Four studies in history of Central Asia, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1962.
*Ilkhamov Alisher et al., "Ethnic atlas of Uzbekistan", Uzbekistan, "Open Society foundation", 2002, p.&nbsp;176, ISBN 978-5-86280-010-4 {{ru icon}}
*Isin A., "Kazakh khanate and Nogai Horde in the second half of the 15th - 16th centuries", Semipalatinsk, Tengri, 2002, p.&nbsp;22, ISBN 978-9965-492-29-7  {{ru icon}}
* S. Qudayberdiuli. "Family tree of Turks, Kirgizes, Kazakhs and their Khan dynasties", Alma-Ata, Dastan, 1990 {{ru icon}}
* S. Kudayberdy-Uly, Family tree of Türks, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs and their Khan dynasties, Alma-Ata, Dastan, 1990 {{ru icon}} 
*M. Tynyshbaev, 'The Uysyn', in Materials on the history of the Kazakh people, Tashkent 1925 {{ru icon}}
*Yu.A. Zuev, "Ethnic History of the Usuns", Works of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, History, Archeology And Ethnography Institute, Alma-Ata, Vol. 8, 1960. {{ru icon}}
* А. Т. Толеубаев, Ж. К. Касымбаев, М. К. Койгелдиниев, Е. Т. Калиева, Т. Т. Далаева, перевод с казахского языка С. Бакенова, Ф. Сугирбаева. — История Казахстана. Изд-во «Мектеп», 2006 г. — 240 с ISBN 9965-33-628-8

==External links==
* [http://www.elim.kz/ Genealogy of the Kazakhs] {{kk icon}} {{ru icon}}

{{Kazakhstan topics}}

[[Category:History of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]]