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{{EngvarB|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| image  =
|population=500,000
|region1={{flagcountry|Russia}}
|pop1=176,411
|ref1=<ref name="KSKi">{{harvnb|Ki|2002}}</ref>
|region2={{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}}
|pop2=176,000
|ref2=<ref name="KSKi"/>
|region3={{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}
|pop3=105,000
|ref3=<ref name="KSKi"/>
|region4={{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}}
|pop4=19,000
|ref4=<ref name="KSKi"/>
|region5={{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
|pop5=13,000
|ref5=<ref name="KSKi"/>
|region6={{flagcountry|Tajikistan}}
|pop6=6,000
|ref6=<ref name="KSKi"/>
|region7={{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}}
|pop7=3,000
|ref7=<ref name="KSKi"/>
|langs=[[Russian language|Russian]], [[Koryo-mar]]
|rels=[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] along with [[Buddhism]], [[Protestantism]], [[Roman Catholicism|Catholicism]], and others<ref name=Schlyter>{{harvnb|Schlyter|2004|loc=Footnote 10}}</ref>
|related-c=[[Koreans]], [[Sakhalin Koreans]]
}}
'''Koryo-saram''' ([[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]: Корё сарам, [[Hangul]]: 고려사람) is the name which [[Korean people|ethnic Koreans]] in the [[post-Soviet states]] use to refer to themselves. The term is composed of two constituents: "[[Names of Korea#Goryeo|Koryo]]", which is one of the names of Korea, and "saram", which means "person".  Approximately 500,000 ethnic Koreans reside in the former [[Soviet Union]], primarily in the now-independent states of [[Central Asia]]. There are also large Korean communities in southern [[Russia]] (around [[Volgograd]]), the [[Caucasus]], and southern [[Ukraine]]. These communities can be traced back to the Koreans who were living in the [[Russian Far East]] during the late 19th century.

There is also a separate ethnic Korean community on the island of [[Sakhalin]], typically referred to as [[Sakhalin Koreans]]. Some may identify as Koryo-saram, but many do not. Unlike the communities on the Russian mainland, which consist mostly of immigrants from the late 19th century and early 20th century, the ancestors of the Sakhalin Koreans came as immigrants from [[Gyeongsang]] and [[Jeolla]] provinces in the late 1930s and early 1940s, forced into service by the Japanese government to work in coal mines in Sakhalin (then known as [[Karafuto Prefecture]]) in order to fill labour shortages caused by [[World War II]].<ref name=Byong>{{cite news|last=Ban|first=Byung-yool|title=Koreans in Russia: Historical Perspective|url=http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/nation/200409/kt2004092218583111950.htm|newspaper=Korea Times|date=22 September 2004|accessdate=20 November 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050318164348/http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/nation/200409/kt2004092218583111950.htm|archivedate=18 March 2005}}</ref>

==Autonym==
The word "Koryo" in "Koryo-saram" originated from the name of the [[Goryeo|Goryeo (Koryŏ) Dynasty]] from which "Korea" was derived. The name ''Soviet Korean'' was also used, more frequently before the collapse of the Soviet Union.<ref>{{harvnb|Pohl|1999|p=18}}</ref> Russians may also lump Koryo-saram under the general label ''koreytsy'' ({{lang|ru|корейцы}}); however, this usage makes no distinctions between ethnic Koreans of the local nationality and the Korean nationals (citizens of North Korea or South Korea).

In Standard Korean, the term "Koryo-saram" is typically used to refer to historical figures from the Goryeo dynasty;<ref>See, for instance, the [[:ko:분류:고려 사람|Koryo-saram category on the Korean wikipedia]]</ref> to avoid ambiguity, Korean speakers use a word ''Goryeoin'' ({{lang-ko|고려인}}; [[Hanja]]: 高麗人, meaning the same as "Koryo-saram") to refer to ethnic Koreans in the post-Soviet states.<ref name=Byong/> However, the [[Sino-Korean vocabulary|Sino-Korean]] morpheme "-in" (인) is not [[Productivity (linguistics)|productive]] in [[Koryo-mal]], the dialect spoken by Koryo-saram, and as a result, only a few (mainly those who have studied Standard Korean) refer to themselves by this name; instead, Koryo-saram has come to be the preferred term.<ref name="King">{{citation|format=DOC|last=King|first=Ross|last2=Kim|first2=German N.|title=Introduction|url=http://www.koryosaram.freenet.kz/update1/east-rock-intro.doc|publisher=East Rock Institute|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20031030073148/http://www.koryosaram.freenet.kz/update1/east-rock-intro.doc|archivedate=30 October 2003|accessdate=20 November 2006}}</ref>

==Origins==
===Immigration to the Russian Far East and Siberia===
The 19th century saw the decline of the [[Joseon Dynasty]] of Korea.  A small population of wealthy elite owned the farmlands in the country, and poor peasants found it difficult to survive. Koreans leaving the country in this period were obliged to move toward Russia, as the border with China was sealed by the [[Qing Dynasty]].<ref name="lee7">{{harvnb|Lee|2000|p=7}}</ref> However, the first Koreans in the Russian Empire, 761 families totalling 5,310 people, had actually migrated to Qing territory; the land they had settled on was ceded to Russia by the [[Convention of Peking]] in 1860.<ref>{{harvnb|Pohl|1999|p=9}}</ref> Many peasants considered [[Siberia]] to be a land where they could lead better lives, and so they subsequently migrated there. As early as 1863, 13 Korean households were recorded near [[Novukorut Bay]]. These numbers rose dramatically, and by 1869 Koreans composed 20% of the population of the [[Primorsky Krai|Maritime Province]].<ref name="lee7"/> Prior to the completion of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]], Koreans outnumbered Russians in the [[Russian Far East]]; the local governors encouraged them to naturalize.<ref name="lee8">{{harvnb|Lee|2000|p=8}}</ref> The village of [[Blagoslovennoe]] was founded in 1870 by Korean migrants.<ref name="Pohl10">{{harvnb|Pohl|1999|p=10}}</ref> The 1897 [[Russian Empire Census]] found 26,005 Korean speakers (16,225 men and 9,780 women) in the whole of Russia.<ref>{{harvnb|Russian Census|1897}}</ref>

In the early 20th century, both Russia and Korea came into conflict with Japan. Following the end of the [[Russo-Japanese War]] in 1907, Russia enacted an anti-Korean law at the behest of Japan, under which the land of Korean farmers was confiscated and Korean labourers were laid off.<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|2000|p=14}}</ref> However, Korean migration to Russia continued to grow; 1914 figures showed 64,309 Koreans (among whom 20,109 were Russian citizens). Even the 1917 [[Bolshevik Revolution]] did nothing to slow migration; in fact, after the repression of the 1919 [[March 1st Movement]] in [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese-colonised Korea]], migration actually intensified.<ref name="Pohl10"/> Koreans leaders in [[Vladivostok]]'s [[Sinhanchon]] (literally, "New Korean Village") neighbourhood also provided support to the independence movement, making it a centre for nationalist activities, including arms supply; the Japanese attacked it on April 4, 1920, leaving hundreds dead.<ref name="lee15">{{harvnb|Lee|2000|p=15}}</ref> By 1923, the Korean population in the Soviet Union had grown to 106,817. The following year, the Soviets began taking measures to control Korean population movement to their territory; however, they were not completely successful until 1931; after that date, they halted all migration from Korea and required existing migrants to naturalise as Soviet citizens.<ref name="Pohl10"/>

The Soviet policy of ''[[korenizatsiya]]'' (indigenisation) resulted in the creation of 105 Korean village [[Soviet (council)|soviet]]s (councils) in mixed-nationality ''raion'', as well as an entire ''raion'' for the Korean nationality, the Pos'et Korean National Raion; these conducted their activities entirely in the [[Korean language]]. The Soviet Koreans had a large number of their own official institutions, including 380 Korean schools, two teachers' colleges, one pedagogical school, three hospitals, a theatre, six journals, and seven newspapers (the largest of which, ''Vanguard'', had a circulation of 10,000). The [[Soviet Census (1937)|1937 Census]] showed 168,259 Koreans in the Soviet Union. However, officials in the Russian Far East viewed the Koreans' ethnic and family ties to the Japanese Empire with suspicion, which would soon set the stage for the deportation of the whole population.<ref name="Pohl10"/>

===Deportation to Central Asia===
{{main|Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union}}

In 1937, facing reports from the NKVD that the Japanese had infiltrated the Russian Far East by means of ethnic Korean spies, [[Joseph Stalin]] and [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] signed Resolution 1428-326 ss, "On the Exile of the Korean Population from border ''Raions'' of the Far East Kray", on 21 August.<ref>{{harvnb|Pohl|1999|p=11}}</ref> According to the report of [[Nikolai Yezhov]], 36,442 Korean families totalling 171,781 persons were deported by 25 October.<ref>{{harvnb|Pohl|1999|p=12}}</ref> The deported Koreans faced difficult conditions in Central Asia: monetary assistance promised by the government never materialised, and furthermore, most of the deported were rice farmers and fishers, who had difficulty adapting to the arid climate of their new home. Estimates based on population statistics suggest that 40,000 deported Koreans died in 1937 and 1938 for these reasons.<ref>{{harvnb|Pohl|1999|pp=13–14}}</ref> However, the deportees cooperated to build irrigation works and start rice farms; within three years, they had recovered their original standard of living.<ref name="lee141">{{harvnb|Lee|2000|p=141}}</ref>  The events of this period led to the formation of a cohesive identity among the Korean deportees.<ref name="lee141"/>  However, in schools for Soviet Korean children, the government switched Korean language from being the [[medium of instruction]] to being taught merely as a second language in 1939, and from 1945 stopped it from being taught entirely; furthermore, the only publication in the Korean language was the ''Lenin Kichi''. As a result, subsequent generations lost the use of the Korean language, which J. Otto Pohl described as "emasculat[ing] the expression of Korean culture in the Soviet Union.<ref>{{harvnb|Pohl|1999|p=15}}</ref> Up until the era of [[glasnost]], it was not permitted to speak openly of the deportations.<ref name=Byong/>
<!-- To do here:  Deportation and it's effect on Koryo-saram's attitudes towards Korean culture. Koryo-saram became highly assimilationist, achieved high education levels and one of the best command of Russian among the minority nationalities. Analogous to Japanese internment? (Especially with regards to confiscation of property). Obviously more severe (executions of community leaders, etc.), but similar effects. -->

==Post-deportation==
Scholars estimated that {{As of|2002|lc=on}}, roughly 470,000 Koryo-saram were living in the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]], including 198,000 in [[Uzbekistan]], 125,000 in [[Russia]], 105,000 in [[Kazakhstan]], 19,000 in [[Kyrgyzstan]], 13,000 in [[Ukraine]], 6,000 in [[Tajikistan]], 3,000 in [[Turkmenistan]], and 5,000 in other constituent republics.<ref name="KSKi"/>

===Russia===
The [[Russian Census (2002)|2002 census]] gave a population of 148,556 Koreans in Russia, of which 75,835 were male and 72,721 female.<ref>{{harvnb|Russian Census|2002|loc=Table 4.1}}</ref> About one-fourth reside in [[Siberia]] and the [[Russian Far East]]; the Korean population there trace their roots back to a variety of sources. Aside from roughly 33,000 [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] nationals, mostly migrants retracing in reverse the 1937 deportation of their ancestors, between 4,000 and 12,000 [[North Koreans in Russia|North Korean migrant labourers]] can be found in the region. Smaller numbers of [[South Korea]]ns and [[ethnic Koreans in China|ethnic Koreans from China]] have also come to the region to settle, invest, and/or engage in cross-border trade.<ref name="JYLee">{{harvnb|Lee|2006}}</ref>

===Ukraine===
[[File:Oleksandr Sin.JPG|thumb|[[Oleksandr Sin]], a mayor of [[Zaporizhia]]]]
In the [[2001 census of Ukraine|2001 census]] in [[Ukraine]] 12,711 people defined themselves as ethnic Koreans, up from 8,669 in 1989. Of these only 17.5% gave Korean as their first language. The majority (76%) stated their mother tongue was [[Russian language|Russian]], while 5.5% stated [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=50&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&n_page=3|script-title=uk:Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 - Результати - Національний склад населення, мовні ознаки, громадянство - Розподіл населення за національністю та рідною мовою - корейці|trans-title=Population census 2001 - Results - National composition of population, language attributes, nationality - of the population distribution by nationality and native language - Koreans|language=uk|work=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine|date=2003|accessdate=22 December 2016}}</ref> The largest concentrations can be found in [[Kharkiv]], [[Kiev]], [[Odessa]], [[Mykolaiv]], [[Cherkasy]], [[Lviv]], [[Luhansk]], [[Donetsk]], [[Dnipropetrovsk]], [[Zaporizhia]], and [[Crimea]]. The largest ethnic representative body, the Association of Koreans in Ukraine, is located in Kharkiv, where roughly 150 Korean families reside; the first [[Korean language]] school was opened in 1996 under their direction.<ref name="KSKi"/><ref>{{harvnb|Pavlenko|1999|p=2}}</ref> One of the most famous Korean-Ukrainians is [[Oleksandr Sin]], former mayor of [[Zaporizhzhia]].

===Central Asia===
[[File:Samarqand Afrasiab cemetery2.jpg|thumb|Cemetery in Samarkand, Uzbekistan]]
The majority of Koryo-saram in Central Asia reside in [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Kazakhstan]]. Korean culture in Kazakhstan is centered in [[Almaty]], the former capital. For much of the 20th century, this was the only place in Central Asia where a Korean language newspaper (the ''[[Koryo Shinmun]]'') and [[Korean Theatre of Kazakhstan|Korean language theater]] were in operation.<ref name="lee122">{{harvnb|Lee|2000|p=122}}</ref>  The Korean population here was sheltered by the local governor from the restrictions placed on them elsewhere.{{Citation needed|date=May 2007}} The censuses of Kazakhstan recorded 96,500 Koryo-saram in 1939, 74,000 in 1959, 81,600 in 1970, 92,000 in 1979, 100,700 in 1989, and 99,700 in 1999.{{sfn|Alekseenko|2000}}

In Kyrgyzstan, the population has remained roughly stable over the past three censuses: 18,355 (1989), 19,784 (1999), and 17,299 (2009).<ref name="NewCensus">{{citation|format=PDF|script-title=ru:Перепись населения и жилищного фонда Кыргызской Республики 2009. Книга 2. Часть 1. (в таблицах). Население Кыргызстана|trans-title=Census of Population and Housing Fund of the Kyrgyz Republic, 2009. Book 2. Part 1 (in the tables). The population of Kyrgyzstan|language=ru|place=Bishkek|work=Kyrgyz Republic National Committee on Statistics|year=2010|url=http://212.42.101.100:8088/nacstat/sites/default/files/3.1.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530011450/http://212.42.101.100:8088/nacstat/sites/default/files/3.1.pdf|archivedate=30 May 2011}}</ref> This contrasts sharply with other non-indigenous groups such as [[Germans in Kyrgyzstan|Germans]], many of whom [[Russian-speaking population groups in Germany|migrated to Germany]] after the breakup of the Soviet Union. South Korea never had any programme to promote return migration of their diaspora in Central Asia, unlike Germany. However, they have established organisations to promote Korean language and culture, such as the Korean Centre of Education which opened in Bishkek in 2001. South Korean Christian missionaries are also active in the country.<ref>{{citation|last=Sparling|first=Evan|title=Kyrgyzstan: Ethnic Minority Expands Ties to South Korea|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insightb/articles/eav102209a.shtml|publisher=eurasianet.org|date=21 October 2009|accessdate=23 December 2016}}</ref>

The population in Uzbekistan is largely scattered in rural areas. This population has suffered in recent years from linguistic handicaps, as the Koryo-saram there spoke [[Russian language|Russian]] but not [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]. After the independence of [[Uzbekistan]], many lost their jobs due to being unable to speak the national language. Some emigrated to the [[Russian Far East]], but found life difficult there as well.<ref name="lee143">{{harvnb|Lee|2000|p=143}}</ref> 

There is also a small Korean community in [[Tajikistan]]. Mass settlement of Koreans in the country began during the late 1950s and early 1960s, after the loosening of restrictions on their freedom of movement which had previously kept them confined to Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. Pull factors for migration included rich natural resources and a relatively mild climate. Their population grew to 2,400 in 1959, 11,000 in 1979, and 13,000 in 1989; most lived in the capital [[Dushanbe]], with smaller concentrations in [[Qurghonteppa]] and [[Khujand]]. Like Koreans in other parts of Central Asia, they generally possessed higher incomes compared to members of other ethnic groups. However, with the May 1992 onset of [[civil war in Tajikistan]], many fled the country entirely; by 1996, their population had fallen by over half to 6,300 people.{{sfn|Back|2004}} Most are engaged in agriculture and retail business.<ref>{{cite web|last=Choe|first=Yeong-ha|url=http://www.donga.com/fbin/moeum?n=dstory$i_21&a=v&l=2&id=199812130104|script-title=ko:타지키스탄 내전과 한국교민|trans-title=Civil War in Tajikistan and Korean Ethnics|language=ko|periodical=Donga Ilbo|date=13 December 1998|accessdate=26 March 2007|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040626182149/http://www.donga.com/fbin/moeum?n=dstory$i_21&a=v&l=2&id=199812130104|archivedate=26 June 2004}}</ref> Violence continued even after the end of the civil war; in 2000, suspected [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]] members exploded a bomb in a Korean Christian church in Dushanbe, killing 9 and wounding 30.<ref>{{harvnb|Dong|Su|2005}}</ref>

===Return migration to Korea===
[[File:Gwanghui-dong, Seoul Russian-speaking church and Kyrgyz restaurant.jpg|thumb|right|In [[Gwanghui-dong]], [[Seoul]], a Russian-speaking church of Koryo-saram members occupies the floor upstairs from a restaurant serving [[Kyrgyz cuisine]]]]
There was some minor return migration of Soviet Koreans to Korea in the first half of the 20th century. They formed 4 main groups: those sent for intelligence work during the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese colonial period]], the Red Army personnel who arrived in 1945&ndash;6, civilian advisors and teachers who arrived in the northern half of the peninsula in 1946&ndash;8, and individuals who repatriated from the Soviet Union to North Korea for personal reasons.{{sfn|Lankov|2002|p=112}} Though it was common in most of the newly socialist countries of the [[Eastern Bloc]] to receive Soviet-educated personnel who were from the country or had ancestral ethnic connections there, in North Korea such returned members of national diaspora played a more important role than in other countries.{{sfn|Lankov|2002|p=111}}

Later, labour migration to South Korea would grow to a large size. {{Asof|2005}}, as many as 10,000 Uzbekistani nationals worked in South Korea, a sizeable portion of them being ethnic Koreans. It is estimated that [[remittances]] from South Korea to Uzbekistan exceed $100 million annually.<ref name="Baek">{{citation|last=Baek|first=Il-hyun|title=Scattered Koreans turn homeward|date=2005-09-14|periodical=Joongang Daily|accessdate=2006-11-27|url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/200509/14/200509142129404979900091009101.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20051127093846/http://joongangdaily.joins.com/200509/14/200509142129404979900091009101.html |archivedate = 2005-11-27}}</ref>

==Culture==
After their arrival in Central Asia, the Koryo-saram quickly established a way of life different from that of neighbouring peoples. They set up irrigation works and became known throughout the region as rice farmers.<ref name="lee141"/>  They interacted little with the nomadic peoples around them, and focused on education. Although they soon ceased to wear [[traditional Korean clothing]], they adapted Western-style dress rather than the clothing worn by the Central Asian peoples.<ref name="lee40">{{harvnb|Lee|2000|p=40}}</ref>

The ritual life of the Koryo-saram community has changed in various respects.  Marriages have taken on the Russian style.<ref name="lee249"/> At [[Korean traditional funeral]]s, the coffin is taken out of the house either through the window or a single door threshold; however, if there is more than one door threshold on the way out (e.g. in modern multi-stories buildings), three notches are made on each threshold.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://korea.narod.ru/content/korea/25/25.html|script-title=ru:Похоронные обряды|trans-title=Funeral rites|language=ru|publisher=korea.narod.ru|date=18 January 2006|accessdate=29 April 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419190244/http://korea.narod.ru/content/korea/25/25.html|archivedate=19 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Min|first=L. V.|url=http://world.lib.ru/k/kim_german_nikolaewich/40.shtml|script-title=ru:Семейные Традиции И Обычаи Корейцев, Проживающих В Казахстане|trans-title=Family Traditions and Customs of Koreans Living in Kazakhstan|language=ru|publisher=world.lib.ru|date=2 April 2011|accessdate=23 December 2016}}</ref> The name of the dead is traditionally written in ''[[hanja]]''; however, as hardly anyone is left among the Koryo-saram who can write in ''hanja'', the name is generally written in [[hangul]] only. On the other hand, the rituals for the first birthday and sixtieth anniversary have been preserved in their traditional form.<ref name="lee250">{{harvnb|Lee|2000|p=250}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
[[File:Korean-style carrot.jpg|thumb|[[Korean carrot salad]]]]
Koryo-saram have preserved the [[Korean cuisine]] particularly well. The cuisine of the Koryo-saram is closest to that of the [[Hamgyong]] provinces in North Korea, and is dominated by meat soups and salty side dishes.<ref name="lee249">{{harvnb|Lee|2000|p=249}}</ref> It uses similar cooking techniques but is adapted to local ingredients, which resulted in invention of new dishes. One well-known example is spicy [[carrot salad]], known throughout the Soviet Union as [[Korean-style carrot]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/18/dining/the-silk-road-leads-to-queens.html|title=The Silk Road Leads to Queens|periodical=The New York Times|last=Moskin|first=Julia|date=18 January 2006|accessdate=8 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lankov|first=Andrei|author-link=Andrei Lankov|url=http://via.sawd.ch/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3JidGguYXNpYS9hcnRpY2xlcy8yMDEyLzA4LzIxL2tvcmVhbl9jYXJyb3RfMTY0MDUuaHRtbA%3D%3D|title=Korean carrot|publisher=Russia Beyond the Headlines|date=21 August 2012|accessdate=22 December 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928142343/http://via.sawd.ch/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3JidGguYXNpYS9hcnRpY2xlcy8yMDEyLzA4LzIxL2tvcmVhbl9jYXJyb3RfMTY0MDUuaHRtbA%3D%3D|archivedate=28 September 2013}}</ref> It is a Koryo-saram invention and was unknown in South Korea until recently. However, it has gained an international following, being served in most cafeterias throughout the CIS, sold in all supermarkets, and featured regularly as a side dish on dinner tables and in holiday feasts set by all ethnicities of the former Soviet Union. On the other hand, some South Korean dishes such as [[bulgogi]], [[bibimbap]], and [[samgyeopsal]] were relatively unknown to Koryo-saram until recently. Dishes traditionally popular among Koryo-saram include [[pigodi]], [[kuksi|kuksu]] (Korean:국수), [[timpeni]], [[khe (food)|khe]], [[chartagi]], [[kadi che]](Korean:가지채), [[kosari che]](Korean:고사리채), [[chirgym che]], [[Banchan|panchan]], [[schirak tyamuri]], [[kadyuri]].

===Personal and family names===
{{Korean names in Russian}}

{{See also|List of Korean family names|Cyrillization of Korean}}

Many Korean surnames, when Cyrillized, are spelled and pronounced slightly differently from the romanisations used in the U.S. and the resulting common pronunciations, as can be seen in the table at right. Some surnames of Koryo-saram have a particle "gai" added to them, such as Kogai or Nogai. The origin of this is unclear.<ref name="Kim 2003 3">{{harvnb|Kim|2003|p=3}}</ref>
The introduction of international passports by newly independent CIS countries, resulted in further differences in pronunciation as Korean surnames had to be transliterated from Cyrillic into Latin. In addition to a surname, Koreans also use clan names (known as [[Bon-gwan]] in Korea and pronounced as пой among koryo saram) denoting the place of origin.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kim|first=Yong-un|url=http://www.arirang.ru/bons/bons.htm|script-title=ru:Корейские боны (пои)|trans-title=Korean bons (poi)|language=ru|periodical=Ariran|issue=2|date=June 2001|accessdate=23 December 2016}}</ref>

[[Korean name|Korean naming practices]] and [[Names in Russian Empire, Soviet Union and CIS countries|Russian naming practices]] conflict in several important ways; Koryo-saram have resolved each of these conflicts in a different way, in some cases favouring Russian patterns, in others, Korean patterns.

====Patronymics====
After the first generation of settlers, Koryo-saram tended to abandon traditional [[Korean name|Korean naming practices]] and follow [[Names in Russian Empire, Soviet Union and CIS countries|Russian naming patterns]], using a Russian given name, Russian-style patronymic (derived from the father's name, regardless of whether his name was Russian or Korean), and Korean surname.<ref>{{harvnb|Kim|2003|p=5}}</ref> Succeeding generations tended to have both a Russian given name and a Russian patronymic.{{sfn|Chang|2005|postscript=: He noted that in a Korean cemetery in Uzbekistan, most of the gravestones were inscribed only in Cyrillic, and most of the deceased had a patronymic derived from a Russian given name.}} This differs from the pattern typical in the US, where [[Korean-American|Korean American]] parents often register their children with a Korean given name as their legal middle name (e.g. [[Daniel Dae Kim]], [[Harold Hongju Koh]]).

====Surnames of married women====
{{see also|Married and maiden names#Russia and some Slavic countries}}
Another area in which traditional Korean naming practices clashed with Russian custom was in the use of surnames by married couples. In Russia, a wife traditionally takes her husband's surname after marriage, whereas Korean women retain their original surname even after marriage. In this regard, the Koryo-saram appear to have kept to Korean tradition much more closely, rather than adopting the Russian practice; for example, out of 18 ethnic Korean babies born in the Kalinin district of Alma Ata, Kazakhstan in 1980, 10 were to parents with different surnames, possibly indicating the extent of this practice.<ref name="Kim 2003 3"/> However, adoption of the husband's surname by the wife is not a universal custom among Russians either, and deviations from it are viewed as normal.

====Declining for gender====
Russian surnames are typically declined to indicate the gender of their bearer, while Korean surnames are not, as the Korean language lacks grammatical gender. In the former Soviet countries, many inhabitants, notably the Turkic peoples, had suffixes ''ov'' or ''ova'' added to their surnames; examples include presidents [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] and [[Islam Karimov]]. However, Koryo-saram surnames do not follow this practice.<ref name="Kim 2003 6">{{harvnb|Kim|2003|p=6}}</ref> However, they do decline in accordance to [[Grammatical case|case]] as per the [[Russian language]]'s rules.

====Generation names====
In Korea, it is common for siblings and cousins of the same generation to have one [[hanja]] syllable in common among all of their names; this is known as ''[[Generation name|dollimja]]''. Russians have no equivalent practice, although they do have [[patronym]]s which the Koryo-saram have for the most part adopted. Koryo-saram often do not have Korean names, because of a poor command of the Korean language among their relatives; however, birth records show that many siblings have been given Russian names starting with the same letters of the alphabet by their parents, indicating that the practice of ''dollimja'' has continued in a localised form.<ref name="Kim 2003 6"/>

===Language===
{{main|Koryo-mar}}
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|-
|+Languages among the Soviet Union's Korean population<ref>{{harvnb|Trosterud|2000|loc=Tables for 1970, 1979, and 1989}}</ref>
|-
!
!1970
!1979
!1989
|-
!Total population
|357,507
|388,926
|438,650
|-
!Korean [[First language|L1]]
|245,076
|215,504
|216,811
|-
!Russian [[First language|L1]]
|111,949
|172,710
|219,953
|-
!Russian [[Second language|L2]]
|179,776
|185,357
|189,929
|-
!Other [[Second language|L2]]
|6,034
|8,938
|16,217
|}

Due to deportation and the continuing urbanization of the population after 1952, the command of Korean among the Koryo-saram has continued to fall. This contrasts with other more rural minority groups such as the [[Dungan people|Dungan]], who have maintained a higher level of proficiency in their ethnic language. In 1989, the most recent year for which data are available, the number of Russian mother tongue speakers among the Koryo-saram population overtook that of Korean mother tongue speakers.

===Relations with Korean expatriates===
The 2005 [[Cinema of Korea|South Korean film]] ''[[Wedding Campaign]]'', directed by Hwang Byung-kook, portrays two aging bachelor farmers from rural villages who hope to find wives. Having no romantic prospects in South Korea, they opt to go through an international [[mail-order bride]] agency, which sends them to Uzbekistan and tries to match them with Korean women there.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kim|first=Tae-jong|url=http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/culture/200508/kt2005082120230411710.htm |title=Farmer Looks for Love in Upcoming 'Wedding Campaign'|newspaper=[[The Korea Times]]|date=21 August 2005|accessdate=16 October 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051128063758/http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/culture/200508/kt2005082120230411710.htm|archivedate=28 November 2005}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Korea|Soviet Union}}
*[[List of Koryo-saram]]
*[[South Korea-Russia relations]]
*[[Russians in Korea]]
*[[Dungan people|Dungan]], the Turkic name for [[Hui people|Hui]] [[Chinese people|Chinese]] who settled in Central Asia.
*[[Workers' Party of Korea]], whose predecessors were founded by Korean nationalists in exile in the Soviet Union.
*''[[Zheruiyk - Promised land]]'' (also known as "Atazhurt")<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2086958/|title=Zheruiyk|via=IMDb|date=2011|accessdate=22 December 2016}}</ref> - film about Kazakhstani Koreans
{{-}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Sources===
* {{cite web|url=http://ecsocman.hse.ru/data/632/697/1217/010Alekseenko.pdf|format=PDF|last=Alekseenko|first=Aleksandr Nikolaevich|script-title=ru:Республика в зеркале переписей населения|trans-title=Republic in the Mirror of the Population Censuses|language=ru|journal=Population and Society: Newsletter of the Centre for Demography and Human Ecology|publisher=Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences|year=2000|issue=47|pages=58–62|accessdate=22 December 2016|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last=Back|first=Tae-Hyun|title=The social reality faced by ethnic Koreans in Central Asia|journal=Korean and Korean American Studies Bulletin|volume=12|number=2-3|pages=45–88|year=2004|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last=Chang|first=Jon|title=Central Asia or Bust|journal=KoreAm Journal|date=February 2005|url=http://www.koreamjournal.com/Magazine/index.php/kj/2005/february/spotlight/central_asia_or_bust|accessdate=26 February 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007111253/http://www.koreamjournal.com/Magazine/index.php/kj/2005/february/spotlight/central_asia_or_bust|archivedate=7 October 2008|ref=harv}}
*{{citation|format=PDF|chapter=Strategic Adjustments and Countermeasures against Extremist Forces of Central Asian Countries after 9/11|last1=Dong|first1=Xiaoyang|first2=Chang|last2=Su|editor1=Charles Hawkins|editor2=Robert Love|title=Proceedings of the Central Asia Symposium, Monterey, California|publisher=U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command|publication-place=Fort Monroe, Virginia|date=August 2005|accessdate=26 March 2007|url=http://leav-www.army.mil/fmso/documents/New-Great-Game.pdf|pages=47–82|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410040701/http://leav-www.army.mil/fmso/documents/New-Great-Game.pdf|archivedate=10 April 2008}}
*{{citation|last=Ki|first=Kwangseo|chapter=구소련 한인사회의 역사적 변천과 현실 [Korean society in the former Soviet Union: historical development and realities]|language=ko|title=Proceedings of 2002 Conference of the Association for the Study of Overseas Koreans (ASOK)|publisher=Association for the Study of Overseas Koreans|date=December 2002|publication-place=Seoul}}
*{{citation|last=Kim|first=German Nikolaevich|year=2003|title=Names of Koryo-saram|publisher=Al-Farabi University|url=http://www.koryosaram.freenet.kz/update1/names.doc|accessdate=26 March 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20031030024707/http://www.koryosaram.freenet.kz/update1/names.doc|archivedate=30 October 2003}}
*{{citation|last=Kim|first=Young-Sik|year=2003b|title=Who were the Soviet Koreans? The left-right confrontation in Korea – Its origin|url=http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/1632.html|publisher=Association for Asian Research|accessdate=26 February 2009}}
* {{cite book|last=Lankov|first=Andrei|author-link=Andrei Lankov|chapter=The Emergence of the Soviet faction in North Korea, 1945-55|title=From Stalin to Kim: The Formation of North Korea 1945-1960|publisher=C. Hurst & Co|location=London|year=2002|isbn=978-1-85065-563-3|ref=harv}}
*{{citation|title=Overseas Koreans|last=Lee|first=Kwang-kyu|publisher=Jimoondang|location=Seoul|year=2000|isbn=89-88095-18-9}}
*{{citation|format=PDF|last=Lee|first=Jeanyoung|title=Migration, Ethnicity and Citizenship: Ethnic-Korean Returnees in the Russian Far East|url=http://cct.pa.go.kr/data/acf2006/multi/multi_0202_Jeanyoung%20Lee.pdf|year=2006|accessdate=22 December 2016|publisher=Transformation & Prospect toward Multiethnic, Multiracial & Multicultural Society: Enhancing Intercultural Communication, Asia Culture Forum, [[Inha University]]}}
*{{citation|format=DOC|url=http://lgi.osi.hu/ethnic/csdb/doc/Apavlenko1.doc|last=Pavlenko|first=Valentina Nikolaevna|title=Establishing a boarding school for Koreans in Ukraine|journal=Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative Case Studies|issue=30|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041124071107/http://lgi.osi.hu/ethnic/csdb/doc/Apavlenko1.doc|archivedate=24 November 2004}}
*{{citation|last=Pohl|first=J. Otto|title=Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937-1949|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=0-313-30921-3|year=1999}}
*{{citation|last=Schlyter|first=Bridget|url=http://orient4.orient.su.se/centralasia/FocasWien.html|chapter=Korean Business and Culture in Former Soviet Central Asia|title=Forum for Central Asian Studies|publisher=Stockholm University|year=2004|accessdate=11 December 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040517114418/http://orient4.orient.su.se/centralasia/FocasWien.html|archivedate=17 May 2004}}

===Census data===
*{{citation|ref=CITEREFRussian_Census1897|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php|publisher=Demoscope.ru|title=Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. (General Population Census of the Russian Empire in 1897)|accessdate=20 May 2007}}
*{{citation|title=Soviet censuses: Introduction to the census data, legend to the tables, and sources|year=2000|accessdate=1 December 2009|publisher=[[University of Tromsø]]|publication-place=Norway|url=http://www.hum.uit.no/a/trond/sintr.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020191853/http://www.hum.uit.no/a/trond/sintr.html|archivedate=20 October 2008|first=Trond|last=Trosterud}}
*{{citation|ref=CITEREFRussian_Census2002|title=Russian Census|publisher=Федеральная служба государственной статистики|date=9 October 2002|url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/TOM_04_01.xls|accessdate=26 July 2006}}
[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277973184_Koreans_of_The_South_Ussury_in_1879 Koreans of The South Ussury in 1879]

==External links==
*{{Ru icon}} [http://ksearu.org/ Association of Scientific and Technological Societies Koreans ('''ANTOK''')]
*{{Ru icon}} [http://arirang.ru/ CIS Koreans Information Web-Site of ARIRANG.RU]
*{{Ru icon}} [http://world.lib.ru/k/kim_o_i/indexdate.shtml Lib.Ru: the Koreans]
*{{Ru icon}} [http://koryoplanet.narod.ru/ Tashkent Representation of the Institute of Asian Culture and Development ('''TP IAKR''')] — an Association of Koreans in [[Karakalpakstan]].
*[http://www.icfks.narod.ru/index-eng.html  International Center for Korean Studies of Lomonosov Moscow State University]
*[http://koryosaram.net/ Koryo Saram: the Unreliable People (documentary film)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080224202608/http://www.sslee.freenet.kz/projectinformation.htm Koryo Saram Resource of the Central Asian Fulbright Project]

{{navboxes|
|list=
{{Korean diaspora}}
{{Immigration to Russia}}
{{Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan}}
{{Demographics of Kyrgyzstan}}
{{Ethnic groups in Tajikistan}}
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}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Koryo-Saram}}
[[Category:Koryo-saram| ]]
[[Category:Overseas Korean groups]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan]]
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Korea–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Korean expatriates in the Soviet Union| ]]
[[Category:Soviet people of Korean descent| ]]