View source for Energy policy of Kazakhstan

[[Kazakhstan]] owns large reserves of energy resources, and therefore  the '''energy policy of Kazakhstan''' has influence over the world's overall energy supply. Although Kazakhstan has not described itself as an energy superpower, Kazakhstan's president [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] has claimed Kazakhstan will become a factor of [[energy security]] in Asia and Europe.<ref name=alex1>{{cite news | url=http://www.gasandoil.com/GOC/news/ntc63970.htm | title=Kazakhstan becoming pillar of energy security in Asia and Europe | publisher=Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections | date=13 September 2006 | accessdate=2007-06-10}}</ref> Kazakhstan has a strategic geographical location to control oil and gas flows from [[Central Asia]] to East ([[China]]) and West ([[Russia]], global market).

Kazakhstan was a partner country of the [[European Union|EU]] [[INOGATE]] energy programme, which had four key topics: enhancing [[energy security]],
[[wikt:convergence|convergence]] of member state [[energy market]]s on the basis of [[Internal energy market|EU internal energy market]] principles,
supporting [[sustainable energy]] development, and attracting [[investment]] for energy projects of common and regional interest.<ref>[http://www.inogate.org INOGATE website]</ref>

On January 1, 2013, Kazakhstan became the first country in Central Asia to launch an economy-wide carbon [[Emissions trading|emissions system]] to cap emissions from its biggest emitters in the energy, coal, oil and gas extraction sectors.<ref name=EBRD>{{cite web|title=EBRD hosts workshop on Kazakhstan’s emissions trading scheme |url=http://www.ebrd.com/pages/news/press/2013/130620a.shtml |publisher=European Bank for Reconstruction and Development |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803110935/http://www.ebrd.com/pages/news/press/2013/130620a.shtml |archivedate=2013-08-03 |df= }}</ref>

==Overview==
The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources was the responsible governmental agency for energy policies until March 2010 when it was dissolved and replaced by the Ministry of Oil and Gas and the Ministry for Industry and New Technologies.<ref>http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=KZ</ref>

In June 2003, the government of Kazakhstan announced a new [[Caspian Sea]] development program, according to which new offshore blocks of oil and gas to be auctioned. In 2005, the government introduced new restrictions granting to the state-owned oil and gas company [[KazMunayGas]] status of contractor and at least half of any production sharing agreement (PSA). New tax structure, enforced in January 2004, included a so-called "rent tax" on exports, a progressive tax that increases as oil prices grow. The amendment raised the government's share of oil income to a range of 65-85%.The new structure includes an excess profit tax, and limits foreign participation to 50 percent in each offshore project with no guarantees of operatorship.<ref name=eiaoil>{{cite news | url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Kazakhstan/Oil.html | title=Kazakhstan energy data, statistics and analysis - oil | publisher=US Energy Information Agency | date=October 2006 | accessdate=2007-06-10}}</ref>

In 2005, Kazakhstan amended the subsoil law to preempt the sale of oil assets in the country and to extend the government’s power to buy back energy assets by limiting the transfer of property rights to strategic assets in Kazakhstan.<ref name=eiaoil/>

Kazakhstan projects to inject 9.4 trillion [[Kazakhstani tenge|tenge]] to prop up its power sector until 2030. Some 5.5 trillion tenge will be directed to power generation, 1.4 trillion to the national power grid and 2.5 trillion tenge to regional power distribution companies. The draft published in October 2012 provides for creating a unified power system, reducing environmental stress, increasing the share of renewable energy sources in Kazakhstan's power generation and introducing energy-efficient technologies.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan Projects 9.4 trln tenge to Prop Up Power Sector Until 2030|url=http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/kazakhstan-projects-94-trillion-tenge-to-prop-up-power-sector-until-2030/|newspaper=The Gazette of Central Asia|date=8 November 2012|publisher=Satrapia}}</ref>

In 2013, Kazakhstan adopted the Energy Efficiency 2020 Program that would reduce emission 10% every year until 2015. Adopted by Prime Minister [[Serik Akhmetov]], this new law would help reduce emissions and help with energy efficient solutions from large companies to small families. 2,000 industrial enterprises would be energy audits to meet with the new law. The program in the long run reduces the amount of energy per square meter by 30% and reduce costs by 14%.<ref>Kazakhstan adopts long-term energy efficiency program http://www.azernews.az/region/58701.html</ref>

==Primary energy sources==
Kazakhstan oil, gas, coal and uranium reserves are among the ten biggest in the world.

===Oil===
Kazakhstan is estimated to have around {{convert|30|Goilbbl|m3}} of crude oil reserves, which place it eleventh in the world.<ref name=icg>
{{cite news
 |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/central_asia/133_central_asia_s_energy_risks.pdf 
 |title=Central Asia's Energy Risks. Asia Report No. 133 
 |publisher=International Crisis Group 
 |format=PDF 
 |date=2007-05-24 
 |accessdate=2007-05-26 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613040112/http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/central_asia/133_central_asia_s_energy_risks.pdf 
 |archivedate=2007-06-13 
 |deadurl=yes 
 |df= 
}}
</ref>  In 2000s, the oil production has increased rapidly due to foreign investment and improvements in production efficiencies. In 2006, Kazakhstan produced 54&nbsp;million tons of crude oil and 10.5&nbsp;million tons of gas condensate {{convert|565000000|oilbbl|abbr=on}}, which makes Kazakhstan eighteenth-largest oil producer in the world.<ref name=icg/> At these production levels Kazakhstan is thought to have approximately 50&nbsp;years of remaining production.  According to the president Nursultan Nazarbayev, Kazakhstan is planning to increase its oil production up to {{convert|3.5|Moilbbl|m3}} of oil a day, of which 3&nbsp;million will go to export.  This will lift Kazakhstan into the ranks of the world's top 10 oil-producing nations.<ref name=alex1/> According to the former Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources [[Baktykozha Izmukhametov]] Kazakhstan plans to increase the petroleum output to 150&nbsp;million tons by 2015.

The main production sites are the [[Tengiz Field|Tengiz field]] {{convert|290000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}}, located on the northeast shores of the Caspian, and the [[Karachaganak Field|Karachaganak field]] {{convert|210000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}}, located inland near to Russian border. In future Kazakh oil production will also rely on the [[Kashagan Field|Kashagan field]], the largest oil field outside the Middle East, which possess anywhere from {{convert|7|Goilbbl|abbr=on}} to {{convert|13|Goilbbl|abbr=on}}in recoverable reserves, and the [[Kurmangazy Field|Kurmangazy field]] in Northern Kazakhstan.<ref name=eiaoil/> There are some smaller oil fields neat to Chinese border, which not developed yet.<ref name=icg/><ref name=gazeta.kz>{{cite news | author = Boris Antsipherov | url = http://eng.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=74069 | title = Our eastern oil | publisher = Gazeta.kz | date = 17 April 2006 | accessdate = 2007-05-26}}</ref>  76% of Kazakhstan's oil and gas production and remaining reserves are concentrated in these three oil fields, as well as the Uzen Field. 14% of reserves and production  are located in 6 further fields.

The leading oil industry is state-owned oil company KazMunayGas. The landmark foreign investment in Kazakh oil industry is the [[TengizChevroil]] joint venture, owned 50% by [[ChevronTexaco]], 25% by [[ExxonMobil]], 20% by the Government of Kazakhstan, and 5% by [[Lukarco]] of Russia. The [[Karachaganak Field|Karachaganak natural gas and gas condensate field]] is being developed by [[BG Group|BG]], [[Agip]], ChevronTexaco, and [[Lukoil]]. Also Chinese, [[India]]n and [[Korea]]n oil companies are involved in the Kazakhstan's oil industry.

Kazakhstan has three oil refineries: in [[Pavlodar]], in [[Atyrau]],<ref>[http://kazworld.info/?p=58130 Company Overview of Atyrau Refinery LLP]</ref> and in [[Shymkent]]. Pavlodar and Shymkent refineries process West Siberian crude oil, which is imported through the [[Omsk]] (Russia) - Pavlodar (Kasakhstan) - Shymkent - [[Türkmenabat]] ([[Turkmenistan]]) pipeline.<ref name=cerc>{{cite news|author=Mikhail Alexandrov |url=http://www.cerc.unimelb.edu.au/bulletin/bulfeb98.htm |title=Russian-Kazakh Contradictions on the Caspian Sea Legal Status. Russian and Euro-Asian Bulletin |publisher=CERC - Contemporary Europe Research Centre |date=February 1998 |accessdate=2007-05-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609124835/http://www.cerc.unimelb.edu.au/bulletin/bulfeb98.htm |archivedate=2007-06-09 |df= }}</ref>

===Natural gas===
Kazakhstan's domestic hydrocarbon reserves amount to 3.3–3.7 trillion cubic metres of gas, of which 2.5 tcm are proven.<ref name=oies>{{cite journal | author= Shamil Midkhatovich Yenikeyeff | url = http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG25-KazakhstansgasExportMarketsandExportRoutes-ShamilYenikeyeff-2008.pdf |title= Kazakhstan's Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes | publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]] | format=PDF | date = November 2008 | accessdate=2008-11-12}}</ref> However, Kazakhstan became a net gas exporter only in 2003.<ref name=eiagas>{{cite news | url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Kazakhstan/NaturalGas.html | title=Kazakhstan energy data, statistics and analysis - gas | publisher=US Energy Information Agency | date=October 2006 | accessdate=2007-06-10}}</ref> In 2007, Kazakhstan  produced 29 bcm of natural gas and plans to increase its gas output to 60-80 bcm  a year by 2015.<ref name=oies/> The major natural gas fields are Karachaganak, Tengiz, Kashagan, [[Amangeldy Field|Amangeldy]], [[Zhanazhol Field|Zhanazhol]], [[Urikhtau Field|Urikhtau]] and [[Chinarevskoye Field|Chinarevskoye]].<ref name=alex2>{{cite news | url=http://www.gasandoil.com/goc/news/ntc54177.htm | title=Outlook for Kazakhstan's gas industry | publisher=Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections | date=20 September 2005 | accessdate=2007-06-10}}</ref><ref name=alex2/> Kazakhstan's major gas company is KazMunaiGaS JSC that has a reported annual income of about $3 billion in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://strategy2050.kz/en/news/5471/ |title=The Prime Minister of Kazakhstan Official website : Government : News |date = 2014-01-27 |website=strategy2050.kz |publisher=Kazcontent |accessdate=2016-10-01}}</ref>

===Coal===
Although Kazakhstan is a substantial producer of oil and gas, coal has dominated both energy production and consumption.<ref name=iea1998>[http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/1990/caspian_oil_gas98.pdf Caspian Oil and Gas], [[International Energy Agency]], 1998, ISBN 92-64-16095-7</ref> It contains Central Asia's largest recoverable coal reserves, with 34.5 billion short tons of mostly anthracitic and bituminous coal.<ref name=eiacoal>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Kazakhstan/Coal.html Kazakhstan energy data, statistics and analysis - coal], US Energy Information Agency</ref> Major coal fields are Bogatyr and Severny. In 2005, Kazakhstan was the 9th biggest producer of coal in the world, and the 10th global exporter.<ref name=iea>[http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/key2006.pdf Key World Energy Statistics. 2006 Edition], [[International Energy Agency]] 2006</ref> Russia is the largest importer of Kazakh coal, followed by [[Ukraine]]. The biggest coal production company is [[Bogatyr Access Komir]], which accounts for approximately 35% of Kazakh coal output.

===Uranium===
Kazakhstan is the number one <ref>[http://www.kazatomprom.kz/ru/news/2/%E2%84%96_1_v_mirecountry  Kazatomprom company]</ref> country in the world for [[uranium production]] volumes, and it owns the world second biggest [[uranium reserves]] after [[Australia]] (around 1.5 million tons or nearly 19% of the explored reserves of uranium in the world).<ref>[http://www.world-nuclear.org/sym/2004/dzhakishev.htm Uranium production in Kazakhstan as a potential source for covering the world uranium shortage], by Moukhtar Dzhakishev, [[World Nuclear Association]] Annual Symposium 2004</ref><ref>[http://silkroadintelligencer.com/2008/05/21/uranium-and-nuclear-power-in-kazakhstan/ Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan], by Silk Road Intelligencer, 21 May 2008</ref> In 2012 Kazakhstan produced 20,900 metric tons of uranium, of which 11,900 metric tons were produced by [[Kazatomprom]], a state-owned holding company (2011: 19,450 total / 11,079 Kazatomprom).<ref>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan Announces Record Uranium Production for 2012|url=http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/kazakhstan-announces-record-uranium-production-for-2012/|newspaper=The Gazette of Central Asia|date=24 January 2013|publisher=Satrapia}}</ref>  Kazatomprom also represents Kazakhstan in the joint ventures with Russian [[Tekhsnabexport]], [[France|French]] [[AREVA]] and [[Canada|Canadian]] [[Cameco]].

All of produced uranium is going for export as the country's only nuclear power plant in [[Aktau]] was shut down in June 1999. There is a plan  to build a new 1,500&nbsp;MW nuclear plant in the southeast of Kazakhstan, near [[Lake Balkash]].<ref name=eiael>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Kazakhstan/Electricity.html Kazakhstan energy data, statistics and analysis - electricity], [[US Energy Information Agency]]</ref>

According to the mayor, [[Kyzylorda]] is planning to produce two-thirds of [[Kazakhstan]]'s [[uranium]] by 2015.<ref>Kyzylorda region plans to produce two thirds of Kazakhstan uranium by 2015: mayor. BNews.kz http://www.bnews.kz/en/news/post/160028/</ref>

In 2014, Kazakhstan and the [[IAEA]] will sign an agreement to establish a low-enriched uranium fuel bank. The bank will be a place for countries to contribute uranium and disperse it to other nations safely for energy means with the IAEA being the governing body.<ref>http://bnews.kz/en/news/post/161603/</ref>

In August 2013, IAEA Director General [[Yukiya Amano]] visited Kazakhstan to further discussions on the fuel bank and praised Kazakhstan's contribution to [[nuclear non-proliferation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=IAEA General Director Visits Kazakhstan|url=http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2013/dgkazakhstan.html|publisher=IAEA}}</ref>

In 2012, Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] said during a meeting with Kazakhstan's [[Ministers of Foreign Affairs (Kazakhstan)|Foreign Minister]] [[Erlan Idrissov]] in Washington, "We view Kazakhstan not only as a regional player, but also as a global leader. Few countries can be compared to Kazakhstan in terms of its experience in non-proliferation."<ref name=HRC>{{cite web|title=Hillary Clinton thanked Kazakhstan for working with IAEA on creation of nuclear fuel bank|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/Hillary-Clinton-thanked-Kazakhstan-for-working-with-IAEA-on-creation-of-nuclear-13518/|publisher=Tengrinews}}</ref>

Kazakhstan announced in January 2017 that the country was planning to cut its production of uranium by 10% due to a global oversupply of the commodity. According to [[Kazatomprom]], state-owned uranium company and global production leader, even with the announced output cuts, Kazakhstan will continue to be the world’s No.1 uranium producer.<ref>{{cite web|title=World’s top uranium producer Kazakhstan to cut output by 10%|url=http://www.mining.com/worlds-top-uranium-producer-kazakhstan-to-cut-output-by-10/|website=www.mining.com}}</ref>

==Electricity==
The Law on Electricity was adopted in July 2004. Another basic act regulating electricity market is the Law on Natural Monopolies, which was last amended in December 2004. The market regulator is the Agency for Regulation of Natural Monopolies (ANMR).

Kazakhstan's electricity system includes 71 power plants with total installed capacity of 18,572 MW.<ref name=iern>[http://www.iern.net/country_factsheets/market-kazakhstan.htm Kazakhstan – electricity market], International energy regulation network</ref> the largest power plant is a coal-fired AES Ekibastuz GRES-2 in north-central Kazakhstan.

86.5% of electric power generation has been privatized. The government does not regulate prices for electricity, and consumers have free choice among providers of electric power (currently there is 15 licensed electricity traders).<ref name=erra>[http://www.erranet.org/AboutUs/Members/Profiles/Kazakhstan Kazakhstan profile], Energy Regulators Regional Association</ref> Transmission system is owned and operated by the state-owned company [[KEGOC]]. As of 1 January 2006, the total length of transmission lines was 23,383&nbsp;km.<ref name="iern"/> There are 18 regional distribution (sale) companies. Government regulates transmission and distribution tariffs.

===Renewable energy===
Kazakhstan possesses 5 operational hydroelectric plants which provide roughly 12% of the electricity generation. The majority of the facilities are located on the [[Irtysh|Irtysh River]]. Other renewables are largely undeveloped although Kazakhstan has potential in renewable energy resources. Renewable energy sources could be particularly attractive in isolated rural areas.

===Nuclear energy===
{{main article|Nuclear energy in Kazakhstan}}
Kazakhstan currently has no [[nuclear power]] generation capacity, as the [[Aktau]] [[nuclear reactor]], the country's only [[nuclear power plant]], was shut down in June 1999. However, there is currently a plan to build a new 1,500&nbsp;MW nuclear plant in the southeast of Kazakhstan, near [[Lake Balkash]].<ref name="eiael"/>

==Energy transportation==
Kazakhstan's oil pipeline system is operated by KazTransOil which was formed in 1997 when the two previous oil pipeline companies were combined. It is owed 100% by KazMunaiGaz which is also the owner of KazTransGaz which along with KazRosGaz are the two principle gas transportation companies. KazRosGaz is a joint venture between KazMunaiGaz  and Gazprom which is involved in the export and trade of gas with Russia.

===Oil pipelines===
Main oil export routes are the [[Caspian Pipeline Consortium]] and the Atyrau-Samara oil pipeline to Russia, and [[Kazakhstan-China oil pipeline]] to China. Kazakhstan is also a transit country for the [[Omsk]] (Russia) -[[Pavlodar]] (Kasakhstan) -[[Shymkent]] - [[Türkmenabat]] ([[Turkmenistan]]) pipeline. The [[Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline]] and [[Neka]] in [[Iran]] could be supplied by oil tankers. In addition, for the export to neighboring countries the rail transport is used.<ref name=icg/>

The Kazakhstan oil infrastructure is considered to be in poor condition which has constrained possible exports. Currently exports excluding the [[Caspian Pipeline Consortium]] is limited to {{convert|500000|oilbbl/d|m3/d|abbr=on}}. Kazakhstan is also further hampered as the oil pipeline infrastructure is not set up to transport oil from the producing assets in the west to the main refineries located in the east of the country. The CPC provides an important outlet for Kazakhstan oil and it is expected that it will be up graded so as to export close to {{convert|15000000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}}.

===Natural gas pipelines===

The natural gas trunk pipeline system stretches 10,138 kilometers.<ref name=oies/> The major transit pipelines are the [[Central Asia-Center gas pipeline system]] and the Bukhara-Urals pipeline, which transport natural gas from [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]] to Russia, and Orenburg-Novopskov pipeline and Soyuz pipeline from Orenburg processing plant to Europe. The Gazli-Bishkek pipeline transports natural gas from Uzbekistan to [[Kyrgyzstan]]. The Central Asia-Center and the Bukhara-Urals pipelines as also the [[Bukhara-Tashkent-Bishkek-Almaty pipeline]] are also main import pipelines. The main gas export goes to [[Orenburg]] processing plant in Russia. The export to Russia goes also through the Central Asia-Center and the Bukhara-Urals pipelines.<ref name=alex2/> There is plan to build a [[Kazakhstan-China gas pipeline|natural gas pipeline to China]].<ref name=eiagas/> To supply this pipeline, the Ishim (Rudny)-Petropavlovsk-Kokshetau-Astana pipeline is planned.<ref name=alex2/>

==International cooperation==

===Kazakhstan - the European Union===
On 4 December 2006, Kazakhstan and the [[European Union]] signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), which sets the framework for deeper energy cooperation. The memorandum establishes road maps on energy security and industrial cooperation. It was accompanied by a co-operation agreement to develop nuclear trade.<ref>[http://www.euractiv.com/en/energy/eu-kazakhstan-strengthen-energy-links/article-160243 EU, Kazakhstan strengthen energy links], by Euraktiv 5 December 2006</ref><ref name=EURONUC>[http://www.iii.co.uk/news/?type=afxnews&articleid=5881794&subject=economic&action=article EU and Kazakhstan sign agreement on closer energy ties] Interactive Investor</ref>

===Kazakhstan - Russia===
Kazakhstan and Russia have close cooperation on energy issues. On 3 October 2006 during the presidents' meeting in [[Oral, Kazakhstan|Oral]], Kazakhstan and Russia agreed to set up a gas-condensate-processing joint venture between [[Gazprom]] and KazMunayGas in [[Orenburg]], which will be supplied from the [[Karachaganak Field|Karachaganak field]].<ref name=rferl2>{{cite news |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/10/468d421d-4e46-4bff-9711-dcb2fb5417fb.html |title=Russia, Kazakhstan Sign Energy Deal |publisher=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty |date=2006-10-03 |accessdate=2007-06-10}}</ref> The gas supply agreement was signed on 10 May 2007 in Astana.<ref name=rian2>{{cite news | url=http://en.rian.ru/business/20070510/65243376.html | title=Russia, Kazakhstan agree to set up gas processing JV in S.Urals | publisher=RIA Novosti |date=2007-05-10 | accessdate=2007-06-10}}</ref>

On 7 December 2006, the Kazakhstan's Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources [[Baktykozha Izmukhambetov]] and the chief of the [[Federal Atomic Energy Agency|Russian Federal Atomic Energy Agency]] [[Sergei Kiriyenko]] signed an agreement, in which [[Russia]] pledged to assist Kazakhstan in its nuclear program in return for shipments of [[uranium]] from Kazakhstan to Russia, where the uranium will be enriched. In addition, President of Kazatomprom [[Moukhtar Dzhakishev]], and director of Russian uranium trader [[Tekhsnabexport]] [[Vladimir Alexeyevich Smirnov|Vladimir Smirnov]] signed a deal in which Tekhsnabexport will provide information regarding construction, transportation and logistics to help Kazakhstan develop its nuclear program. Russia already agreed earlier in 2006 to help Kazakhstan build two [[nuclear power plant]]s.<ref name=EDBNUCLEAR>{{cite news | url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/12360.html | title=Kazakhstan, Russia strike nuke deal | publisher=Earth Times |date=2006-12-07 | accessdate=2007-06-10}}</ref>  On 10 May 2007, Russia and Kazakhstan agreed to set up an international uranium enrichment center in [[Angarsk]], East Siberia. The center is planned to come on stream in 2013.<ref name=rian3>{{cite news | url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20070510/65233073.html | title=Russia, Kazakhstan sign deal on uranium enrichment center | publisher=RIA Novosti |date=2007-05-10 | accessdate=2007-06-10}}</ref>

On 12 May 2007, [[Vladimir Putin]] of Russia, [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] of Kazakhstan and [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]] of [[Turkmenistan]] signed an agreement providing for Central Asian gas to be exported to Europe through the reconstructed and expanded western branch of the Central Asia-Center gas pipeline system.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.neurope.eu/view_news.php?id=73862 |title=Putin deal torpedoes Trans-Caspian gas pipeline plans |publisher=[[Centre for the New Europe|New Europe (Belgium)]] |date=2007-05-17 |accessdate=2007-05-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225724/http://www.neurope.eu/view_news.php?id=73862 |archivedate=2007-09-27 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.forbes.com/business/feeds/afx/2007/05/13/afx3715292.html |title=Russia, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan agree landmark gas pipeline deal |publisher=[[Forbes]] |date=2007-05-13 |accessdate=2007-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220050555/http://www.forbes.com/business/feeds/afx/2007/05/13/afx3715292.html|archivedate=2008-02-20}}</ref>

===Kazakhstan - Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)===
On October 17, 2013 the International Board of the [[Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative]] (EITI) designated [http://eiti.org/Kazakhstan Kazakhstan] “EITI Compliant”.<ref name=EITIKZ>{{cite web|title=EITI Kazakhstan profile page|url=http://eiti.org/Kazakhstan|publisher=EITI}}</ref>

Clare Short, Chair of the EITI Board said, “Kazakhstan has reached an important milestone by becoming a full member of the EITI family. I hope that all parties will now work to ensure that this increase in transparency will lead to reform in the management of the extractive industires, bringing real benefits to the people of Kazakhstan and providing leadership in other countries in the region.”<ref name=EITIKZrelease>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan accepted as 'EITI Compliant'|url=http://eiti.org/news/kazakhstan-accepted-eiti-compliant|publisher=EITI}}</ref>

===Kazakhstan - IAEA===
Kazakhstan and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) cooperated on several projects related to nuclear energy, agriculture, nuclear security, research, and others. Kazakhstan contributed to such projects of the IAEA as the development of nuclear power infrastructure and strengthening nuclear forensics. Kazakhstan also provided US $100 000 in extrabudgetary contributions for the renovation of the IAEA’s nuclear applications research laboratories.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Recognizes IAEA's Role in Peace and Development|url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/kazakhstan-recognizes-iaeas-role-in-peace-and-development|website=www.iaea.org}}</ref>

==== Low Enriched Uranium Bank ====
On August 27, 2015 the International Atomic Energy Agency ([[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]]) and Kazakhstan signed an agreement to set up the IAEA [[Nuclear_fuel_bank#Low_Enriched_Uranium_Bank_in_Kazakhstan|Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) Bank]] in [[Oskemen]], Kazakhstan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = IAEA and Kazakhstan Sign Agreement to Establish Low Enriched Uranium Bank|url = https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/iaea-and-kazakhstan-sign-agreement-establish-low-enriched-uranium-bank|accessdate = 2015-10-05}}</ref> The IAEA LEU Bank, operated by Kazakhstan, will be a physical reserve of LEU available for eligible IAEA Member States.<ref name=":0" />

==Bibliography==
{{col-begin}}
* {{Cite book|author=Shiryayev, Boris|title=Großmächte auf dem Weg zur neuen Konfrontation?. Das "Great Game" am Kaspischen Meer: eine Untersuchung der neuen Konfliktlage am Beispiel Kasachstan|publisher=Verlag Dr. Kovac|place=Hamburg|year=2008|ISBN=978-3-8300-3749-1}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}
*[[Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.oilandgasinfrastructure.com/home/oilandgasasia/kazakhstan Map of the oil and gas infrastructure in Kazakhstan]
{{Kazakhstan topics}}
{{Asia topic|Energy policy of}}
{{Asia topic|Energy in}}
{{Europe topic|Energy policy of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Energy Policy Of Kazakhstan}}
[[Category:Energy policy by country|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Energy policy in Asia|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Energy in Kazakhstan]]