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{{Infobox pipeline
| name        = Caspian Pipeline Consortium
| type        = oil
| map         = 
| map_caption = Location of Caspian Pipeline Consortium
| country     = [[Kazakhstan]], [[Russia]]
| coordinates = 
| photo       = 
| caption     =
| operator    = CPC-R, CPC-K
| partners    = [[Transneft]], [[Government of Kazakhstan]], [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron Caspian Pipeline Consortium Co.]], [[LukArco]], [[ExxonMobil|Mobil Caspian Pipeline Co.]], [[Rosneft]] - [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] Caspian Ventures Ltd., [[Agip|Agip International (N.A.) N.V.]], Oryx Caspian Pipeline LLC, [[BG Group|BG Overseas Holdings Ltd.]], Kazakhstan Pipeline Ventures LLC ([[KazMunayGas]] and [[BP]])
| length_km   = 1510
| discharge   = {{convert|700000|oilbbl/d}}
| direction   = east–west
| start       = [[Tengiz Field|Tengiz field]], [[Kazakhstan]]
| finish      = [[Novorossiysk]], [[Russia]]
| est         = 2001
| through     = 
| par         = 
}}

The '''Caspian Pipeline Consortium''' is a consortium and a pipeline to transport Caspian oil from [[Tengiz Field|Tengiz field]] to the [[Novorossiysk]]-2 Marine Terminal on [[Russia]]'s [[Black Sea]] coast.  It is also a major export route for oil from the [[Kashagan Field|Kashagan]] and [[Karachaganak Field|Karachaganak]] fields.  {{As of|2009}}, the CPC pipeline is the only oil export pipeline in Russian territory not wholly owned by [[Transneft]].<ref name=ifri>
{{cite paper
 |publisher=IFRI 
 |author=Adrian Dellecker 
 |url=http://www.ifri.org/files/Russie/ifri_RNV_Dellecker_CPC_ENG_juin2008.pdf 
 |title=Caspian Pipeline Consortium, Bellwether of Russia's Investment Climate? Russie.Nei.visions no.31 
 |date=June 2008 
 |accessdate=2008-07-07 
 |format=PDF 
 |deadurl=yes 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207213449/http://www.ifri.org/files/Russie/ifri_RNV_Dellecker_CPC_ENG_juin2008.pdf 
 |archivedate=2008-12-07 
 |df= 
}}
</ref>

==History==
CPC was initially created in 1992 as a development by the Russian, Kazakhstani and Omani governments to build a dedicated pipeline from Kazakhstan to export routes in the Black Sea. [[Chevron Corporation]] was asked to join, however talks broke down due to the high financial burden Chevron would have to take on relative to equity in the pipeline. Progress on the project stalled for several years until 1996 when a restructure included eight production companies in the project. Among the companies were Chevron, [[ExxonMobil|Mobil]], [[LUKoil]], [[Royal Dutch Shell]] and [[Rosneft]]. [[BP]] joined the consortium in 2003. Shares were divided fifty-fifty between the three states and the eight companies. Production companies financed the construction cost of US$2.67&nbsp;billion, while the Russian Federation contributed unused pipeline assets worth US$293&nbsp;million.<ref name=ifri/><ref name=cpc>
{{cite paper
 |publisher=Caspian Pipeline Consortium 
 |url=http://www.cpc.ru/_press/documents/cpc_a4_0303_en.pdf 
 |title=Caspian Pipeline Consortium — a new global energy supplier 
 |accessdate=2008-11-22 
 |format=PDF 
 |deadurl=yes 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809203256/http://www.cpc.ru/_press/documents/cpc_a4_0303_en.pdf 
 |archivedate=2007-08-09 
 |df= 
}}
</ref> First oil was loaded onto a tanker at the Novorossiysk Marine Terminal on 13 October 2001 and the first stage of the pipeline was officially inaugurated on 27 November 2001.  Regular operations started in April 2003.

In April 2007, the Russian government transferred its shares to the Russian state-owned oil pipeline company [[Transneft]].<ref name=upstream1>
{{cite news
 | newspaper = [[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream Online]]
 | publisher = NHST Media Group
 | url=http://www.upstreamonline.com/incoming/article132389.ece
 | title= Transneft takes CPC bite
 | date=2007-04-29
 | accessdate=2008-07-07}}
</ref>  In October 2008, the Government of Oman sold its  7%-stake to Transneft at a price of $700million and withdrew from the project.<ref name=upstream2>
{{cite news
 | newspaper = [[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream Online]]
 | publisher = NHST Media Group
 | url= http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article166026.ece
 | title= Russia snaps up Oman CPC stake
 | date=2008-11-06
 | accessdate=2008-11-09}}
</ref> On 17 December 2008, a memorandum on expanding the pipeline was signed.<ref name=downstream171208>
{{cite news
 | url = http://www.downstreamtoday.com/News/Articles/200812/CPC_Shareholders_Sign_Expansion_Deal_14288.aspx
 | title = CPC Shareholders Sign Expansion Deal
 | publisher = Downstream Today
 | date = 2008-12-17
 | accessdate = 2008-12-25}}
</ref>

==Technical features==
The diameter of the {{convert|1510|km|mi}} long oil pipeline varies between {{convert|1016|mm|in}} and {{convert|1067|mm|in}}. There are five pumping stations. The marine terminal includes two [[single buoy mooring|single point moorings]] and the tank farm consists of four steel storage tanks of {{convert|100000|m3}} each. Pipeline throughflow started at {{convert|350000|oilbbl/d}} and has since increased to {{convert|700000|oilbbl/d}}.<ref name=cpc/><ref name=cpc2>
{{cite web
 |publisher=Caspian Pipeline Consortium 
 |url=http://www.cpc.ru/portal/alias!press/lang!en-US/tabID!3444/DesktopDefault.aspx 
 |title=CPC Project Basic Features 
 |accessdate=2008-11-22 
 |deadurl=yes 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221050413/http://www.cpc.ru:80/portal/alias!press/lang!en-US/tabID!3444/DesktopDefault.aspx 
 |archivedate=2008-12-21 
 |df= 
}}
</ref>

An envisaged second stage will add 10&nbsp;pumping stations for a total of 15. The number of tanks will increase to ten and one more mooring will be constructed. Capacity will increase to {{convert|1.3|Moilbbl/d|m3/d}}. The second stage has been estimated to cost around US$2&nbsp;billion and will be completed by 2012.<ref name=cpc/><ref name=cpc2/><ref name=downstream191108>
{{cite news
 | publisher=Downstream Today
 | url= http://www.downstreamtoday.com/News/Articles/200811/Russia_s_Transneft_Could_Take_BP_to_Cour_13854.aspx
 | title= Russia's Transneft Could Take BP to Court over CPC
 | date=2008-11-19
 | accessdate=2008-11-22}}
</ref>

==Operations==
In 2008, CPC transported 31.5&nbsp;million tons of crude, down from 32.6 million tonnes in 2007.  In the first three months of 2009, the pipeline transported 8.7&nbsp;million tonnes of oil.<ref name=silkroad>
{{cite news
 |publisher=Silk Road Intelligencer 
 |url=http://silkroadintelligencer.com/2009/04/06/cpc-pipeline-exports-up-in-2009/ 
 |title=CPC pipeline exports up in 2009 
 |date=2009-04-06 
 |accessdate=2009-04-06 
 |deadurl=yes 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811042435/http://silkroadintelligencer.com/2009/04/06/cpc-pipeline-exports-up-in-2009/ 
 |archivedate=2010-08-11 
 |df= 
}}
</ref>

==Consortium==
The Caspian Pipeline Consortium was initially registered in the Bermuda Islands in 1992.<ref name=ifri/> It is split into two companies: CPC-R operates the Russian section of the pipeline and CPC-K operates the Kazakh section.<ref name=ifri/>

The shareholders of the consortium are:

* Transneft - 31%
* Kazakhstan - 19%
* Chevron Caspian Pipeline Consortium Co. - 15%
* [[LukArco]] B.V. - 12.5%
* Mobil Caspian Pipeline Co. - 7.5%
* Rosneft - Shell Caspian Ventures Ltd. - 7.5%
* [[Agip]] International (N.A.) N.V. - 2%
* Oryx Caspian Pipeline LLC - 1.75%
* [[BG Group|BG Overseas Holdings Ltd.]] - 2%
* Kazakhstan Pipeline Ventures LLC (joint venture of [[KazMunayGas]] and BP)- 1.75%

Tengiz Field shareholders control 55.75% of the Consortium, Kasaghan shareholders control 33.1%.<ref name=ifri/>

In December 2009, BP sold its stake in LukArco to Lukoil for $1.6 billion.<ref name=reuters111209>
{{cite news
 | url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKGEE5BA27N20091211
 | title= BP says Lukoil buys out stake in CPC pipeline JV
 | publisher=[[Reuters]]
 | date=2009-09-11
 | accessdate=2009-09-12
| first=Lorraine
| last=Turner}}
</ref><ref name=bloomberg1211>
{{cite news
 | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=asjh2NgTMH6g&pos=6
 | title = BP Sells Stake in Kazakh Tengiz Field, Caspian Pipe to Lukoil 
 | publisher = Bloomberg
 | date = 2009-12-11
 | accessdate = 2009-12-11}}
</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Russia|Engineering|Transport|Economy|Energy}}
<!--(Kubicek 2004: 212) That's my source. -->
*[http://www.cpc.ru/ Caspian Pipeline Consortium], official website
*[https://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2010/07/23/business/23chevron-submap.html?ref=global ''New York Times'' map of pipeline route]
{{Pipeline Systems of Russia}}
{{Black Sea Energy}}

[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2001]]
[[Category:Oil companies of Russia]]
[[Category:Transneft]]
[[Category:Rosneft]]
[[Category:ExxonMobil subsidiaries]]
[[Category:ExxonMobil buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Royal Dutch Shell]]
[[Category:Lukoil]]
[[Category:Oil pipeline companies]]
[[Category:Oil pipelines in Russia]]
[[Category:Oil pipelines in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan–Russia relations]]
[[Category:Black Sea energy]]