View source for Kazakh Khanate

{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name = Қазақ хандығы<br>قازاق حاندىعى
|conventional_long_name = Qazaq Khanate
|common_name =Qazaq Khanate
||continent = Eurasia
|region = Central Asia
|country = 
|era = 
|status = 
|status_text = 
|empire = 
|government_type = Monarchy
||<!--- Rise and fall, events, years and dates --->
|<!-- only fill in the start/end event entry if a specific article exists. Don't just say "abolition"

or "declaration"-->
||year_start  = 1456
|year_end    = 1847
||event_start = 
|date_start  = 
|event_end   = 
|date_end    = 
||event1      = 
|date_event1 = 
|event2      = 
|date_event2 = 
|event3      = 
|date_event3 = 
|event4      = 
|date_event4 = 
||event_pre   = 
|date_pre    = 
|event_post  = 
|date_post   = 
|p1 = Golden Horde
|flag_p1 = Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg
|image_p1    =  Қазақ хандығы.png
|s1 = Kazakhstan
|flag_s1 = Flag of Kazakhstan.svg
|image_s1    = 
|image_flag   = Kazakh Khanate.svg
|flag         = 
|flag_type    = 
||image_coat   = 
|symbol       = 
|symbol_type  = 
||image_map    = Қазақ хандығы.png
|image_map_caption  = 
||capital          = [[Turkistan (city)|Turkistan]]
|latd= |latm= |latNS= |longd= |longm= |longEW= 
||national_motto   = Alash!
|national_anthem  = 
|common_languages = [[Kazakh language]]
|religion         = [[Islam]]
|currency         = 
||<!--- Titles and names of the first and last leaders and their deputies --->
|leader1      = [[Janibek Khan]] and [[Kerei Khan]] (first)
|leader2      = [[Kasim Khan]]
|leader3      = [[Tauke Khan]]
|leader4      = [[Abylay Khan]]
|year_leader1 = 1465–1480
|year_leader2 = 
|year_leader3 = 
|year_leader4 = 
|leader       = 
|title_leader = [[Khan (title)|Khan]]
|stat_year1 = 
|stat_area1 = 
|stat_pop1  = 
|today = {{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br>{{flag|Russia}}<br>{{flag|Uzbekistan}}<br>{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
|footnotes  = 
}}
{{History of Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Abulkhair khan.jpg|thumb|[[Postage stamp|Stamp]] of [[Kazakhstan]] devoted to [[Abul Khair Khan]].]]

The '''Kazakh Khanate''' ({{lang-kk|''Қазақ хандығы'', ''Qazaq handyġy'', قازاق حاندىعى}}) was a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] [[Sovereign state|state]], the successor of the [[Golden Horde]], existing from 1456–1847, located roughly on the territory of the present-day [[Kazakhstan|Republic of Kazakhstan]]. At its height the khanate ruled from eastern [[Cumania]] (modern-day West Kazakhstan) to most of [[Uzbekistan]], [[Karakalpakstan]] and the [[Syr Darya]] river with military confrontation as far as [[Astrakhan]] and [[Khorasan Province]], which is now in Iran.  Slaves were also captured by frequent Kazakh raids into territory belonging to [[Russia]],<ref name="google1">Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific
 By G. Patrick March [https://books.google.com/books?id=Nq18znjAE5YC&pg=PA139]</ref> [[Central Asia]], and Western Siberia ([[Bashkortostan]]) during the Kazakh Khanate.<ref name="google2">[https://books.google.com/books?id=0QAraz9qVY4C&pg=PA35 The Kazakhs By Martha Brill Olcott]</ref><ref name="google3">[https://books.google.com/books?id=RPssAAAAIAAJ&q=Kazakh++Baskhir+massacre&dq=Kazakh++Baskhir+massacre&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TNLvUKbeNIiHswaZ_YDIDg&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ Studies in History, Volume 4]</ref><ref name="google4">Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making Of A Colonial Empire, 1500-1800 By Michael Khodarkovsky [https://books.google.com/books?id=0QAraz9qVY4C&pg=PA35]</ref> The Khanate was later weakened by a series of [[Oirats|Oirat]] and [[Dzungar Khanate|Dzungar]] invasions, devastating raids and warfare. These resulted in decline and further disintegration into three [[Jüz]]-es, which gradually lost their sovereignty and were incorporated to the expanding [[Russian Empire]].

The establishment of the Kazakh Khanate in 1465 marked the beginning of Kazakh statehood.<ref name=ehist1>{{cite web|title=Kazakh Khanate – 550th anniversary|url=http://e-history.kz/en/project/view/3?type=publications&material_id=954|website=http://e-history.kz}}</ref> The 550th anniversary of Kazakh statehood was recognized in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan to Celebrate 550th Kazakh Statehood Anniversary in 2015|url=http://astanatimes.com/2014/10/kazakhstan-celebrate-550th-kazakh-statehood-anniversary-2015/|publisher=http://astanatimes.com}}</ref>

From the sixteenth through the early nineteenth century, the most powerful nomadic people were the Kazakhs and the Oirats.<ref name="google5">[https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&pg=PA598&lpg=PA598&dq=From+the+sixteenth+through+the+early+nineteenth+century,+the+most+powerful+nomadic+peoples+were+the+Kazakhs+and+the&source=bl&ots=WMgvsiIilw&sig=bEhfbZHvMo8nWVgcAleitRno704&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lojxUJvUDoHBtAaRn4GoCw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=From%20the%20sixteenth%20through%20the%20early%20nineteenth%20century%2C%20the%20most%20powerful%20nomadic%20peoples%20were%20the%20Kazakhs%20and%20the&f=false Middle East, western Asia, and northern Africa. By Ali Aldosari]</ref>

==History==
The Kazakh Khanate was founded in 1456-1465 by [[Janybek Khan]] and [[Kerey Khan]], on the banks of Jetsu ("seven rivers") in the southeastern part of the present-day [[Kazakhstan|Republic of Kazakhstan]]. The founding of the Kazakh Khanate is considered the [[ethnogenesis]] of the Kazakh nation. The formation of the independent Kazakh Khanate began when several tribes under the rule of sultans Janybek and Kerey departed from the Khanate of [[Abu'l-Khayr Khan]]. The sultans led their people toward [[Mongolia|Mogolistan]], eventually settling and founding an independent state. The new Khanate soon became a buffer state between the Mongolians and the Khanate of Abu'l-Khayr.
From the sixteenth through the early nineteenth century, the most powerful nomadic people were the Kazakhs and the Oirats.<ref name="google5"/>

===Janybek Khan and Kerey Khan (1465–1480)===
Although both [[Janybek Khan]] and [[Kerey Khan]] were considered the founding rulers of the Kazakh Khanate, it was Kerei Khan who initially wielded the most power. Upon the death of Kerei Khan in 1470, Janybek Khan became the sole ruler. The early years of the Kazakh Khanate were marked by struggles for control of the [[steppe]] against the [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] leader [[Muhammad Shaybani]]. In 1470, the Kazakhs defeated Muhammad Shaybani at the city of [[Turkistan (city)|Turkistan]], forcing the Uzbeks to retreat south to [[Samarkand]] and [[Bukhara]].

===Burunduk Khan (1480–1511)===
In 1480 [[Kerei Khan]]'s son Burunduk became khan. During his reign the Kazakhs were able to muster an army of 50,000 men and to repeatedly defeat the forces of [[Muhammad Shaybani]] along the [[Syr Darya]] river.

===Kasym Khan (1511–1521)===
The manuscript of "Tarikh-Safavi", written in ancient Persian by Persian historians, wrote about Kasim Khan, ruler of Dasht-i-Kipchak. The manuscript describes how a Kazakh squad of soldiers helped Khan Sheibani of Bukhara annex the Iranian city of Khorasan. Kasim Khan committed a squad of eight thousand dzhigits and Khorasan was taken.<ref>In the Persian manuscript of the "Tarikh-Safavi" revealed new information about the "king of Dasht-i-Kipchak" Kazakh Khan Kasymov [http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=8MXAUJieLYeytAbb_oDwDg&hl=en&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%25D0%259D%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F%2B%25D0%259E%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26tbo%3Dd%26biw%3D1163%26bih%3D617&rurl=translate.google.co.uk&sl=ru&u=http://www.centrasia.ru/news.php%3Fst%3D1311874980&usg=ALkJrhitq4RyAOuWQywNa4E2cMbX9R2mkQ]</ref>

===Expansion of the Kazakh Khanate===
[[File:Казахское ханство1520.png|thumb|alt=A.| Greatest extent of Kazakh Khanate.]]
During the reign of [[Kasym Khan]], the territories of the Kazakh Khanate expanded considerably. As [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat]] later wrote in his ''Tarikh-i-Rashidi'', "Kasym Khan now brought the [[Dasht-i-Kipchak]] under his absolute control, in a manner that no one, with the exception of [[Jochi]], had ever done before. His army exceeded a thousand thousand". Kasym Khan instituted the first Kazakh code of laws in 1520, called "Қасым ханның қасқа жолы" (transliterated, "Qasım xannıñ qasqa jolı" — "Bright Road of Kasym Khan"). Kasym Khan also ratified his alliance with the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] leader [[Babur]], particularly after the fall of the [[Shaybanid]]s, and was thus praised by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and the populace of [[Samarqand]].

===Mumash Khan (1521–1523)===

Manṣūr Khān led an expedition against the [[Kazakhs]] in 1521 in response to their raids from [[Sayram (city)|Sayram]] into the [[Fergana Valley|Farghana]].<ref>Tārīkh-i Rashīdī, tr. Elias and Ross, 79, 358</ref> Thereafter, Sayram remained out of the hands of the Uzbeks and came under control of the Kazakhs.

===Tahir Khan (1523–1529)===

===Buidash Khan (1529–1533)===

===Togym Khan (1533–1538)===

===Khak-Nazar Khan (1537–1580)===
Under Khak-Nazar Khan, also known as Haq-Nazar Khan<ref name="britannica1">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/254780/Haqq-Nazar |title=Haqq Nazar &#124; Kazakh ruler |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2016-02-02}}</ref> or Ak Nazar Khan,<ref>A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia: The Tarikh-i-Rashidi</ref> the Kazakh Khanate faced competition from several directions: the [[Nogai Horde]] in the west, the [[Khanate of Sibir]] in the north, [[Moghulistan]] in the east and the [[Khanate of Bukhara]] in the south. Initially, Khak-Nazar Khan led the Kazakhs in two major battles against [[Khanate of Bukhara]] at [[Tashkent]], then against the [[Chagatai khans|Chagatai]] leader [[Abdurashid Khan|Abdur-Rashid Khan]]. In 1568, the Kazakhs successfully defeated the [[Nogai Horde]] at the [[Emba River]] and reached [[Astrakhan]], but were repelled by [[Tsardom of Russia|Russian]] forces.
<ref name="britannica1"/>
<ref>A History of the Moghuls of Central Asi: The Tarikh-i-Rashidi
 By Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlt, N. Elias, Sir E Denison Ross page 121</ref>
<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=1pkeWqq7pdgC&pg=PA121&dq=sultan+Abdul+rashid+khan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=poyNUMidMZKZhQen54DoCA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Ak%20nazar%20khan&f=false |title=A History of the Moghuls of Central Asi: The Tarikh-i-Rashidi - Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlt - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.pk |date= |accessdate=2016-02-02}}</ref>

===Shygai Khan (1580–1582)===

===Tauekel Khan (1582–1598)===
Tauekel Khan expanded control of the Kazakh Khanate over [[Tashkent]], [[Fergana]], [[Andijan]] and [[Samarkand]]. In 1598, Kazakh forces approached [[Bukhara]] and besieged it for 12 days, but afterwards the Bukharan leader Pir-Muhammad and reinforcements under the command of his brother Baki-Muhammad pushed back the Kazakhs. In that battle, Tauekel Khan was wounded, and died during the retreat back to [[Tashkent]].

===Esim Khan (1598–1628)===
After the death of Tauekel Khan came Esim Sultan, son of Sheehan Khan. His reign was the time of the next (third) strengthening of the Kazakh Khanate after Kasim Khan and Khak-Nazar Khan. Esim Khan moved the capital of the khanate to Sygnak in Turkestan and suppressed the revolts of the Karakalpaks.

There followed a 15-year period of calm between the Kazakh Khanate and the Khanate of Bukhara.

Esim Khan established peace with the [[Khanate of Bukhara]] and returned control of [[Samarkand]] to them. However, Bukhara was still bitter about the loss of [[Tashkent]], which led to additional conflicts. Starting in 1607, the [[Khanate of Bukhara]] engaged in several battles and eventually obtained control of Tashkent.

Esim Khan united the Kazakh army and began a campaign against the Tashkent Khan Tursun Muhammad and Khan of Bukhara. In 1627, he defeated the enemy. Esim Khan abolished the Tashkent Khanate and the war finally ended.

===Salqam-Jangir Khan (1629–1680)===

During Salqam-Jangir Khan's reign, a new and powerful rival of the Kazakhs appeared in the east, known as the [[Zunghars|Zunghar Khanate]]. The [[Zunghar]] had recently converted to [[Mahayana]] [[Buddhism]] and their [[Erdeni Batur]] believed he could reestablish the 13th-century empire of [[Genghis Khan]]. However, much had changed since the days of the [[Mongol Empire]], and the [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]]s, like the [[Kyrgyz people|Kirghiz]] and the [[Tatar]]s, had almost entirely converted to [[Islam]] under the authority of [[Emir]] [[Timur]], who also reestablished new centers of power such as [[Samarqand]] and [[Bukhara]], which had greatly influenced the founding of the Kazakh Khanate.

In 1652, the Zunghar leader [[Erdeni Batur]] attempted to eliminate the Kazakh Khanate and its inhabitants; he dispatched more than 50,000 [[Zunghar]] warriors against the Kazakh Khanate, which refused to submit to him. The early stages of their ferocious conflict took place in the [[Altai Mountains]] and later battles were fought on the vast steppes. Unable to halt the advance of the Zunghars, the Kazakh [[Ghazi warriors|Ghazis]] and their leader Salqam-Jangir Khan's forces were defeated. Unfortunately in the year 1680, Salqam-Jangir Khan died in battle, protecting his people against the Zunghars.

===Tauke Khan (1680–1718)===
[[Tauke Khan]] was elected as the leader of the Kazakh Khanate immediately after the death of Salqam-Jangir Khan, and he led the battered [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] warriors across the steppes to resist the advance of the [[Zunghar]]s. Unfortunately the already weakened Kazakhs were once again faced with defeat at [[Sayram (city)|Sayram]] and soon lost many major cities to the Zunghars.

Tauke Khan soon sought alliances with the [[Kyrgyz people|Kirghiz]] in the southeast who were also facing a Zunghar invasion in their [[Issyk-Kul Lake]] region and even the [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] of the [[Tarim Basin]]. In 1687, Zunghars besieged [[Hazrat-e Turkestan]] and were forced to retreat after the arrival of Subhan Quli Khan.

In 1697, [[Tsewang Rabtan]] became the leader of the [[Zunghar Khanate]], and he dispatched several of his commanders to subjugate [[Tauke Khan]] and many major wars between the Zunghars and the Kazakh Khanate continued into the following years: 1709, 1711—1712, 1714 and 1718. The Kazakh Khanate had indeed been weakened by the confrontation and nearly one-third of their population had been lost by the ensuing conflict. With Tauke Khan's death in 1718, the Kazakh Khanate splintered into three ''[[Jüz]]'' — the [[Great jüz]], the [[Middle jüz]] and the [[Little jüz]]. Each [[Jüz]] had its own [[Khan (title)|Khan]] from this time onward.

Tauke Khan is also known for refining the Kazakh code of laws, and reissuing it under the title "Жеті Жарғы" (transliterated, "Jeti Jarği"—"Seven Charters").

===Ablai Khan (1771–1781)===
[[Ablai Khan]] was a khan of the [[Middle jüz]] or Horde who managed to extend his control over the other two jüzes to include all of the [[Kazakhs]]. Before he became khan, Ablai participated in the wars against the Zunghars and proved himself a talented organizer and commander. He led numerous campaigns against the Kokand Khanate and the Kyrgyz. In the latter campaign his troops liberated many cities in Southern Kazakhstan and even captured Tashkent. During his actual reign, Ablai Khan did his best to keep Kazakhstan as independent as possible from the encroaching [[Russian Empire]] and the Chinese [[Qing dynasty]]. He employed a multi-vector foreign policy to protect the tribes from Chinese and [[Dzungar people|Dzungar]] aggressors. He also sheltered the Dzungar [[Oirats|Oirat]] ''taishas'' [[Amursana]] and [[Dawachi]] from attacks by the [[Khoshut]]-Orait King of [[Tibet]], [[Lha-bzang Khan]], as the [[Dzungar Khanate]] fractured following the death of [[Galdan Tseren]] in 1745. However, once Amursana and Dawachi were no longer allies, Ablai Khan took the opportunity to capture herds and territory from the Dzungars.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Peter C|last1=Perdue|title=China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-04202-5|page=274}}</ref>

===Kenesary Khan (1841–1847)===
Kenesary was the last Kazakh [[Khan (title)|Khan]], and the leader of national liberation movement that resisted the capture of Kazakh lands and [[Racial segregation|segregation]] policies by the Russian Empire. He was the grandson of [[Ablai Khan]] and is largely regarded as the last ruler of the Kazakh Khanate.

By the mid 19th century, the Kazakhs fell under the full control of the Russian Empire and were banned from electing their own leader or even given representation in the empire's legislative structures. All fiscal/tax collections were also taken away from local Kazakh representatives and given to Russian administrators. Kenesary Khan fought against the Russian imperial forces until his death in 1847.

In 1841, at an all-Kazakh [[Kurultai]], Kenesary was elected as [[Khan (title)|Khan]] (supreme leader) by all Kazakh representatives. The ceremony of [[coronation]] followed all Kazakh traditions.

As a freedom fighter and popular as a leading voice against the increasingly aggressive and forceful policies of the Russian Empire, Kenesary was ruthless in his actions and unpredictable as a military strategist. By 1846, however, his resistance movement had lost momentum as some of his rich associates had defected to the Russian Empire, having been bribed and been promised great riches. Betrayed, Kenesary Khan grew increasingly suspicious of the remaining members of the Resistance, possibly further alienating them. In 1847, the Khan of the Kazakhs met his death in Kyrgyz lands during his assault on northern Kyrgyz tribes. He was executed by Ormon Khan, the Kyrgyz khan who was subsequently rewarded by the Russians with a larger estate and an official administrative role. Kenesary Khan's head was cut off and sent to the Russians.

Over the last decade, Kenesary Khan has been increasingly regarded as a hero in Kazakh literature and media. Kenesary Khan can be seen on the shore of the river Esil in the capital of Kazakhstan, [[Astana]].

=== List of Kazakh raids on Russian settlements ===

During the 18th century, raids by Kazakhs on Russia's territory of [[Orenburg]] were common; the Kazakhs captured many Russians and sold them as slaves in the Central Asian market. The [[Volga Germans]] were also victims of Kazakh raids; they were ethnic Germans living along the [[River Volga]] in the region of southeastern [[European Russia]] around [[Saratov]].

In 1717, 3,000 Russian slaves, men, women, and children, were sold in [[Khanate of Khiva|Khiva]] by Kazakh and Kyrgyz tribesmen.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-8_3jbZU9ikC&pg=PT85&dq=Europe+and+the+latest+in+Russian+technology+in+exchange+for+3,000+Russian+slaves,+men,+women,+and+children+who+were+kept+there.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-2fzUJacFsTMtAbssYBg&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA The History of the Central Asian Republics By Peter Roudik]</ref>

In 1722, they stole cattle, robbed from Russian villages and people trapped in captivity and sold in the slave markets of Central Asia (in 1722 in Bukhara were over 5,000 Russian prisoners). In the middle of the 17th century, 500 Russians were annually sold to Khiva by Kazakhs.

In 1730, the Kazakhs' frequent raids into Russian lands were a constant irritant and resulted in the enslavement of many of the Tsar's subjects, who were sold on the Kazakh steppe.<ref name="google1"/>

In 1736, urged on by Kirilov, the Kazakhs of the Lesser and Middle Hordes launched raids into Bashkir lands, killing or capturing many Bashkirs in the Siberian and Nogay districts.<ref name="google4"/>

In 1743, an order was given by the senate in response to the failure to defend against the Kazakh attack on a Russian settlement, which resulted in 14 Russians killed, 24 wounded. In addition 96 [[Cossack]]s were captured by Kazakhs.<ref>Formation of a Borderland Culture: Myths and Realities of Cossack-Kazakh By Yuriy Anatolyevich Malikov [https://books.google.com/books?id=NISi2QK-mPQC&pg=PA375&dq=Kazakh+raided+russian+settlement&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DWP_UJ6CLsSHtQaK7YC4BA&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Kazakh%20raided%20russian%20settlement&f=false]</ref>

In 1755 Nepliev tried to enlist Kazakh support by ending the reprisal raids and promising that the Kazakhs could keep the Bashkir women and children,<ref name="google2"/> and organized the massacre of 10,000 Bashkirs by the Kazakhs during the Bashkir rising.<ref name="google3"/>

In the period between 1764 and 1803, according to data collected by the Orenburg Commission, twenty Russian caravans were attacked and plundered. Kazakh raiders attacked even big caravans which were accompanied by numerous guards.<ref>Formation of a Borderland Culture: Myths and Realities of Cossack-Kazakh [https://books.google.com/books?id=NISi2QK-mPQC&pg=PA290&lpg=PA290&dq=Kazakh+raiders+attacked+even+big+caravans+which&source=bl&ots=cMluGLOgTn&sig=Gozbgvot7Gyx_bDNO3_6gqsYVJA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=H1IFUf7GDYGYtQb-vYDoAQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Kazakh%20raiders%20attacked%20even%20big%20caravans%20which&f=false]</ref>

In spring 1774, the Russians demanded the Khan return 256 Russians captured  by a recent Kazakh raid.<ref name="google6">Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making Of A Colonial Empire, 1500-1800
 By Michael Khodarkovsky [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ti51WfA68RYC&pg=PA174&dq=Kazakh+240+raids&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Q18FUaLMFI_EsgaTzIGYAg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Kazakh%20240%20raids&f=false]</ref>

In summer 1774, when Russian troops in the Kazan region were suppressing the [[Pugachev's Rebellion|rebellion]] led by the Cossack leader [[Pugachev]], the Kazakhs launched more than 240 raids and captured many Russians and herds along the border of [[Orenburg]].<ref name="google6"/>

Darrel P. Kaiser wrote, "[[Kazakhs|Kazakh]]-Kirghiz tribesmen kidnapped 1573 German settlers in Russia. In 1774 alone and only half were successfully ransomed. The rest were killed or enslaved. "<ref>{{cite book|author=Darrel P. Kaiser|title=Origin & Ancestors Families Karle & Kaiser Of the German-Russian Volga Colonies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=He-n20u0pW0C|accessdate=May 31, 2012|year=2006|publisher=Darrel P. Kaiser|isbn=978-1-4116-9894-9}}</ref>

Caesarfeld, founded in 1774, was attacked by Kazakh or Kirghiz tribesmen and destroyed. The Catholic village of Chaisol was destroyed in 1774. The second attack on the Karaman in the colony of Mariental took place in August 1774. All the livestock and the people and property were stolen and carried across the Ural River into the Russian steppe. The total number of captives taken away from Mariental was about 300, of whom very few came back. Those captives that survived (mostly women and children) were eventually sold by the Kirghiz into the harems of wealthy Muslims in areas under the control of Turkey.<ref name="google7">Origin & Ancestors Families Karle & Kaiser of the German-Russian Volga Colonies
 By Darrel P. Kaiser [https://books.google.com/books?id=He-n20u0pW0C&pg=PA168&dq=Kazakh+raided+germans+1774&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xmvzUJ-EMorNtAbq9IGICw&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Kazakh%20raided%20germans%201774&f=false]</ref>

In October 24, 1774, the Kazakh or Kirghiz attacked the colonies of Seelmann, Leitsinger, Keller, and Holzel, and carried away 317 persons into slavery.<ref name="google7"/>

In 1776, the colony of the Mariental was attacked and its inhabitants were enslaved. One story tells that someone (probably Pastor Werboner) had his tongue cut out and that hundreds of people were beheaded.<ref name="google7"/>

In August 16, 1785 was the last attack on the colonies by the Kazakh-Kyrgyz; a woman, a child and four elders were killed and 130 people taken as prisoners during the attack. Government forces quickly caught the attackers while the latter were moving the prisoners. In the battle, 70 Kazakhs and Kyrgyz were killed and all the prisoners were freed.<ref name="google7"/>

In 1799, the biggest Russian caravan which was plundered at that time lost goods worth 295,000 rubles.<ref name="google7"/>

By 1830, the Russian government estimated that two hundred Russians were kidnapped and sold into slavery in Khiva every year.<ref>Pilgrims on the Silk Road: A Muslim-Christian Encounter in Khiva
 By Walter R. Ratliff [https://books.google.com/books?id=WOCCEAWidLcC&pg=PA4&dq=hundred+thousand+russian+slaves+khiva&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iycGUcHBMMqStAbt6oGwDw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=hundred%20thousand%20russian%20slaves%20khiva&f=false]</ref>

== Disintegration of Khanate and Russian conquest ==
{{main article|Kazakhstan in the Russian Empire}}
[[Image:Жуз.svg|thumb|300 px|Approximate areas occupied by the three Kazakh Jüzes in the early 20th century. Green represents the [[Junior Jüz]], orange represents the [[Middle jüz]] and red represents the [[Senior Jüz]].]]
Gradual decline, disintegration and accession of Kazakh territories into the Russian Empire began in the mid-18th and ended in the second part of the 19th century. By the mid-18th century, as a result of long-lasting armed conflicts with [[Dzungar Khanate|Dzungars]] and [[Oirats]], the Kazakh Khanate had started to decline and further disintegrate into three [[Jüz]]es, which formerly constituted the Kazakh Khanate in a [[Confederation|confederate]] form.

The Russians fabricated documention stating that:
Battered by warfare, seeking external military support the [[Khan (title)|Khan]] of the [[Junior Jüz]], [[Abul Khair Khan|Abul Khair]] signs a [[protectorate]] agreement with the [[Russian Empire]]. Retaining his title as ruler and all other powers, he pledges allegiance to the Russian Crown.
But in the original text there is no word about a protectorate or seeking external power. Abul Khair Khan wrote a letter to the Russian Empire asking them not to disturb relative of his nation's bashkorts.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=March 2016}}

By the mid-19th century some tribes of the [[Middle jüz|Middle Jüz]] started war with the Russian occupiers. However the process was long and filled with lots of minor and major armed conflicts and resistance.

Russian colonial policies/strategies brought military fortresses, lots of settlements, and externally imposed rules into Kazakh lands. 
A series of laws were introduced by the Russian Empire, abolishing local indigenous government in the form of Khan rule, instituting segregative settlement policies, etc., resulting in numerous uprisings against colonial rule. Significant resistance movements were led by leaders such as [[Isatay Taymanuly]] (1836-1837), [[Makhambet Utemisuly]] (1836-1838) and [[Eset Kotibaruli]] (1847-1858).

Meanwhile, the Senior Jüz sided with the [[Emirate of Bukhara]] and the [[Khanate of Kokand]] from the south, and started opposing the expansion of the Russian Empire.

Full Russian rule over all Kazakh lands was established in the second half of the 19th century, after the southern towns of [[Kyzylorda|Aq-Meshit]], [[Shymkent]], [[Taraz|Aulie-Ata]] and others were taken by the Russian Imperial Army.

== 550th Anniversary == 
2015 marked the 550th anniversary of the establishment of Kazakh Khanate.<ref name=five50>{{cite news|title=Kazakh statehood is 550 years old: Nazarbayev|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/Kazakh-statehood-is-550-years-old-Nazarbayev-257056/|agency=TengriNews}}</ref>

{{Russian colonial campaigns}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Kazakhstan}}
*[[List of Turkic dynasties and countries]]
*[[History of Kazakhstan]]
*[[List of Kazakh khans]]
*[[List of Sunni Muslim dynasties]]
*[[Nomad (2006 film)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Turkic topics}}
{{Kazakhstan topics}}
{{State successors of Golden Horde}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanate, Kazakh}}
[[Category:Kazakh Khanate| ]]
[[Category:Turkic states]]
[[Category:Turkic dynasties]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1456]]
[[Category:History of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:History of the Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:Former countries in Asia]]
[[Category:1731 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Historical Turkic states]]