View source for Tavan Bogd

{{Infobox mountain
| name = Tavan Bogd
| photo = Ukok Plateau 2.jpg|thumb
| photo_caption = View of Tavan Bogd from Russian Altay
| elevation_m = 4374
| elevation_ref = 
| prominence_m = 2342
| prominence_ref =  
| listing = [[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]]
| pronunciation = {{IPA-mn|tɑwɑŋ ˈbɔɡ.dɔ|}}
| location = [[Ulaankhus soum]] and [[Tsengel soum]], [[Bayan-Olgii Province]], [[Mongolia]]
| range = Mongol-[[Altai Mountains]]
| map = Mongolia
| map_caption = Location in Mongolia
| map_size = 300
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|49|8|45|N|87|49|9|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref = <ref>[http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/mongolia.html Peaklist source]</ref> 
| topo = 
| type = 
| age = 
| volcanic_arc/belt =
| last_eruption = 
| first_ascent = 1956
| easiest_route = [[Hiking]]
  |embedded={{designation list | embed=yes
   | designation1 = WHS
   | designation1_offname =  Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai
   | designation1_date = 2011 <small>(35th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
   | designation1_type = Cultural
   | designation1_criteria = iii
   | designation1_number = [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1382 1382]
   | designation1_free1name = State Party
   | designation1_free1value = [[Mongolia]]
   | designation1_free2name = Region
   | designation1_free2value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia|Asia]]
}}
}}

The '''Tavan Bogd''' ({{lang-mn|Таван богд}}, {{IPA-mn|tɑwɑŋ ˈbɔɡ.dɔ|}}, ''lit. "five saints"'') is a mountain massif in [[Mongolia]], on the border with China and Russia. Its highest peak, the [[Khüiten Peak]] (formerly also known as Nairmadal Peak) is the highest point of Mongolia at 4374 meters above sea level.

The Tavan Bogd massif is located mostly within the [[Bayan-Olgii Province]] of Mongolia; its northern slopes are in Russia's [[Altai Republic]], and western, in China's [[Burqin County]].

Besides the Khüiten Peak, the Tavan Bogd massif includes four other peaks: [[Nairamdal Peak|Nairamdal]], [[Malchin Peak|Malchin]], Bürged (''eagle'') and Olgii (''motherland'').<ref>[http://content.yudu.com/Library/A1nrkv/AsiaTravelMONGOLIACO/resources/133.htm?skipFlashCheck=true Yuducom source]</ref>

==International borders==
According to the relevant trilateral agreements and published topographic maps, the junction point of the [[China–Russia border]], the [[China–Mongolia border]], and the [[Mongolia–Russia border]] is the top of a peak with the elevation of 4081 or 4104 m, at the coordinates {{coord|49|10|13.5|N|87|48|56.3|E|display=inline}}<ref name=TripointProtocol>
[http://old.lawru.info/base32/part9/d32ru9848.htm ПРОТОКОЛ-ОПИСАНИЕ ТОЧКИ ЗАПАДНОГО СТЫКА ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫХ ГРАНИЦ ТРЕХ ГОСУДАРСТВ МЕЖДУ ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВОМ Российской Федерации, ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВОМ МОНГОЛИИ и ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВОМ КИТАЙСКОЙ НАРОДНОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ (ПОДПИСАН в г. ПЕКИНЕ 24.06.1996)] (Protocol between the Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of Mongolia, and the Government of the People's Republic of China,  describing the western junction point of the borders of the three states. Signed in Beijing, June 24, 1996)  {{ru icon}}</ref><ref name=tripointAgreement>[http://old.lawru.info/base33/part6/d33ru6020.htm Соглашение между Правительством Российской Федерации, Правительством Китайской Народной Республики и Правительством Монголии об определении точек стыков государственных границ трех государств (Заключено в г. Улан-Баторе 27 января 1994 года)] (The Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of the People's Republic of China, and the Government of Mongolia on the determination of the points of junction of the national borders of the three states) {{ru icon}}</ref><ref name=TopoM45.101>Soviet [http://www.mountain.ru/world_mounts/altai/2006/M45-104.jpg Topo map M45-104], scale 1:100,000, {{ru icon}}</ref>
The mountain peak is referred to in the agreements and maps as the Tavan Bogd Peak
({{lang-ru|Таван-Богдо-Ула}}, Tavan-Bogdo-Ula; {{lang-mn|Таван  Богд  Уул}}, Tavan Bogd Uul), or Mount Kuitun ({{zh|s=奎屯山|p=Kuítún shān}}).<ref name=TripointProtocol/><ref name=tripointAgreement/><ref>[http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2001-01/02/content_3265.htm 中华人民共和国和俄罗斯联邦关于中俄国界西段的协定] (Agreement between the PRC and RF in regard to the western section of the China-Russia border), 1994-09-03 {{zh icon}}</ref>

Due to its remote and hard to access location, on a mountain covered with eternal snows, the three states have agreed not to install a border marker at the tripoint.<ref name=TripointProtocol/>

Other sources claim that the tripoint is called [[Nairamdal Peak]], but this is not confirmed either by official agreements or by maps.

Some other peaks of the Tavan Bogd massif are located on the  [[China–Mongolia border]] or the [[Mongolia–Russia border]]. In particular, the massif tallest point, the  [[Khüiten Peak]], is located on the China–Mongolia border, about 2.5&nbsp;km south of the tripoint. In the past, it was known as the "Friendship Peak" (Nairamdal Uul in Mongolian, or Youyi Feng 友谊峰 in Chinese).<ref name=krumweide2014.499>See e.g. the index in {{harvnb|Krumwiede|Kamp|Leonard|Kargel|2014}}</ref>

==Peaks==
The main peaks of the Tavanbogd massif are:

<div style="float:left; width:50%;">
{|  class="wikitable"
! align=left | Name
! align=center | Height ([[1 kilometre|metres]])
|-
| [[Khüiten Peak]]
| 4,374
|-
| [[Nairamdal Peak]]
| 4,180
|-
| Bürged Peak
| 4,068 
|-
| [[Malchin Peak]]
| 4,050
|-
| Olgii Peak
| 4,050
|-
|}</div>{{Clear}}

==Glaciation==
[[File:Tavan Bogd Mountains.jpg|thumb|The Tavan Bogd Mountains and glaciers]]
According to satellite measurements, the total area of the glaciation in the Tavan Bogd massif area amounted to 204&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> in 2009.<ref name=krumweide2014.499>{{harvnb|Krumwiede|Kamp|Leonard|Kargel|2014|p=499}}</ref> The glaciates area was 213&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> in 1989; in other words, the glaciers lost 4.2% of their area over the 20 years.<ref name=krumweide2014.505>{{harvnb|Krumwiede|Kamp|Leonard|Kargel|2014|p=505}}</ref>

Out of the countries that share the massif, the largest glaciated area is in Mongolia; it includes the [[Potanin Glacier]] (Mongolia's longest) and the [[Alexandra Glacier]].

According to a 2011 estimate, the northern (Russian) slope of the Tavan Bogd massif contains 12 [[glacier]]s, which cover the total of 22.8&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name=chistyakov2015.210>
{{harvnb|Chistyakov|Ganiushkin|2015|p=210}}</ref> According to the Russian researchers, the glaciers of the massif's northern slope have lost 11% of their area between 1962-2002, and another 12% in 2002-2009.<ref name=chistyakov2015.207>
{{harvnb|Chistyakov|Ganiushkin|2015|p=207}}</ref>

==National Parks and protected areas==
{{main|Altai Tavan Bogd National Park|Ukok Plateau|Kanas Lake}}
Special protected areas have been designated in all three nations sharing the Tavan Bogd.

The Mongolian part of the Tavan Bogd massif is within the [[Altai Tavan Bogd National Park]]. The park covers 6,362&nbsp;km². It includes the lakes Khoton, Khurgan, and Dayan. The protected area offers a home for many species of alpine animal, such as the Argali sheep, Ibex, Red deer, Beech marten, Moose, Snow cock, and Golden eagle.

On the Russian side of the border, the [[Ukok Plateau]], adjacent to the Tavan Bogd massif from the north, is part of the [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] called the [[Golden Mountains of Altai]].

The glacier-fed stream on the western, Chinese, slope of the massif flow into the small Akkul Lake ([[:zh:阿克库勒湖 (布尔津县)|阿克库勒湖]]),  which in its turn drains into the [[Kanas Lake]] farther south; the Kanas Lake area has been designated [[AAAAA scenic area]] by the [[China National Tourism Administration]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.cnta.gov.cn/html/2008-11/2008-11-16-10-27-72978.html|date=16 November 2008|title=AAAAA Scenic Areas|work=[[China National Tourism Administration]]|accessdate=9 April 2011}}</ref> An area of 5,588&nbsp;km² has been designated as the Kanas Nature Reserve ([[:zh:喀纳斯湖自然风景保护区]]).

== See also ==
* [[List of mountains in Mongolia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{citation
|editor-first=Martin |editor-last=Culshaw|editor2-first= Victor |editor2-last=Osipov|editor3-first= S.J. |editor3-last=Booth|editor4-first= A.S. |display-editors = 3 |editor4-last=Victorov
|publisher=Springer |year=2015
|isbn=940179538X
|title=Environmental Security of the European Cross-Border Energy Supply Infrastructure NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kPUSBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA207
|contribution=Glaciation and Thermokarst Phenomena and Natural Disasters in the Mountains of North-West Inner Asia
|first=K. V.|last=Chistyakov|first2= D. A. |last2=Ganiushkin
|pages=207–218}}
* {{citation
|first=Brandon S.|last=Krumwiede
|first2= Ulrich  |last2=Kamp
|first3= Gregory J.  |last3=Leonard
|first4= Jeffrey S.  |last4=Kargel 
|first5=Avirmed  |last5=Dashtseren 
|first6=Michael  |last6=Walther
|contribution=Recent Glacier Changes in the Mongolian Altai Mountains: Case Studies from Munkh Khairkhan and Tavan Bogd
|editor-first=Jeffrey Stuart |editor-last=Kargel
|publisher=Springer |year=2014
|isbn=3540798188
|title=Global Land Ice Measurements from Space
|series=Springer-Praxis series in geophysics
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sdkkBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA481
|pages=481–509
}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Altai Tavan Bogd National Park}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090123110018/http://sunshine.mn/tours/Climbing_to_Tavan_Bogd_mountain.html sunshine.mn information]
* [http://discover-bayanolgii.com/altai-tavan-bogd-national-park/ Official Tourism Site]

[[Category:Altai Mountains]]
[[Category:Mountains of Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Mountains of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Mountains of Russia]]
[[Category:China–Mongolia border]]
[[Category:Mongolia–Russia border]]
[[Category:China–Russia border]]
[[Category:International mountains of Asia]]