View source for Lake Zaysan

{{Infobox lake
|name = Lake Zaisan
|native_name = Зайсан көлі
|image =Zaysan.jpg
|caption =
|image_bathymetry =
|caption_bathymetry =
|location =
|coords = {{Coord|48|00|N|84|00|E|region:KZ_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
|lake_type =
|inflow = [[Kara-Irtysh]] (Black Irtysh), [[Kendyrlyk]]
|outflow = [[Irtysh River]] (White Irtysh)
|catchment =
|basin_countries = Kazakhstan
|length = {{convert|105|km|abbr=on}}
|width = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}}
|area = {{convert|1,810|km2|abbr=on}}
|depth =
|max-depth = {{convert|15|m|abbr=on}}
|volume =
|residence_time =
|shore =
|elevation = {{convert|420|m|abbr=on}}
|islands =
|cities =
}}
'''Lake Zaysan''' ({{Lang-kz|Зайсан көлі}}, ''Zaysan köli'', زايسان كؤلئ; {{Lang-mn|Зайсан нуур, ''Zaisan nuur'', ~noble lake}}, {{Lang-ru|Озеро Зайсан}}, ''Ozero Zajsan''; {{zh|t=齋桑泊 |s= 斋桑泊 |p= Zhāisāng Pō}}, [[Xiao'erjing]]: جَىْصْا پْ; {{lang-dng|Җэсонпə}}) is a freshwater [[lake]], ca. 1,810&nbsp;km² (700&nbsp;mi²), in eastern [[Kazakhstan]], in a hollow between the [[Altai Mountains|Altai]] and the [[Tarbagatai Mountains]]. It is the largest lake in the [[East Kazakhstan Province]].

The lake lies at an altitude of 420 m, is 105&nbsp;km long and 22–48&nbsp;km wide, with a maximum depth of 15 m. Its major tributaries are the ''[[Kara Irtysh]]'' (Black Irtysh) and [[Kendyrlyk]] from the east; its only outlet is the [[Irtysh River]] (or White Irtysh). The lake is generally frozen from the beginning of November to the end of April, but still has an abundance of fish. Since the construction of the [[Bukhtarma Hydroelectric Power Plant|Bukhtarma dam]] on the Irtysh downstream from the Zaysan, the lake has risen 6&nbsp;m (20&nbsp;ft) above its natural level. As the result, the area of lake essentially increased (nearly doubled: from about 1,800&nbsp;km² to 3,500&nbsp;km²,<ref>''Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary, Moscow'', 1980, p. 451.</ref> or even to 5,000&nbsp;km²),<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/656085/Lake-Zaysan]</ref> thus, in some sources the lake is indicated as part of an artificial reservoir.<ref>''Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary, Moscow'', 1980, p. 451.</ref>

The lake has existed since the late [[Cretaceous Period]].{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} Commonly, [[Lake Baikal]] is considered to be the oldest lake on the planet (about 25 million years).<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/754]</ref> The approximate duration of Cretaceous Period is from 136 to 65 million years before present,<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/geologic_timescale.aspx#5-1E1:geotimeTABLE-full]</ref> and, hence, if the Lake Zaysan existed from "the late Cretaceous Period", that means Zaysan must be older than 65 million years, and is the oldest lake on the planet, nearly three times older than Baikal. The direct indication of the Lake Zaysan's age is difficult to find, although some geological studies of the Zaysan Basin have been reviewed.<ref>''AAPG Studies in Geology #46'', (2000). Chapter 29</ref> Artificial reservoirs cover large surrounding areas. Modern geological analysis of the entire field, apparently, supports an exceptionally old age for Lake Zaysan.<ref>L. E. Popov et al (2009)</ref><ref>Kröner et al</ref>

==History==
[[File:Zaysan 2.jpg|thumb|A road near the coast of Lake Zaysan]]
[[File:Zaysan 1.jpg|thumb|Lake Zaysan]]
The first Russian to reach the area was Ivan Bukholts who ascended the Irtysh to build a fort and search for gold. In 1715 he was driven back downriver by the [[Oirats]], who has established the [[Zunghar Khanate]] in the region.

The Chinese [[Qing Empire]] [[Ten Great Campaigns#The Dzungars and pacification of Xinjiang (1755 - 1757)|conquered]] the Zunghar state in the 1750s. 
This prompted an increase in the Russian authorities' attention to their borderland; in 1756, the [[Orenburg]] Governor [[Ivan Neplyuyev]] even proposed the annexation of the Lake Zaysan region, but this project was forestalled by Chinese successes.<ref>{{harvnb|Abramof|1865|p=65}}</ref>  Concerns were raised in Russia  (1759) about the (theoretical) possibility of a Chinese fleet sailing from Lake Zaysan down the Irtysh and into Western Siberia. A Russian expedition visited Lake Zaysan in 1764, and concluded that such a riverine invasion would not be likely. Nonetheless, a chain of Russian pickets was established on the [[Bukhtarma River]], north of Lake Zaysan.<ref>{{harvnb|Abramof|1865|p=66}}</ref> Thus the border between the two empires in the Irtysh basin became roughly delineated, with a (sparse) chain of guard posts on both sides.

The situation on the Zaysan in the mid-19th century is described in a report by A.Abramof (1865). Even though the Zaysan region was recognized by both parties as part of the Qing Empire, it had been annually used by fishing expeditions sent by the [[Siberian Cossacks|Siberian Cossack Host]]. These summer expeditions started in 1803, and in 1822-25 their range was expanded through the entire Lake Zaysan and to the mouth of the Black Irtysh. Through the mid-19th century, the Qing presence on the upper Irtysh was mostly limited to the annual visit of the Qing ''[[amban]]'' from [[Chuguchak]] to one of the Cossacks' fishing stations (''Batavski Piket'').<ref>{{harvnb|Abramof|1865|pp=62–63}}; see also the border shown on the map before p. 65.</ref>

The border between the Russian and the Qing empires in the Irtysh basin was established along the line fairly similar to China's modern border with Russia and Kazakhstan by the [[Convention of Peking]] of 1860.<ref>Articles 2 and 3 in the [[:ru:s:Пекинский договор (1860)|Russian text of the treaty]]</ref> The actual border line pursuant to the convention was drawn by the Protocol of [[Chuguchak]] (1864), leaving Lake Zaysan on the Russian side.<ref>(See [[:File:China-Russia border - protocol of Chuguchak 1864.jpg|the map]])</ref><ref>[http://www.npm.gov.tw/exh98/frontier/en2.html The Lost Frontier: the treaty maps that changed Qing's northwestern boundaries]</ref> The Qing Empire's military presence in the Irtysh basin crumbled during the [[Dungan revolt (1862–77)]]. After the fall of the rebellion and the reconquest of Xinjiang by [[Zuo Zongtang]], the border between the Russian and the Qing empires in the Irtysh basin was further slightly readjusted, in Russia's favor,  by the [[Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)]].

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{citation
|first=A.|last=Abramof
|title=The lake Nor-Zaysan and its neighborhood
|others=translated by John Michell
|publisher=J. Murray |year=1865
|journal=Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London|volume=35
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YuoRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA59
|pages=58–69|doi=10.2307/3698078}}
* ''AAPG Studies in Geology #46'', Chapter 29: "Upper Cretaceous-Cenozoic Lacustrine Deposits of the Zaysan Basin, Eastern Kazakhstan." Spencer G. Lucas, Robert J. Emry, Viacheslav Chkhikvadze, Bolat Bayshashov, Lyubov A. Tyutkova, Pyruza A. Tleuberdina, Ayzhan Zhamangara. AAPG Special Volumes. Volume Lake Basins Through Space and Time, Pages 335 - 340 (2000)
* L. E. Popov, Michael G. Bassett, V. G. Zhemchuzhnikov, L. E. Holmer and I. A. Klishevich, "Gondwanan faunal signatures from Early Palaeozoic terranes of Kazakhstan and Central Asia: evidence and tectonic implications." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2009, 325:23-64
* A. Kröner, B.F. Windley, G. Badarch, O. Tomurtogoo, E. Hegner, B.M. Jahn, S. Gruschka, E.V. Khain, A. Demoux, and M.T.D. Wingate, "[http://memoirs.gsapubs.org/content/200/181.abstract Accretionary growth and crust formation in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and comparison with the Arabian-Nubian shield, Memoirs]."

{{Lakes of Kazakhstan}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lakes of Kazakhstan|Zaysan]]
[[Category:Altai Mountains]]