View source for Timanide Orogen

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{{Location map~|Russia Northwestern Federal District|lat=70.483611 |long=29.540556 |label=[[Varanger Peninsula]]|position=top|mark=Red pog.svg}}
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{{Location map~|Russia Northwestern Federal District|lat=64.6 |long=50.4 |label=[[Timan Ridge]]|position=top|mark=Red pog.svg}}
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The '''Timanide Orogen''' ({{lang-ru|Ороген Протоуралид-Тиманид}}, literally: "Protouralian–Timanide Orogen") is a [[Uralian orogeny|pre-Uralian]] [[orogen]] that formed in northeastern{{refn|name=note 1|group=note|All coordinates in this article are in relation to present-day geography and ''not'' to the past disposition of continents, [[terrane]]s and oceans.}} [[Baltica]] during the [[Neoproterozoic]] in the Timanide orogeny.{{refn|name=note 2|group=note|Another name for the orogen is "Baikalides" which is a name that has been used in wider sense to refer chiefly to orogens south of the [[Siberian Craton]].<ref name=intro2004/> Among Russian scientists the term "Baikalian", coined in 1935 by [[Nikolay Shatsky|Schatsky]], was for long time the most common term for the orogen until the 1990s.<ref name=Roberts2004/>}} The orogen is about 3000 km long. Its extreme points include the southern [[Urals]] in the south and the [[Polar Urals]], the [[Kanin Peninsula|Kanin]] and [[Varanger Peninsula|Varanger]] peninsulas in the north. The [[Timan Ridge]] is the [[type area]] of the orogen.<ref name=intro2004>{{cite book |last=Gee |first=D.G.|last2=Pease |first2=V. |editor-last=Gee |editor-first=D.G.|editor-last2=Pease |editor-first2=V. |title=The Neoproterozoic Timanide Orogen of Eastern Baltica |chapter=The Neoproterozoic Timanide Ororgen of eastern Baltica: introuction|publisher=Geological Society, London, Memoirs |date=2004 |pages=1–3 |isbn=}}</ref> To the west, at the Varanger Peninsula, the north-west oriented Timanide Orogen is truncated by the younger [[Caledonides|Scandinavian Caledonide Orogen]] that has an oblique disposition.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gee |first=D.G. |last2=Bogolepova |first2=O.K. |last3=Lorenz |first3=H.|date=2006 |chapter=The Timanide, Caledonide and Uralide orogens in the Eurasian high Arctic, and relationships to the palaeo-continents Laurentia, Baltica and Siberia |chapter-url=http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Olga_K_Bogolepova/publication/253650545_The_Timanide_Caledonide_and_Uralide_orogens_in_the_Eurasian_high_Arctic_and_relationships_to_the_palaeo-continents_Laurentia_Baltica_and_Siberia/links/00b7d52b1aabf4b400000000.pdf |title=European Lithosphere Dynamics
|editor-last1=Gee |editor-first1=D.G.|editor-last2=Stephenson |editor-first2=R.A. |publisher=Geological Society, London, Memoirs |pages=507–520 |doi= |access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref> The northeastern parts of the orogen are made up of volcanic and sedimentary rocks, granitoids and few [[ophiolite]]s. In contrast the southwestern part of the orogen is made up mostly of [[sedimentary rock]]s. [[Granite#Chappell_.26_White_classification_system|I and A type]] [[granitoid]]s and [[volcanic rock]]s are common in the orogen.<ref name=Kuzetal2007>{{cite journal |last=Kuznetsov |first=N.N |last2=Soboleva |first2=A.A.|last3=Udoratina |first3=O.V|last4=Hertseva |first4=M.V.|last5=Andreichev |first5=V.L. |date=2007 |title=Pre-Ordovician tectonic evolution and volcano-plutonic associations of the Timanides and northern Pre-Uralides, northeast part of the East European Craton |url=http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nikolay_Kuznetsov2/publication/229390590_Pre-Ordovician_tectonic_evolution_and_volcanoplutonic_associations_of_the_Timanides_and_northern_Pre-Uralides_northeast_part_of_the_East_European_Craton/links/02e7e5181149457200000000.pdf |journal=[[Gondwana Research]] |publisher= |volume=12 |issue= |pages=305–323 |doi= |access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref>

From the Late Neoproterozoic o the [[Cambrian|Middle Cambrian]] the Timanide Orogen was associated to a [[subduction|subduction zone]] that existed to the northeast of it. Most studies interpret subduction as going inward (subducted [[tectonic plate|plate]] moving southwest) albeit one suggest the opposite (subducted plate moving to the northeast).<ref name=Kuzetal2007/> 
In the Cambrian the Timanide Orogen is believed to have developed in a [[continental collision]] context as Baltica and [[Arctida]] collided between 528 and 510 million years ago.<ref name=Orlovetal2011/> Some researchers do however dissent from this view suggesting there was never such a collision.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kuznetsov |first=N.B. |date=2008 |title=The Cambrian Pre-Uralide–Timanide Orogen: Structural Evidence for Its Collisional Origin |url= |journal=Doklady Earth Sciences |publisher= |volume=423A |issue=9 |pages=1383–1387 |doi= |access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref>

[[Erosion]] of the Timanide Orogen have produced [[sediment]]s that are now found in the [[East European Platform]], including the Cambrian [[Sablino Formation]] near [[Lake Ladoga]]. Studies of sediments points that its likely that the erosion of the orogen was beginning in the Cambrian and then became stronger in [[Ordovician]].<ref name=Orlovetal2011>{{cite journal |last=Orlov |first=S.Yu. |last2=Kuznetsov |first2=N.B.|last3=Miller |first3=E.D.|last4=Soboleva |first4=A.A.|last5=Udoratina |first5=O.V. |date=2011 |title=Age Constraints for the Pre–Uralide–Timanide Orogenic Event Inferred from the Study of Detrital Zircons |url=http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nikolay_Kuznetsov2/publication/236585203_Age_Constraints_for_the_Pre-UralideTimanide_Orogenic_Event_Inferred_from_the_Study_of_Detrital_Zircons/links/02e7e5181276a99ccf000000.pdf |journal=Doklady Earth Sciences |publisher= |volume=440 |issue=1 |pages=1216–1221 |doi= |access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref>

The first geologists to study the orogen where [[Wilhelm Ramsay]] and [[Tschernyschev]] who published works in 1899 and 1901 respectively. [[Hans Reusch]] compiled the existing knowledge on the orogen in 1900.<ref name=Roberts2004>{{cite book |last=Roberts |first=D.|last2=Olovyanishnikov |first2=V. |editor-last=Gee |editor-first=D.G.|editor-last2=Pease |editor-first2=V. |title=The Neoproterozoic Timanide Ororgen of Eastern Baltica |chapter=Structural and tectonic development of the Timanide orogen|publisher=Geological Society, London, Memoirs |date=2004 |pages=47–57 |isbn=}}</ref>

==Note==
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==References==
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{{Geology of Europe}}

[[Category:Barents Sea]]
[[Category:Geology of Norway]]
[[Category:Geology of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Geology of European Russia]]
[[Category:Geology of Russia]]
[[Category:Neoproterozoic orogenies]]
[[Category:Ediacaran orogenies]]
[[Category:Cambrian orogenies]]
[[Category:Ural Mountains]]