Kazakh language

2017-04-12T14:55:39Z

YantarCoast: /* Writing system */

{{Infobox language
| name=Kazakh
| nativename= {{lang|kk|қазақ тілі}} ''{{lang|kk-Latn|qazaq tili}}'' {{rtl-lang|kk-Arab|قازاق تىلى}}
| pronunciation ={{IPA-kk|qɑˈzɑq tɘˈlɘ|}}
| states=[[Kazakhstan]], [[China]], [[Mongolia]], [[Russia]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]]
| region= [[Turkestan]], [[Dzungaria]], [[Anatolia]], [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], [[Fergana Valley]]
| speakers = 15 million
| date = 2016
| ref =
| familycolor=Altaic
| fam1=[[Turkic languages|Turkic]]
| fam2=[[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]]
| fam3=[[Kipchak languages|Kipchak]]
| fam4=Kipchak–Nogai
| script=[[Kazakh alphabets]] ([[Cyrillic script]], [[Latin script|Latin]], [[Arabic script]], [[Kazakh Braille]])
| nation={{Flag|Kazakhstan}} {{Flag|Russia}}
*{{Flag|Altai Republic}}<ref>http://zakon.scli.ru/ru/legal_texts/legislation_RF/printable.php?do4=document&id4=d2599158-01ed-47a8-8227-3057d6dbed48</ref>
{{Flag|China}}
*[[Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture]]
| agency = Kazakh language agency
| iso1=kk
| iso2=kaz
| iso3=kaz
|lingua=44-AAB-cc
|map=File:Idioma kazajo.png
|mapcaption=The Kazakh-speaking world: {{Legend|#0080FF|regions where Kazakh is the language of the majority}} {{Legend|#88C4FF|regions where Kazakh is the language of a significant minority}}

| notice=IPA
|glotto=kaza1248
|glottorefname=Kazakh
}}

'''Kazakh''' (natively {{lang|kk|қазақ тілі}}, {{lang|kk|қазақша}}, ''{{lang|kk-Latn|qazaq tili}}'', ''{{lang|kk-Latn|qazaqşa}}'', {{rtl-lang|kk-Arab|قازاق ٴتىلى}}, {{rtl-lang|kk-Arab|قازاقشا}}; pronounced {{IPA|[qɑˈzɑq tɘˈlɘ]}}) belongs to the [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak branch]] of the [[Turkic languages]]. It is closely related to [[Nogai language|Nogai]], [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], and especially [[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]]. Kazakh is the official language of the [[Kazakhstan|Republic of Kazakhstan]] and a significant minority language in the [[Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture]] in [[Xinjiang]], [[China]] and in the [[Bayan-Ölgii Province]] of [[Mongolia]]. Kazakh is also spoken by many ethnic Kazakhs through the former [[Soviet Union]] (approximately 500,000 in [[Russia]] according to the 2002 [[Russian Census]]), [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], and [[Germany]].

Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh is an [[agglutinative language]], and it employs [[vowel harmony]].

==Geographic distribution==
The Kazakh language has its speakers (mainly [[Kazakhs]]) spread over a vast territory from the [[Tian Shan]] to the western shore of [[Caspian Sea]]. Kazakh is the official state language of [[Kazakhstan]], in which nearly 10 million speakers are reported to live (based on the CIA World Factbook's estimates for population and percentage of Kazakh speakers). In China, more than one million ethnic Kazakhs and Kazakh speakers reside in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang.

== Writing system ==
{{Main article|Kazakh alphabets}}
Today, Kazakh is written in [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] in Kazakhstan and Mongolia, while more than one million Kazakh-speakers in China use an [[Arabic script|Arabic]]-derived alphabet similar to the one that is used to write [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]].

The oldest known written records of languages closely related to Kazakh were written in the [[Old Turkic alphabet]]. However, it is not believed that any of these varieties were direct predecessors of Kazakh. Modern Kazakh has historically been written using versions of the [[Latin script|Latin]], [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] and [[Arabic script|Arabic]] scripts.

In October 2006, [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], the [[President]] of Kazakhstan, brought up the topic of using the Latin alphabet instead of the Cyrillic alphabet as the official script for Kazakh in Kazakhstan.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070930231557/http://www.interfax.ru/e/B/politics/28.html?id_issue=11612625 Kazakhstan switching to Latin alphabet]</ref><ref>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/10/f279f7ea-af3d-4a71-a457-347fbbb11591.html Kazakh President Revives Idea of Switching to Latin Script]</ref> A Kazakh government study released in September 2007 said that Kazakhstan could feasibly switch to a Latin script over a 10- to 12-year period, for a cost of $300 million.<ref>[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav090407.shtml Kazakhstan: Moving Forward With Plan to Replace Cyrillic With Latin Alphabet]</ref> The transition was halted temporarily on December 13, 2007, with President Nazarbayev declaring: “For 70 years the Kazakhstanis read and wrote in Cyrillic. More than 100 nationalities live in our state. Thus we need stability and peace. We should be in no hurry in the issue of alphabet transformation”.<ref>[http://www.inform.kz/showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=158363 Kazakhstan should be in no hurry in Kazakh alphabet transformation to Latin: Nazarbayev, Kazinform, December 13, 2007]</ref> However, on January 30, 2015, the Minister of Culture and Sports Arystanbek Mukhamediuly announced that a transition plan was underway, with specialists working on the orthography in order to accommodate the phonological aspects of the language.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kazakh language to be converted to Latin alphabet – MCS RK|url=http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2741711|accessdate=17 September 2015|agency=Kazinform|date=30 January 2015}}</ref> On April 12, 2017, President Nazarbayev ordered the authorities to transcribe the Kazakh alphabet into Latin by the end of the year, thereby signalling the end of the Cyrillic alphabet as the official script for Kazakh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-president-orders-shift-from-cyrillic/28425590.html|title=Kazakh President Orders Shift Away From Cyrillic Alphabet|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|access-date=2017-04-12}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"
||'''Cyrillic script'''
||'''Arabic script'''
||'''Latin script'''
||'''English translation'''
|-
| Барлық адамдар тумасынан азат және қадір-қасиеті мен құқықтары тең болып дүниеге келеді. Адамдарға ақыл-парасат, ар-ождан берілген, сондықтан олар бір-бірімен туыстық, бауырмалдық қарым-қатынас жасаулары тиіс.|| align="right" |بارلىق ادامدار تۋمىسىنان ازات جانە قادىر-قاسيەتى مەن كۇقىقتارى تەڭ بولىپ دۇنيەگە كەلەدى. ادامدارعا اقىل-پاراسات، ار-وجدان بەرىلگەن، سوندىقتان ولار ٴبىر-بىرىمەن تۋىستىق، باۋىرمالدىق قارىم-قاتىناس جاساۋلارى ٴتيىس.||Barlıq adamdar tuwmasınan azat jäne qadir-qasïeti men quqıqtarı teñ bolıp dünïege keledi. Adamdarğa aqıl-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondıqtan olar bir-birimen tuwıstıq, bauwırmaldıq qarım-qatınas jasauwları tïis.||All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
|}[[File:Kazakh latin alphabet (1924).JPG|right|312x312px|thumb|Kazakh Arabic and Latin script in 1924]]

== Phonology ==
Kazakh exhibits [[retracted tongue root|tongue-root]] [[vowel harmony]], with some words of recent foreign origin (usually of [[Russian language|Russian]] or [[Arabic language|Arabic]] origin) as exceptions. There is also a system of rounding harmony which resembles that of Kyrgyz, but which does not apply as strongly and is not reflected in the orthography.

===Consonants===
The following chart depicts the consonant inventory of standard Kazakh;<ref>Some variations occur in the different regions where Kazakh is spoken, including outside Kazakhstan; e.g. ж / ج (where a Perso-Arabic script similar to the current [[Uyghur language#Writing system|Uyghur alphabet]] is used) is read {{IPA|[ʒ]}} in standard Kazakh, but {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} in some places.</ref> many of the sounds, however, are allophones of other sounds or appear only in recent loan-words. The 18 consonant phonemes listed by Vajda are in bold—since these are phonemes, their listed place and manner of articulation are very general, and will vary from what is shown. The borrowed phonemes {{IPA|/f/}}, {{IPA|/v/}}, {{IPA|/ɕ/}}, {{IPA|/t͡ɕ/}} and {{IPA|/x/}}, only occur in recent mostly Russian borrowings, and are shown in parentheses [ ] in the table below.

In the table, the elements left of a divide are [[voiced|voiceless]], while those to the right are voiced.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ caption | Kazakh consonant phonemes
|-
|
! colspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labials]]
! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Palato- alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo- palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! colspan="2" | [[glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- align="center"
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|m}} {{angle bracket|м}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|n}} {{angle bracket|н}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ŋ}} {{angle bracket|ң}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align="center"
! [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
| {{IPA|p}} {{angle bracket|п}}
| {{IPA|b}} {{angle bracket|б}}
| {{IPA|t}} {{angle bracket|т}}
| {{IPA|d}} {{angle bracket|д}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|k}} {{angle bracket|к}}
| {{IPA|ɡ}} {{angle bracket|г}}
| {{IPA|q}} {{angle bracket|қ}}
|
| colspan="2" |
|- align="center"
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[t͡ɕ]}} {{angle bracket|ч}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align="center"
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| {{IPA|[f]}} {{angle bracket|ф}}
| {{IPA|[v]}} {{angle bracket|в}}
| {{IPA|s}} {{angle bracket|с}}
| {{IPA|z}} {{angle bracket|з}}
| {{IPA|ʃ}} {{angle bracket|ш}}
| {{IPA|ʒ}} {{angle bracket|ж}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɕ]}} {{angle bracket|щ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[x]}} {{angle bracket|х}}
|
| {{IPA|ʁ}} {{angle bracket|ғ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|h}} {{angle bracket|һ}}
|- align="center"
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="4" | {{IPA|l}} {{angle bracket|л}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|j}} {{angle bracket|й}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|w}} {{angle bracket|у}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align="center"
! [[Rhotic consonant|Trill]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|r}} {{angle bracket|р}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}


===Vowels===
Kazakh has a system of nine phonemic vowels, three of which are diphthongs. The rounding contrast and {{IPA|/æ/}} generally only occur as phonemes in the first syllable of a word, but do occur later allophonically; see the section on harmony below for more information.

According to Vajda, the front/back quality of vowels is actually one of neutral versus [[retracted tongue root]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2009|reason=No reference given for 'Vajda'; why complicate things with ±RTR, which seems to be applied here mostly just because it is a fashionable feature in phonology}}

Per convention, [[rounded vowel]]s are presented to the right of their [[unrounded vowel|unrounded]] counterparts. Phonetic values are paired with the corresponding character in Kazakh's Cyrillic alphabet.

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ Kazakh vowel phonemes
!
!colspan=2| −RTR ("[[Front vowel|Front]]")
!colspan=2| [[retracted tongue root|+RTR]] ("[[Back vowel|Back]]")
|-
! [[Diphthong]]ised
| {{IPA|/i̯ɘ/}}, {{angle bracket|е}} || {{IPA|/œ~ø/}}, {{angle bracket|ө}} || || {{IPA|/u̯o/}}, {{angle bracket|о}}
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA|/ɘ~ɪ/}}, {{angle bracket|i}} || {{IPA|/ʉ/}}, {{angle bracket|ү}} || {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{angle bracket|ы}} || {{IPA|/ʊ/}}, {{angle bracket|ұ}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPA|/æ/}}, {{angle bracket|ә}} || || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{angle bracket|а}}
|
|}

== Morphology and Syntax ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2008}}

Kazakh is generally verb-final, though various permutations on [[subject–object–verb|SOV]] (subject–object–verb) word order can be used.<ref>[http://www.beltranslations.com/Languages/Kaz-EN.html Beltranslations.com]</ref> [[Inflection]]al and [[Morphological derivation|derivational]] [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], both verbal and nominal, in Kazakh, exists almost exclusively in the form of [[agglutinative]] suffixes. Kazakh is a nominative-accusative, head-final, left-branching, dependent-marking language.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Declension of nouns
!Case
!Morpheme
!Possible forms
!кеме "''ship''"||ауа "''air''"||шелек "''bucket''"||сәбіз "''carrot''"||бас "''head''"||тұз "''salt''"
|-
!Nom
| —||—||кеме||ауа||шелек||сәбіз||бас||тұз
|-
!Acc
| -NI||-ні, -ны, -ді, -ды, -ті, -ты, -н||кеме'''ні'''||ауа'''ны'''||шелек'''ті'''||сәбіз'''ді'''||бас'''ты'''||тұз'''ды'''
|-
!Gen
| -NIŋ||-нің, -ның, -дің, -дың, -тің, -тың||кеме'''нің'''||ауа'''ның'''||шелек'''тің'''||сәбіз'''дің'''||бас'''тың'''||тұз'''дың'''
|-
!Dat
| -GA||-ге, -ға, -ке, -қа, -не, -на||кеме'''ге'''||ауа'''ға'''||шелек'''ке'''||сәбіз'''ге'''||бас'''қа'''||тұз'''ға'''
|-
!Loc
| -DA||-де, -да, -те, -та||кеме'''де'''||ауа'''да'''||шелек'''те'''||сәбіз'''де'''||бас'''та'''||тұз'''да'''
|-
!Abl
| -DAn||-ден, -дан, -тен, -тан, -нен, -нан||кеме'''ден'''||ауа'''дан'''||шелек'''тен'''||сәбіз'''ден'''||бас'''тан'''||тұз'''дан'''
|-
!Inst
| -Men||-мен(ен) -бен(ен) -пен(ен)||кеме'''мен'''||ауа'''мен'''||шелек'''пен'''||сәбіз'''бен'''||бас'''пен'''||тұз'''бен'''
|}

=== Pronouns ===

Kazakh has eight personal pronouns:

{|class="wikitable"
|+Personal pronouns
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
!Kazakh (transliteration)||English||Kazakh (transliteration)||English
|-
|Мен (Men)||I||Біз (Biz)||We
|-
|Сен (Sen)||You ''(singular informal)''||Сендер (Sender)||You ''(plural informal)''
|-
|Сіз (Siz)||You ''(singular formal)''||Сіздер (Sizder)||You ''(plural formal)''
|-
|Ол (Ol)||He/She/It||Олар (Olar)||They
|}

The declension of the pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns (with the exception of сіз, which used to be plural) exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns don't. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Declension of pronouns
!Nom
|мен||сен||сіз||ол||біз||сендер||сіздер||олар
|-
!Acc
|'''мені'''||'''сені'''||сізді||'''оны'''||бізді||сендерді||сіздерді||оларды
|-
!Gen
|'''менің'''||'''сенің'''||сіздің||'''оның'''||біздің||сендердің||сіздердің||олардың
|-
!Dat
|'''маған'''||'''саған'''||сізге||'''оған'''||бізге||сендерге||сіздерге||оларға
|-
!Loc
|менде||сенде||сізде||'''онда'''||бізде||сендерде||сіздерде||оларда
|-
!Abl
|'''менен'''||'''сенен'''||сізден||'''онан'''||бізден||сендерден||сіздерден||олардан
|-
!Inst
|'''менімен'''||'''сенімен'''||сізбен||'''онымен'''||бізбен||сендермен||сіздермен||олармен
|}

In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Morphemes indicating person
!||pronouns||copulas||possessive endings||past/conditional
|-
!1st sg
|мен||-MIn||-(I)m||-(I)m
|-
!2nd sg
|сен||-sIŋ||-(I)ŋ||-(I)ŋ
|-
!2nd formal sg
|сіз||-sIz||-(I)ŋIz||-(I)ŋIz
|-
!3rd sg
|ол||—||-(s)I(n)||—
|-
!1st pl
|біз||-MIz||-(I)mIz||-(I)K
|-
!2nd pl
|сендер||-sIŋdAr||-(I)ŋ||-(I)ŋ
|-
!2nd formal pl
|сіздер||-sIzdAr||-(I)ŋIz||-(I)nIz
|-
!3rd pl
|олар||—||-(s)I(n)||—
|}

===Tense, aspect and mood===
Kazakh may express different combinations of [[grammatical tense|tense]], [[grammatical aspect|aspect]] and [[grammatical mood|mood]] through the use of various verbal morphology or through a system of [[auxiliary verbs]], many of which might better be considered light verbs. The present tense is a prime example of this; progressive tense in Kazakh is formed with one of four possible auxiliaries. These auxiliaries "отыр" (sit), "тұр" (stand), "жүр" (go) and "жат" (lie), encode various shades of meaning of how the action is carried out and also interact with the lexical semantics of the root verb: telic and non-telic actions, semelfactives, durative and non-durative, punctual, etc. There are selectional restrictions on auxiliaries: motion verbs, such as бару (go) and келу (come) may not combine with "отыр". Any verb, however, can combine with "жат" (lie) to get a progressive tense meaning.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Progressive Aspect in the Kazakh Present Tense
|-
!Kazakh||Aspect||English translation
|-
|Жеймін||non-progressive||"I eat."
|-
|Жеп жатырмын||progressive||"I am eating [right now]."
|-
|Жеп отырмын||progressive/durative||"I am [sitting and] eating." / "I have been eating."
|-
|Жеп тұрмын||progressive/punctual||"I am [in the middle of] eating [this very minute]."
|-
|Жеп жүрмін||habitual||"I eat [lunch, everyday]"
|}
While it is possible to think that different categories of aspect govern the choice of auxiliary, it is not so straightforward in Kazakh. Auxiliaries are internally sensitive to the lexical semantics of predicates, for example, verbs describing motion:

'''Selectional Restrictions on Kazakh Auxiliaries'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Kazakh
!Gloss
!Auxiliary Used
!English translation
|-
|Суда балық жүзеді
''Suw-da balıq jüz-e-di''
|water-LOC fish swim-PRES-3
|Ø
(present/future tense used)
|"Fish swim in water"
(general statement)
|-
|Суда балық жүзіп жатыр
''suw-da balıq jüz-ip jatır''
|water-LOC fish swim-CNVB AUX.3
|'''жат'''－ to lie, general marker for
progressive aspect.
|"The/A fish is swimming in the water"
|-
|Суда балық жүзіп жүр
''suw-da balıq jüz-ip jür''
|water-LOC fish swim-CNVB AUX.3
|'''жүр''' – "go", dynamic/habitual/iterative
|"The fish is swimming [as it always does] in the water"
|-
|Суда балық жүзіп тұр
''suw-da balıq jüz-ip tur''
|water-LOC fish swim-CNVB AUX.3
|'''тұр''' – "stand", progressive marker to show
the swimming is punctual
|"The fish is swimming in the water"
|-
|* Суда балық жүзіп отыр
''suw-da balıq jüz-ip otır''
|water-LOC fish swim-CNVB AUX.3
|'''отыр''' – "sit", '''ungrammatical''' in
this sentence, отыр can only be used

for verbs that are ''stative'' in nature
|*The fish has been swimming
''Not a possible sentence of Kazakh''
|}

In addition to the complexities of the progressive tense, there are many auxiliary-converb pairs that encode a range of aspectual, modal, volitional, evidential and action- modificational meanings''.'' For example, the pattern -ып көру, with the auxiliary verb көру (see), indicates that the subject of the verb attempted or tried to do something (compare the [[Japanese language|Japanese]] てみる ''temiru'' construction).

== Annotated text with gloss ==
''[[Meniñ Qazaqstanım]]''
{| class="wikitable"
!Менің Қазақстаным
!Meniñ Qazaqstan-ım
!My Kazakhstan
|-
|Алтын күн аспаны
|altın kün aspan-ı
|The golden sun in the sky
|-
|{{IPA|[ɑltən kʉn ɑspɑˈnə]}}
|gold sun sky-3.POSS
|
|-
|Алтын дән даласы
|altın dän dala-sı
|The golden corn of the steppe
|-
|{{IPA|[altən dæn dɑlɑˈsə]}}
|gold corn steppe-3.POSS
|
|-
|Ерліктің дастаны
|erlik-tiñ dastan-ı
|The legend of courage
|-
|{{IPA|[jerlɘkˈtɘŋ dɑstɑˈnə]}}
|courage legend-GEN epic-3.POSS-NOM
|
|-
|Еліме қарашы!
|el-im-e qara-şı
|Just look at my country!
|-
|{{IPA|[jɘlɘˈmʲe qɑrɑˈʃə]}}
|country-1SG.ACC look-IMP
|
|-
|Ежелден ер деген
|ejel-den er de-gen
|Called heroes since time in memorium
|-
|{{IPA|[jɘʑʲɘlˈdʲen jɘr dʲɪˈɡʲen]}}
|antiquity-ABL hero say-PTCP.PST
|
|-
|Даңқымыз шықты ғой
|dañq-ımız şıq-tı ğoj
|Our glory, emerged!
|-
|{{IPA|[dɑɴqəˈməz ʃəqˈtə ʁoj]}}
|glory-1PL.POSS.NOM emerge-PST.3 EMPH
|
|-
|Намысын бермеген
|namys-ı-n ber-me-gen
|Without losing their honor
|-
|{{IPA|[nɑməˈsən bʲermʲeˈɡʲen]}}
|honor-3.POSS-ACC give-NEG-PTCP.PST
|
|-
|Қазағым мықты ғой
|Qazağ-ım mıqtı ğoj
|Mighty are my Kazakh people!
|-
|{{IPA|[qɑzɑˈʁəm məqˈtə ʁoj]}}
|Kazakh-1SG.POSS strong EMPH
|
|-
|Менің елім, менің елім
|meniñ el-im, meniñ el-im
|My country, my country
|-
|{{IPA|[mʲɘˈnɘŋ jɘˈlɪm, mʲɘˈnɘŋ jɘˈlɪm]}}
|1SG.GEN my country (2x)-1SG.NOM
|
|-
|Гүлің болып, егілемін
|gül-iñ bol-ıp, e.g.-il-e-min
|As your flower, I am rooted in you
|-
|{{IPA|[ɡʉˈlɘŋ boˈləp, jɘɡɘlʲɘˈmɪn]}}
|flower-2SG.NOM be-CNVB, root-PASS-PRES-1SG
|
|-
|Жырың болып төгілемін, елім
|jır-ıñ bol-ıp, tög-il-e-min, el-im
|As your song, I will be sung abound
|-
|{{IPA|[ʒəˈrəŋ boˈləp tœɡɪlˈʲɘmɪn, jɘˈlɪm]}}
|song-2SG.NOM be-CNVB, sing-PASS-PRES-1SG, country-1SG.POSS.NOM
|
|-
|Туған жерім менің – Қазақстаным
|tuw-ğan jer-im meniñ – Qazaqstan-ım
|My native land – My Kazakhstan
|-
|{{IPA|[tuwˈʁan ʒeˈrɪm mʲɘnɘŋ qɑzɑqˈstɑnəm]}}
|birth-PTCP-PST place-1SG.POSS.NOM 1SG.GEN – Kazakhstan-1SG.POSS.NOM
|
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Languages}}
* [[BGN/PCGN romanization of Kazakh]]
* [[Turkic languages]]
* [[Kazakh literature]]
* [[Languages of Kazakhstan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation
|last=Kara
|first=Dávid Somfai
|title=Kazak
|year=2002
|publisher=Lincom Europa
|isbn=9783895864704
}}
* Mark Kirchner: "Kazakh and Karakalpak". In: ''The Turkic languages''. Ed. by Lars Johanson and É. Á. Csató. London [u.a.] : Routledge, 1998. (Routledge language family descriptions). S.318-332.

==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=kk}}
{{Wikivoyage|Kazakh phrasebook|Kazakh|a phrasebook}}
*[http://www.cesty.in/transcription2 Online Kazakh cyrillic transliteration] www.cesty.in
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kazakh.htm Kazakh language, alphabet and pronunciation]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20110709223643/http://www.und.edu/dept/linguistics/theses/2003Kuzhabekova.PDF Aliya S. Kuzhabekova, "Past, Present and Future of Language Policy in Kazakhstan"] (M.A. thesis, [[University of North Dakota]], 2003)
*[http://www.transliteration.kpr.eu/kk/ Kazakh Cyrillic–Latin–Arabic converter]
*[http://sozdik.kz/ Russian–Kazakh Kazakh–Russian dictionary]
*[http://cadensa.bl.uk/uhtbin/cgisirsi/?ps=vTGjtKlWAs/WORKS-FILE/156000023/5/0 Kazakh language recordings], British Library
*[http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/Kazakh Kazakh - Apertium]
*[http://ctle.pau.edu.tr/kztr Kazakh<>Turkish Dictionary]
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html Kazakhstan] in the [[CIA World Factbook]]
* [http://www.highlandsun.com/hyc/Kazakh/ US Peace Corps Kazakh Language Courses] transcribed to HTML

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Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

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