Paris Agreement

2017-04-27T14:29:25Z

William M. Connolley: Undid revision 777495494 by Redom115 (talk) Not an RS or a good assessment

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox Treaty
| name = Paris Agreement (PA)
| long_name = Paris Agreement under the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]]
| type =
| image = ParisAgreement.svg
| image_width =250px
| caption ={{legend|orange|Parties}} {{legend|lightgreen|Signatories}}{{legend|#e68a00|Parties also covered by European Union ratification}}{{legend|#2fc92b|Signatories also covered by European Union ratification}}
| date_drafted = [[2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference|30 November – 12 December 2015]]
| date_signed = 22 April 2016
| location_signed =New York
| date_sealed = 12 December 2015
| date_effective = 4 November 2016<ref name=depo/><ref name=dateffect />
| condition_effective = [[Ratification]]/Accession by 55 UNFCCC Parties, accounting for 55% of global greenhouse gas emissions
| date_expiration =
| signatories = 195<ref name=depo/>
| parties = 144<ref name=depo/>
| depositor = [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]
| language =
| languages = Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
| website =
| wikisource = Paris Agreement
}}

The '''Paris Agreement''' ({{lang-fr|Accord de Paris}}) is an agreement within the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC) dealing with [[Climate change mitigation|greenhouse gases emissions mitigation]], [[Climate change adaptation|adaptation]] and finance starting in the year 2020. The language of the agreement was negotiated by representatives of 195 countries at the [[2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference|21st Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC]] in [[Paris]] and adopted by consensus on 12 December 2015.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/12/world/global-climate-change-conference-vote/ |title=Final draft of climate deal formally accepted in Paris |last1=Sutter |first1=John D. |last2=Berlinger |first2=Joshua |date=12 December 2015 |website=CNN |publisher=Cable News Network, Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. |access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-12/france-presents-ambitious,-balanced-draft-climate-agreement/7023712|work=ABC Australia|title=Paris climate talks: France releases 'ambitious, balanced' draft agreement at COP21|date=12 December 2015}}</ref> It was opened for signature on 22 April 2016 ([[Earth Day]]) at a ceremony in New York.<ref name=historic>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y|work=United Nations|title='Today is an historic day,' says Ban, as 175 countries sign Paris climate accord|date=22 April 2016}}</ref> As of April 2017, 195 UNFCCC members have signed the treaty, 144 of which have ratified it.<ref name=depo/> After several European Union states ratified the agreement in October 2016, there were enough countries that had ratified the agreement that produce enough of the world's greenhouse gases for the agreement to enter into force.<ref name ="europeancommission">{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-3284_en.htm|title=Paris Agreement to enter into force as EU agrees ratification|publisher=European Commission|date=4 October 2016|accessdate=5 October 2016}}</ref> The agreement went into effect on 4 November 2016.<ref name=dateffect>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/paris-climate-agreement-international-law-43293508|title=Paris Climate Agreement Becomes International Law|first=|last=|publisher=ABC News}}</ref>

The head of the [[2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference|Paris Conference]], France's foreign minister [[Laurent Fabius]], said this "ambitious and balanced" plan is a "historic turning point" in the goal of reducing [[global warming]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-climatechange-summit-idUSKBN0TV04L20151212#gVKudBATCD0EGdxL.97 |title=World seals landmark climate accord, marking turn from fossil fuels |last1=Doyle |first1=Allister |last2=Lewis |first2=Barbara |date=12 December 2015 |website=Reuters |publisher=Thomson Reuters |access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref>

One year on, the ratification of the Paris Agreement was celebrated by the Mayor of Paris [[Anne Hidalgo]] by illuminating the [[Eiffel Tower]] and the [[Arc de Triomphe]], Paris' most iconic monuments, in green.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/Le-4-novembre-l-Accord-de-Paris.html|title=Le 4 novembre, l’Accord de Paris entre en vigueur|publisher=French ministry of the environment|date=3 November 2016}}</ref>

==Content==

===Aims===
The aim of the convention is described in Article 2, "enhancing the implementation" of the UNFCCC through:<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url = http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf|work = UNFCCC secretariat|title = Paris Agreement, FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1|accessdate = 12 December 2015}}</ref>
:"(a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2{{nnbsp}}°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5{{nnbsp}}°C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;
:(b) Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production;
:(c) Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development."

Countries furthermore aim to reach "global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible". The agreement has been described as an incentive for and driver of [[fossil fuel divestment]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vidal|first1=John|last2=Vaughan|first2=Adam|title=Paris climate agreement 'may signal end of fossil fuel era'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/13/paris-climate-agreement-signal-end-of-fossil-fuel-era|accessdate=3 November 2016|publisher=The Guardian|date=13 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New Paris climate agreement ratifications reaffirm necessity to divest and break free from fossil fuels|url=https://350.org/press-release/paris-climate-agreement-ratifications-divest/|website=350.org|accessdate=3 November 2016|date=21 September 2016}}</ref>

The Paris deal is the world's first comprehensive climate agreement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-china-enter-climate-change-deal/ |title=U.S. and China announce steps to join the Paris accord that set nation-by-nation targets for cutting carbon emissions |last=|first=|date=September 3, 2016 |website=Cbs news |access-date=3 September 2016}}</ref>

=== {{anchor|Nationally determined contributions}} Nationally determined contributions and their limits===
The contribution that each individual country should make in order to achieve the worldwide goal are determined by all countries individually and called "nationally determined contributions" (NDCs).<ref>Article 3, Paris Agreement (2015)</ref> Article 3 requires them to be "ambitious", "represent a progression over time" and set "with the view to achieving the purpose of this Agreement". The contributions should be reported every five years and are to be registered by the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change#Secretariat|UNFCCC Secretariat]].<ref>Article 4(9), Paris Agreement (2015)</ref> Each further ambition should be more ambitious than the previous one, known as the principle of 'progression'.<ref>Articles 3, 9(3), Paris Agreement (2015)</ref> Countries can cooperate and pool their nationally determined contributions. The [[Intended Nationally Determined Contributions]] pledged during the [[2015 Climate Change Conference]] serve—unless provided otherwise—as the initial Nationally determined contribution.

The level of NDCs set by each country<ref name="BBC-Kinver">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35092127 |title=COP21: What does the Paris climate agreement mean for me? |first=Kinver |last=Mark |date=14 December 2015 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |access-date=14 December 2015}}</ref> will set that country's targets. However the 'contributions' themselves are not binding as a matter of international law, as they lack the specificity, normative character, or obligatory language necessary to create binding norms.<ref>Brunnee J, ‘International Legislation’, ''Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law'' (Oxford University Press 2008)</ref> Furthermore, there will be no mechanism to force<ref>{{cite news |last=Reguly |first=Eric |date=14 December 2015 |title=Paris climate accord marks shift toward low-carbon economy |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/optimism-in-paris-as-final-draft-of-global-climate-deal-tabled/article27739122/ |newspaper=Globe and Mail |location=Toronto, Canada |access-date=14 December 2015}}</ref> a country to set a target in their NDC by a specific date and no enforcement if a set target in an NDC is not met.<ref name="BBC-Kinver"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/world/europe/climate-change-accord-paris.html |title=Nations Approve Landmark Climate Accord in Paris |last=Davenport |first=Coral |date=12 December 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=14 December 2015}}</ref> There will be only a "name and shame" system<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/paris-climate-deal-what-the-agreement-means-for-india-and-the-world/story-U7TWH8dusBqRV8pzmqDG8M.html|title=Paris climate deal: What the agreement means for India and the world|accessdate=14 December 2015|date=14 December 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> or as [[János Pásztor (diplomat)|János Pásztor]], the U.N. assistant secretary-general on climate change, told CBS News (US), a "name and encourage" plan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/cop21-climate-change-conference-final-draft-historic-plan/ |title=Climate negotiators strike deal to slow global warming|date=12 December 2015 |work=[[CBS News]] |publisher=CBS Interactive Inc. |access-date=14 December 2015}}</ref> As the agreement provides no consequences if countries do not meet their commitments, consensus of this kind is fragile. A trickle of nations exiting the agreement may trigger the withdrawal of more governments, bringing about a total collapse of the agreement.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Druzin|first=Bryan|date=March 3, 2016|title=A Plan to strengthen the Paris Agreement|url=https://works.bepress.com/bryan_druzin/18/|journal=Fordham Law Review|volume=|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=|via=}}</ref>

The negotiators of the Agreement however stated that the NDCs and the 2 °C reduction target were insufficient, instead, a 1.5 °C target is required, noting "with concern that the estimated aggregate greenhouse gas emission levels in 2025 and 2030 resulting from the intended nationally determined contributions do not fall within least-cost 2 ̊C scenarios but rather lead to a projected level of 55 gigatonnes in 2030", and recognizing furthermore "that much greater emission reduction efforts will be required in order to hold the increase in the global average temperature to below 2 ̊C by reducing emissions to 40 gigatonnes or to 1.5 ̊C".<ref>{{cite web|url = http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10a01.pdf|work = UNFCCC secretariat|title = Paris Agreement, Decision 1/CP.21, Article 17|accessdate = 6 April 2016}}</ref>

Although not the sustained temperatures over the long term to which the Agreement addresses, in the first half of 2016 average temperatures were about 1.3 °C (2.3 degrees Fahrenheit) above the average in 1880, when global record-keeping began.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fountain |first1=Henry |title=Global Temperatures Are on Course for Another Record This Year |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/20/science/nasa-global-temperatures-2016.html |accessdate=25 July 2016 |work=The New York Times |issue=July 19, 2016}}</ref>

When the agreement achieved enough signatures to cross the threshold on October 5, 2016, US President Barack Obama claimed that "Even if we meet every target, we will only get to part of where we need to go," and that "This agreement will help delay or avoid some of the worse consequences of climate change will help other nations ratchet down their emissions over time."<ref name=obamaclimate>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/obama-paris-climate-accord-best-possible-shot-save-planet-n660446|title=A sweeping global climate change agreement was ratified on Wednesday|publisher=}}</ref>

===Global stocktake===
The global stocktake will kick off with a "facilitative dialogue" in 2018. At this convening, parties will evaluate how their NDCs stack up to the nearer-term goal of peaking global emissions and the long-term goal of achieving net zero emissions by the second half of this century.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/timeline-the-paris-agreements-ratchet-mechanism|title=The Paris Agreement "Ratchet Mechanism"|last=|first=|date=January 19, 2016|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

The implementation of the agreement by all member countries together will be evaluated every 5 years, with the first evaluation in 2023. The outcome is to be used as input for new nationally determined contributions of member states.<ref>article 14 {{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09.pdf |title=Framework Convention on Climate Change |author= |date=12 December 2015 |website=United Nations FCCC Int. |publisher=United Nations |access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref> The stocktake will not be of contributions/achievements of individual countries but a collective analysis of what has been achieved and what more needs to be done.

The stocktake works as part of the Paris Agreement's effort to create a "ratcheting up" of ambition in emissions cuts. Because analysts have agreed that the current NDCs will not limit rising temperatures below 2 degrees Celsius, the global stocktake reconvenes parties to assess how their new NDCs must evolve so that they continually reflect a country's "highest possible ambition".<ref name=":1" />

While ratcheting up the ambition of NDCs is a major aim of the global stocktake, it assesses efforts beyond mitigation. The 5 year reviews will also evaluate adaptation, climate finance provisions, and technology development and transfer.<ref name=":1" />

=== Structure ===
The Paris Agreement has a 'bottom up' structure in contrast to most international environmental law treaties which are 'top down', characterised by standards and targets set internationally, for states to implement.<ref>{{Cite book|title = International Law and the Environment|last = Birnie P, Boyle A and Redgwell C|first = |publisher = OUP|year = 2009|isbn = |location = Oxford|pages = Chapter 3}}</ref> Unlike its predecessor, the [[Kyoto Protocol]], which sets commitment targets that have legal force, the Paris Agreement, with its emphasis on consensus-building, allows for voluntary and nationally determined targets.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/15030725/ParisClimateAgreement.pdf|title=The Paris Climate Agreement|last=Taraska|first=Gwynne|date=December 15, 2015|website=|publisher=Center for American Progress|access-date=}}</ref> The specific climate goals are thus politically encouraged, rather than legally bound. Only the processes governing the reporting and review of these goals are mandated under international law. This structure is especially notable for the United States—because there are no legal mitigation or finance targets, the agreement is considered an "executive agreement rather than a treaty". Because the UNFCCC treaty of 1992 received the consent of the Senate, this new agreement does not require further legislation from Congress for it to take effect.<ref name=":2" />

Another key difference between Paris Agreement and the Kyoto Protocol is its scope. While the Kyoto Protocol differentiated between Annex-1 and non-Annex-1 countries, this bifurcation is blurred in the Paris Agreement, as all parties will be required to submit emissions reductions plans.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/paris-climate-talks-differentiation-of-developed-and-developing-stays-india-happy/|title=Paris climate talks: Differentiation of developed and developing stays, India happy|last=Sinha|first=Amitabh|date=December 14, 2015|work=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> While the Paris Agreement still emphasizes the principle of "Common but Differentiated Responsibility and Respective Capabilities"—the acknowledgement that different nations have different capacities and duties to climate action—it does not provide a specific division between developed and developing nations.<ref name=":3" />

== Mitigation provisions and carbon markets ==
Article 6 has been flagged as containing some of the key provisions of the Paris Agreement.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ieta.org/resources/Resources/Position_Papers/2016/IETA_Article_6_Implementation_Paper_May2016.pdf|title=Article 6 Implementation Paper|last=|first=|date=May 20, 2016|website=International Emissions Trading Association|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> Broadly, it outlines the cooperative approaches that parties can take in achieving their nationally determined carbon emissions reductions. In doing so, it helps establish the Paris Agreement as a framework for a global carbon market.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Stavins|first=Robert|year=2016|title=Market Mechanisms in the Paris Climate Agreement: International Linkage under Article 6.2|url=http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/2016-10_paris-agreement-beyond_v4.pdf#page=59|journal=Harvard Project on Climate Agreements|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>

=== Linkages and ITMOs ===
Paragraphs 6.2 and 6.3 establish a framework to govern the international transfer of mitigation outcomes (ITMOs). The Agreement recognizes the rights of Parties to use emissions reductions outside of their own jurisdiction toward their NDC, in a system of carbon accounting and trading.<ref name=":5" />

This provision requires the "linkage" of various carbon emissions trading systems—because measured emissions reductions must avoid "double counting", transferred mitigation outcomes must be recorded as a gain of emission units for one party and a reduction of emission units for the other.<ref name=":4" /> Because the NDCs, and domestic carbon trading schemes, are heterogeneous, the ITMOs will provide a format for global linkage under the auspices of the UNFCCC.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Marcu|first=Andrei|year=2016|title=Governance of Carbon Markets under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement|url=http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/2016-10_paris-agreement-beyond_v4.pdf#page=59|journal=Harvard Project on Climate Agreements|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> The provision thus also creates a pressure for countries to adopt emissions management systems—if a country wants to use more cost-effective cooperative approaches to achieve their NDCs, they will need to monitor carbon units for their economies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theenergycollective.com/davidhone/2378184/a-vision-for-article-6-of-the-paris-agreement|title=A Vision for Article 6 of the Paris Agreement|last=Hone|first=David|date=May 16, 2016|website=The Energy Collective|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

=== The Sustainable Development Mechanism ===
Paragraphs 6.4-6.7 establish a mechanism "to contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse gases and support sustainable development".<ref>United Nations/ Framework Convention on Climate Change (2015) Adoption of the Paris Agreement, 21st Conference of the Parties, Paris: United Nations</ref> Though there is no specific name for the mechanism as yet, many Parties and observers have informally coalesced around the name "Sustainable Development Mechanism" or "SDM".<ref>''"The Carbon Markets of Tomorrow: Taking Shape Today". Ecosystem Market Place. Retrieved 2016-10-24''</ref><ref>Motta, Gabriele (May 18, 2016) ''"Market Mechanisms: SDM is the new black!". CliM' Blog. Retrieved Oct 23, 2016''</ref> The SDM is considered to be the successor to the [[Clean Development Mechanism]], a flexible mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol, by which parties could collaboratively pursue emissions reductions for their [[Intended Nationally Determined Contributions]]. The Sustainable Development Mechanism lays the framework for the future of the Clean Development Mechanism post-Kyoto (in 2020).

In its basic aim, the SDM will largely resemble the Clean Development Mechanism, with the dual mission to 1. contribute to global GHG emissions reductions and 2. support sustainable development.<ref>Marcu, Andrei. "Carbon Market Provisions in the Paris Agreement (Article 6)." Center for European Policy Studies (2016): n. pag. Web. 9 Oct. 2016.</ref> The structure and the processes governing the SDM are not yet determined, certain similarities and differences from the Clean Development Mechanism can already be seen. Notably, the SDM, unlike the Clean Development Mechanism, will be available to all parties as opposed to only [[Annex 1|Annex-1]] parties, making it much wider in scope.<ref>Recommendations for Article 6 of the Paris Agreement." Carbon Market Watch. Carbon Market Watch, 19 May 2016. Web. 10 Oct. 2016.</ref>

Since the Kyoto Protocol went into force, the Clean Development Mechanism has been criticized for failing to produce either meaningful emissions reductions or sustainable development benefits in most instances.<ref>Böhm, Steffen. ''Upsetting the offset: the political economy of carbon markets''. London: MayFlyBooks, 2009., 2009</ref> It has also suffered from the low price of Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs), creating less demand for projects. These criticisms have motivated the recommendations of various stakeholders, who have provided through working groups and reports, new elements they hope to see in SDM that will bolster its success.<ref name=":6" /> The specifics of the governance structure, project proposal modalities, and overall design are expected to come during the next{{when|date=April 2017}} [[Conference of the Parties (Kyoto Protocol)|Conference of the Parties]] in [[Marrakesh]].

== Adaptation provisions ==
Adaptation issues garnered more focus in the formation of the Paris Agreement. Collective, long-term adaptation goals are included in the Agreement, and countries must report on their adaptation actions, making adaptation a parallel component of the agreement with mitigation.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/12/what-does-paris-agreement-mean-climate-resilience-and-adaptation|title=What Does the Paris Agreement Mean for Climate Resilience and Adaptation|last=Mogelgaard|first=Kathleen|date=December 23, 2015|website=World Resources Institute|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> The adaptation goals focus on enhancing adaptive capacity, increasing resilience, and limiting vulnerability.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/12/paris-agreement-turning-point-climate-solution|title=The Paris Agreement: Turning Point for a Climate Solution|last=Morgan|first=Jennifer|date=December 12, 2015|website=World Resources Institute|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

=== Ensuring finance ===
In the Paris Agreement, the developed countries reaffirmed the committed to mobilize $100 billion a year in climate finance by 2020, and agreed to continue mobilizing finance at the level of $100 billion a year until 2025<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/12/what-does-paris-agreement-do-finance|title=What Does the Paris Agreement do for Finance?|last=Thwaites|first=Joe|date=18 December 2015|publisher=WRI|access-date=10 April 2017|website=WRI}}</ref>. The commitment refers to the pre-existing plan to provide US$100 billion a year in aid to developing countries for actions on climate change adaptation and mitigation.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35084374|title=COP21 climate change summit reaches deal in Paris|date=13 December 2015|website=BBC News|publisher=BBC News Services|access-date=14 December 2015|author=}}</ref>

Though both mitigation and adaptation require increased climate financing, adaptation has typically received lower levels of support and has mobilised less action from the private sector.<ref name=":7" /> A 2014 report by the OECD found that just 16 percent of global finance was directed toward climate adaptation in 2014.<ref> [http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/Climate-Finance-in-2013-14-and-the-USD-billion-goal.pdf]</ref> The Paris Agreement called for a balance of climate finance between adaptation and mitigation, and specifically underscoring the need to increase adaptation support for parties most vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including Least Developed Countries and Small Island Developing States. The agreement also reminds parties of the importance of public grants, because adaptation measures receive less investment from the public sector.<ref name=":7" /> John Kerry, as Secretary of State, announced that grant-based adaptation finance would double by 2020.<ref name=":2" />

Some specific outcomes of the elevated attention to adaptation financing in Paris include the G7 countries' announcement to provide US $420 million for Climate Risk Insurance, and the launching of a Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS) Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dfat.gov.au/international-relations/themes/climate-change/Documents/climate-finance-roadmap-to-us100-billion.pdf|title=Roadmap to US $100 Billion|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=OECD|access-date=}}</ref>
In early March 2016, the Obama administration gave a $500 million grant to the "Green Climate Fund" as "the first chunk of a $3{{nbsp}}billion commitment made at the Paris climate talks."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/mar/07/obama-administration-pays-out-500m-to-climate-change-project|title=Obama administration pays out $500m to climate change project | Environment|date=|publisher=The Guardian|author=Suzanne Goldenberg|accessdate=2016-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-climatechange-un-usa-idUSKCN0WA090|title=United States delivers first payment to global climate fund|last=Volcovici|first=Valerie|date=2016-03-07|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=2016-04-23}}</ref>[[Paris Agreement#cite note-55|[52]]]So far, the Green Climate Fund has now received over $10 billion in pledges. Notably, the pledges come from developed nations like France, the US, and Japan, but also from developing countries such as Mexico, Indonesia, and Vietnam.<ref name=":2" />

=== Loss and damage ===
A new issue that emerged as a focal point in the Paris negotiations rose from the fact that many of the worst effects of climate change will be too severe or come too quickly to be avoided by adaptation measures.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/12/when-adaptation-not-enough-paris-agreement-recognizes-%E2%80%9Closs-and-damage%E2%80%9D|title=When Adaptation is Not Enough|last=Mogelgaard|first=Kathleen|date=December 24, 2015|website=World Resources Institute|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> The Paris Agreement specifically acknowledges the need to address loss and damage of this kind, and aims to find appropriate responses.<ref name=":8" /> It specifies that loss and damage can take various forms—both as immediate impacts from extreme weather events, and slow onset impacts, such as the loss of land to sea-level rise for low-lying islands.<ref name=":2" />

The push to address loss and damage as a distinct issue in the Paris Agreement came from the Alliance of Small Island States and the Least Developed Countries, whose economies and livelihoods are most vulnerable to the negative impacts of climate change.<ref name=":2" /> Developed countries, however, worried that classifying the issue as one separate and beyond adaptation measures would create yet another climate finance provision, or might imply legal liability for catastrophic climate events.

In the end, all parties acknowledged the need for "averting, minimizing, and addressing loss and damage" but notably excludes any mention of compensation or liability.<ref name=":0" /> The agreement also adopts the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage, an institution that will attempt to address questions about how to classify, address, and share responsibility for loss and damage.<ref name=":8" />

== Enhanced transparency framework ==
While each Party's NDC is not legally binding, the Parties are legally bound to have their progress tracked by technical expert review to assess achievement toward the NDC, and to determine ways to strengthen ambition.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.climatefocus.com/sites/default/files/20151228%20COP%2021%20briefing%20FIN.pdf|title=The Paris Agreement Summary|last=|first=|date=December 28, 2015|website=Climate Focus|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> Article 13 of the Paris Agreement articulates an "enhanced transparency framework for action and support" that establishes harmonized monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) requirements. Thus, both developed and developing nations must report every two years on their mitigation efforts, and all parties will be subject to both technical and peer review.<ref name=":9" />

=== Flexibility mechanisms ===
While the enhanced transparency framework is universal, along with the global stocktaking to occur every 5 years, the framework is meant to provide "built-in flexibility" to distinguish between developed and developing countries' capacities. In conjunction with this, the Paris Agreement has provisions for an enhanced framework for capacity building.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Climate/SEI-PB-2016-Transparency-under-Paris-Agreement.pdf|title=Putting the 'enhanced transparency framework' into action: Priorities for a key pillar of the Paris Agreement|last=|first=|date=|website=Stockholm Environment Institute|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> The agreement recognizes the varying circumstances of some countries, and specifically notes that the technical expert review for each country consider that country's specific capacity for reporting.<ref name=":10" /> The agreement also develops a Capacity-Building Initiative for Transparency to assist developing countries in building the necessary institutions and processes for complying with the transparency framework.<ref name=":10" />

There are several ways in which flexibility mechanisms can be incorporated into the enhanced transparency framework. The scope, level of detail, or frequency of reporting may all be adjusted and tiered based on a country's capacity. The requirement for in-country technical reviews could be lifted for some less developed or small island developing countries. Ways to assess capacity include financial and human resources in a country necessary for NDC review.<ref name=":10" />

==Adoption==

===Negotiations===
Within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, legal instruments may be adopted to reach the goals of the convention. For the period from 2008 to 2012, greenhouse gas reduction measures were agreed in the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. The scope of the protocol was extended until 2020 with the Doha Amendment to that protocol in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20653018 |title=UN climate talks extend Kyoto Protocol, promise compensation |work=BBC News |date= 8 December 2012 }}</ref>

During the [[2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference]], the [[Durban Platform for Enhanced Action|Durban Platform]] (and the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action) was established with the aim to negotiate a legal instrument governing [[climate change]] mitigation measures from 2020. The resulting agreement was to be adopted in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6645.php|title=UNFCCC:Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP)|accessdate=2 August 2015}}</ref>

===Adoption===
[[File: GUSTAVO-CAMACHO-GONZALEZ-L1060274 (23430273715).jpg|thumb|Heads of delegations at the [[2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] in Paris.]]
{{main article|2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference}}
At the conclusion of COP 21 (the 21st meeting of the Conference of the Parties, which guides the Conference), on 12 December 2015, the final wording of the Paris Agreement was adopted by consensus by all of the 195 UNFCCC participating member states and the European Union<ref name="auto"/> to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas. In the 12 page Agreement,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09.pdf |title=Framework Convention on Climate Change |author= |date=12 December 2015 |website=United Nations FCCC Int. |publisher=United Nations |access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref> the members promised to reduce their carbon output "as soon as possible" and to do their best to keep global warming "to well below 2 degrees C" [3.6 degrees F].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cop21-climate-change-talks-saturday-announced-1.3362354 |title='Historic' Paris climate deal adopted |author= |date=12 December 2015 |website=CBC News |publisher=CBC/Radio Canada |access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref>

===Signature and entry into force===
[[File:Secretary Kerry Holds Granddaughter Dobbs-Higginson on Lap While Signing COP21 Climate Change Agreement at UN General Assembly Hall in New York (26512345421).jpg|thumb|Signing by [[John Kerry]] in [[United Nations General Assembly Hall]] for the United States]]
The Paris Agreement is open for signature by States and regional economic integration organizations that are Parties to the UNFCCC (the Convention) from 22 April 2016 to 21 April 2017 at the UN Headquarters in New York.<ref>[https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09.pdf Article 20(1)]</ref>

The agreement stated that it would enter into force (and thus become fully effective) only if 55 countries that produce at least 55% of [[List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions|the world's greenhouse gas emissions]] (according to a list produced in 2015)<ref name=ratpct>{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10.pdf#page=30|work=UNFCCC|accessdate=23 April 2016|title=Information provided in accordance with paragraph 104 of decision 1 CP21 related to entry into force of the Paris Agreement (Article 21)}}</ref> ratify, accept, approve or accede to the agreement.<ref>Article 21(1)</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=http://newsroom.unfccc.int/unfccc-newsroom/finale-cop21/ |title=Historic Paris Agreement on Climate Change - 195 Nations Set Path to Keep Temperature Rise Well Below 2 Degrees Celsius |author= |date=12 December 2015 |website=UN Climate Change Newsroom |publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |access-date=14 December 2015}}</ref> On 1 April 2016, the United States and China, which together represent almost 40% of global emissions, issued a joint statement confirming that both countries would sign the Paris Climate Agreement.<ref>{{cite web|last=McGrath |first=Matt |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35935756?ocid=global_bbccom_email_31032016_top+news+stories |title=Paris Climate Treaty: 'Significant step' as US and China agree to sign |publisher=Bbc.com |date=2016-03-31 |accessdate=2016-04-23}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/world/asia/obama-and-president-xi-of-china-vow-to-sign-paris-climate-accord-promptly.html ''Obama and President Xi of China Vow to Sign Paris Climate Agreement Promptly''] April 1, 2016</ref> 175 Parties (174 states and the European Union) signed the treaty on the first date it was open for signature.<ref name=historic/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.unfccc.int/media/632121/list-of-representatives-to-high-level-signature-ceremony.pdf|title=PARIS AGREEMENT Signature Ceremony|work=[[UNFCCC]]|date=22 April 2016}}</ref> On the same day, more than 20 countries issued a statement of their intent to join as soon as possible with a view to joining in 2016. With ratification by the European Union, the Agreement obtained enough parties to enter into effect as of 4 November 2016.

===European Union and its member states===
Both the EU and its member states are individually responsible for ratifying the Paris Agreement. A strong preference was reported that the EU and its 28 member states deposit their instruments of ratification at the same time to ensure that neither the EU nor its member states engage themselves to fulfilling obligations that strictly belong to the other,<ref name=eurat>{{cite web|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-when-will-european-union-ratify-paris-agreement|title=Explainer: When will the European Union ratify the Paris Agreement?|last=Yeo|first=Sophie|date=23 June 2016|access-date=3 September 2016}}</ref> and there were fears that disagreement over each individual member state's share of the EU-wide reduction target, as well as Britain's [[Brexit|vote to leave the EU]] might delay the Paris pact.<ref name = "Nature">{{cite web|url=http://www.nature.com/news/paris-climate-deal-to-take-effect-as-eu-ratifies-accord-1.20735|publisher=Nature|title=Paris climate deal to take effect as EU ratifies accord|date=4 October 2016|accessdate=5 October 2016}}</ref> However, the European Parliament approved ratification of the Paris Agreement on 4 October 2016,<ref name ="europeancommission"/> and the EU deposited its instruments of ratification on 5 October 2016, along with several individual EU member states.<ref name="Nature" />

== Parties and signatories ==

As of December 2016, 192 states and the European Union have signed the Agreement. 144 of those parties have ratified or acceded to the Agreement, most notably China, the United States and India, the countries with three of the four largest [[greenhouse gas emissions]] of the signatories' total (about 42% together).<ref name=depo>{{cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en |title=Paris Agreement |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=8 July 2016}}</ref><ref name=BBC03.09.2016/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-ratifies-landmark-paris-climate-deal-62nd-nation-to-join-club-1469274|title=India Ratifies Landmark Paris Climate Deal, Says, 'Kept Our Promise'|access-date=2016-10-02}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! Party or signatory<ref name=depo/>
! Percentage of greenhouse gases for ratification<ref name=ratpct/>
! Date of signature
! Date of deposit of instruments of ratification or accession
! Date when agreement enters into force
|-
| style="text-align:left"|{{Flag|Afghanistan}}
| 0.05%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|15 February 2017}}
| {{Dts|17 March 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Albania}}
| 0.02%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Algeria}}
| 0.30%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|20 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|19 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Andorra}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|24 March 2017}}
| {{Dts|23 April 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Angola}}
| 0.17%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Argentina}}
| 0.89%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Armenia}}
| 0.02%
| {{Dts|20 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|23 March 2017}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Australia}}
| 1.46%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|9 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|9 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Austria}}
| 0.21%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|5 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Azerbaijan}}
| 0.13%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|9 January 2017}}
| {{Dts|8 February 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Bahamas, The}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|22 August 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Bahrain}}
| 0.06%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|23 December 2016}}
| {{Dts|22 January 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Bangladesh}}
| 0.27%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Barbados}}
| 0.01%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Belarus}}
| 0.24%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Belgium}}
| 0.32%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|6 April 2017}}
| {{Dts|6 May 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Belize}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Benin}}
| 0.02%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|31 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|30 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Bhutan}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Bolivia}}
| 0.12%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|5 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
| 0.08%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|16 March 2017}}
| {{Dts|15 April 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Botswana}}
| 0.02%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|11 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|11 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Brazil}}
| 2.48%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Brunei}}
| {{Sort|-1%|—{{efn|name="nocomm"}}}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Bulgaria}}
| 0.15%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|29 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|29 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Burkina Faso}}
| 0.06%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|11 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|11 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Burundi}}
| 0.07%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Cambodia}}
| 0.03%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|6 February 2017}}
| {{Dts|8 March 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Cameroon}}
| 0.45%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|29 July 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Canada}}
| 1.95%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|5 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Cape Verde}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Central African Republic}}
| 0.01%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|11 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|10 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Chad}}
| 0.06%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|12 January 2017}}
| {{Dts|11 February 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Chile}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latercera.com/noticia/tendencias/2016/08/659-693471-9-chile-firmara-acuerdo-climatico-en-septiembre-y-sera-uno-de-los-57-paises-que-lo.shtml|title=Chile firmará acuerdo climático en septiembre y será uno de los 57 países que lo ratificarían este año|first=|last=|publisher=}}</ref>
| 0.25%
| {{Dts|20 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|10 February 2017}}
| {{Dts|12 March 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|China}}
| 20.09%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|3 September 2016}}<ref name=BBC03.09.2016>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-37265541 "Paris climate deal: US and China formally join pact"], [[BBC News]], 3 September 2016 (page visited on 4 September 2016).</ref><ref>China has declared that the agreement shall extend to [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macao]].</ref>
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Colombia}}
| 0.41%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Comoros}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|23 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|23 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Congo, Democratic Republic of the}}
| 0.06%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Congo, Republic of the}}
| 0.01%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 April 2017}}
| {{Dts|21 May 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Cook Islands}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|24 June 2016}}
| {{Dts|1 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
| 0.03%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|13 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|12 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Sort|Cote d'Ivoire|{{Flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}}}
| 0.73%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|25 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|24 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Croatia}}
| 0.07%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Cuba}}
| 0.10%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|28 December 2016}}
| {{Dts|27 January 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Cyprus}}
| 0.02%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 January 2017}}
| {{Dts|3 February 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Czech Republic}}
| 0.34%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Denmark}}<ref>Excluding [[Greenland]]: [https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/2016/CN.819.2016-Eng.pdf]</ref>
| 0.15%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|1 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|1 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Djibouti}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|11 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|11 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Dominica}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Dominican Republic}}
| 0.07%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|East Timor}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Ecuador}}
| 0.67%
| {{Dts|26 July 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Egypt}}
| 0.52%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|El Salvador}}
| 0.03%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|27 March 2017}}
| {{Dts|26 April 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
| {{Sort|-1%|—{{efn|name="nocomm"|Emissions of parties to the UNFCCC that had not yet submitted their first national communication to the UNFCCC secretariat with an emissions inventory at the time of adoption of the Paris Agreement were not included in the figure for entry into force of the Agreement.<ref name=ratpct/>}}}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Eritrea}}
| 0.01%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Estonia}}
| 0.06%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Ethiopia}}
| 0.13%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|9 March 2017}}
| {{Dts|8 April 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|European Union}}
| {{Sort|-1%|—{{efn|The emissions of the European Union are accounted for in the total of its individual member states.}}}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|5 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"|{{Flag|Fiji}}
| 0.01%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Finland}}
| 0.17%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|14 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|14 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|France}}
| 1.34%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|5 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Gabon}}
| 0.02%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|2 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|2 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Gambia, The}}
| 0.05%
| {{Dts|26 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|7 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|7 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Georgia}}
| 0.03%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Germany}}
| 2.56%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|5 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Ghana}}
| 0.09%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Greece}}
| 0.28%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|14 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|13 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Grenada}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Guatemala}}
| 0.04%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|25 January 2017}}
| {{Dts|24 February 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Guinea}}
| 0.01%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
| 0.02%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Guyana}}
| 0.01%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|20 May 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Haiti}}
| 0.02%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Honduras}}
| 0.03%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Hungary}}
| 0.15%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|5 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Iceland}}
| 0.01%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|India}}
| 4.10%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|2 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Indonesia}}
| 1.49%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|31 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|30 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Iran}}
| 1.30%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Iraq}}
| 0.20%
| {{Dts|8 December 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Ireland}}
| 0.16%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Israel}}
| 0.20%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|22 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|22 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Italy}}
| 1.18%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|11 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|11 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Jamaica}}
| 0.04%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|10 April 2017}}
| {{Dts|10 May 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Japan}}
| 3.79%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|8 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|8 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Jordan}}
| 0.07%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Kazakhstan}}
| 0.84%
| {{Dts|2 August 2016}}
| {{Dts|6 December 2016}}
| {{Dts|5 January 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Kenya}}
| 0.06%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|28 December 2016}}
| {{Dts|27 January 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Kiribati}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Korea, North}}
| 0.23%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|1 August 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Korea, South}}
| 1.85%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|3 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|3 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Kuwait}}
| 0.09%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
| 0.03%
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Laos}}
| 0.02%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|7 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Latvia}}
| 0.03%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|16 March 2017}}
| {{Dts|15 April 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Lebanon}}
| 0.07%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Lesotho}}
| 0.01%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|20 January 2017}}
| {{Dts|19 February 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Liberia}}
| 0.02%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Libya}}
| {{Sort|-1%|—{{efn|name="nocomm"}}}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Liechtenstein}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Lithuania}}
| 0.05%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|2 February 2017}}
| {{Dts|4 March 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Luxembourg}}
| 0.03%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Macedonia, Republic of}}
| 0.03%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Madagascar}}
| 0.08%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Malawi}}
| 0.07%
| {{Dts|20 September 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Malaysia}}
| 0.52%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|16 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|16 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Maldives}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Mali}}
| 0.03%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|23 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Malta}}
| 0.01%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|5 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Marshall Islands}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Mauritania}}
| 0.02%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|27 February 2017}}
| {{Dts|29 March 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Mauritius}}
| 0.01%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Mexico}}
| 1.70%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Micronesia}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|15 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Moldova}}
| 0.04%
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Monaco}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|24 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|23 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Mongolia}}
| 0.05%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Montenegro}}
| 0.01%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Morocco}}
| 0.16%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Mozambique}}
| 0.02%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Myanmar}}
| 0.10%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Namibia}}
| 0.01%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Nauru}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Nepal}}
| 0.07%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|5 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands|name=Netherlands}}
| 0.53%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|New Zealand}}<ref>Excluding [[Tokelau]]: [https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/2016/CN.723.2016-Eng.pdf]</ref>
| 0.22%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Niger}}
| 0.04%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Nigeria}}
| 0.57%
| {{Dts|22 September 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Niue}}
| 0.01%
| {{Dts|28 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|28 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|27 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Norway}}
| 0.14%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|20 June 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Oman}}
| 0.06%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Pakistan}}
| 0.43%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|10 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|10 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Palau}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Palestine}}
| {{Sort|-1%|—{{efn|name="notparty"|Emissions of states that were not a party to the UNFCCC at the time of adoption of the Paris Agreement,<ref name=UNFCCCrat>{{cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7&chapter=27&Temp=mtdsg3&lang=en|title=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |date=2013-07-23|accessdate=2013-07-24|publisher=[[United Nations Treaty Series]]}}</ref> which were thus not permitted to sign the Agreement, were not included in the totals for entry into force for the Agreement.}}}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Panama}}
| 0.03%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}
| 0.01%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Paraguay}}
| 0.06%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|14 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|13 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Peru}}
| 0.22%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|25 July 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Philippines}}
| 0.34%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|23 March 2017}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Poland}}
| 1.06%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|7 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|6 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Portugal}}
| 0.18%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|5 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Qatar}}
| 0.17%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Romania}}
| 0.30%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Russia}}
| 7.53%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Rwanda}}
| 0.02%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|6 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|5 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Saint Lucia}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|29 June 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Samoa}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|San Marino}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Sort|Sao Tome and Principe|{{Flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|2 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|2 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| 0.80%
| {{Dts|3 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|3 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|3 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Senegal}}
| 0.05%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Serbia}}
| 0.18%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Seychelles}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|25 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|29 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Sierra Leone}}
| 0.98%†
| {{Dts|22 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|1 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|1 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Singapore}}
| 0.13%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Slovakia}}
| 0.12%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|5 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Slovenia}}
| 0.05%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|16 December 2016}}
| {{Dts|15 January 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Solomon Islands}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Somalia}}
| {{Sort|-1%|—{{efn|name="nocomm"}}}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|South Africa}}
| 1.46%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|1 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|1 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|South Sudan}}
| {{Sort|-1%|—{{efn|name="nocomm"}}}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Spain}}
| 0.87%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|12 January 2017}}
| {{Dts|11 February 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
| 0.05%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Sudan}}
| 0.18%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Suriname}}
| 0.01%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Swaziland}}
| 0.05%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Sweden}}
| 0.15%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|13 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|12 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Switzerland}}
| 0.14%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Tajikistan}}
| 0.02%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|22 March 2017}}
| {{Dts|21 April 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Tanzania}}
| 0.11%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Thailand}}
| 0.64%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Togo}}
| 0.02%
| {{Dts|19 September 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Tonga}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| 0.04%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Tunisia}}
| 0.11%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|10 February 2017}}
| {{Dts|12 March 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Turkey}}
| 1.24%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Turkmenistan}}
| 0.20%
| {{Dts|23 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|20 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|19 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Tuvalu}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Uganda}}
| 0.07%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Ukraine}}
| 1.04%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|19 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| 0.53%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 1.55%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|18 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|18 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|United States}}
| 17.89%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|3 September 2016}}<ref name=BBC03.09.2016/>
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Uruguay}}
| 0.05%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|19 October 2016}}
| {{Dts|18 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Uzbekistan}}
| 0.54%
| {{Dts|19 April 2017}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Vanuatu}}
| 0.00%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|4 November 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Venezuela}}
| 0.52%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Vietnam}}
| 0.72%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|3 November 2016}}
| {{Dts|3 December 2016}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Yemen}}
| 0.07%
| {{Dts|23 September 2016}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Zambia}}
| 0.04%
| {{Dts|20 September 2016}}
| {{Dts|9 December 2016}}
| {{Dts|8 January 2017}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Zimbabwe}}
| 0.18%
| {{Dts|22 April 2016}}
|
|
|- class ="sortbottom"
! Total
! 99.75%
! 195
! 144<ref name=depo/> (82.92% of global emissions<ref name=ratpct/>)
!
|}

† Though corresponding with the source the provided number for Sierra Leone's emissions is incorrect. According to World Bank data, the correct 2000 emissions for Sierra Leone is 14,763 kt CO2-equivalents (not 365,107 kt), or 0.04% of the world total (not 0.98%).<ref>{{cite web|title=Total greenhouse gas emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent)|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.GHGT.KT.CE?locations=SL&name_desc=false|website=World Bank|accessdate=10 October 2016}}</ref>

;Non-signatories
The following [[List of parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|UNFCCC member states]] are entitled to sign the Paris Agreement but have not done so.

{{col-begin}}{{col-2}}
* {{flag|Nicaragua}} (0.03%)
* {{flag|Syria}} (0.21%)
{{col-2}}
{{col-end}}

==Critical reception==

===UNEP===
According to [[UNEP]] the emission cut targets in November 2016 will result in temperature rise by 3 °C above preindustrial levels, far above the 2 °C of the Paris climate agreement.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Harvey|first1=Fiona|title=World on track for 3 °C of warming under current global climate pledges, warns UN|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/nov/03/world-on-track-for-3c-of-warming-under-current-global-climate-pledges-warns-un|accessdate=4 November 2016|publisher=The Guardian|date=3 November 2016}}</ref>

===Perfectible accord===
[[Al Gore]] stated that "no agreement is perfect, and this one must be strengthened over time, but groups across every sector of society will now begin to reduce dangerous carbon pollution through the framework of this agreement."<ref>{{cite news|author1=John Vidal|title= Paris Climate Agreement ‘May Signal End of Fossil Fuel Era’|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/13/paris-climate-agreement-signal-end-of-fossil-fuel-era|accessdate=16 December 2015|work=The Guardian|date=13 December 2015}}</ref>

According to a study published in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' in June 2016, current country pledges are too low to lead to a temperature rise below the Paris Agreement temperature limit of "well below 2 °C".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rogelj, Joeri et al. |doi=10.1038/nature18307 |title=Paris Agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep warming well below 2C |journal=Nature |volume=534 |issue=7609 |pages=631–639 |year=2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/06/29/a-sweeping-new-analysis-shows-why-our-planetary-carbon-math-is-still-falling-short/ |title=The world has the right climate goals — but the wrong ambition levels to achieve them |last=Mooney |first=Chris |authorlink=Chris Mooney (journalist) |date=29 June 2016 |website= |publisher=Washington Post |access-date=29 June 2016}}</ref>

===Lack of binding enforcement mechanism===
Although the agreement was lauded by many, including French President François Hollande and UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon,<ref name="auto2"/> criticism has also surfaced. For example, [[James Hansen]], a former NASA scientist and a climate change expert, voiced anger that most of the agreement consists of "promises" or aims and not firm commitments.<ref>{{cite news |last=Milman |first=Oliver |date=12 December 2015 |title=James Hansen, father of climate change awareness, calls Paris talks 'a fraud' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/12/james-hansen-climate-change-paris-talks-fraud |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London, England |access-date=14 December 2015}}</ref>

Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks such as the [[World Pensions & Investments Forum|World Pensions Council (WPC)]] have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly "predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Brazil, Canada, Russia, Indonesia and Australia, which generate more than half the world’s greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control {{CO2}} emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour. A shining example of what Roman lawyers called circular logic: an agreement (or argument) presupposing in advance what it wants to achieve."<ref>{{cite news|author1=M. Nicolas J. Firzli |title=Investment Governance: The Real Fight against Emissions is Being Waged by Markets|url= http://www.efinancialnews.com/story/2016-01-25/un-climate-conference-cop21-laurent-fabius-carbon-emissions-calpers-calstrs|work=Dow Jones Financial News|date=25 January 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|2}}
* [[Air pollution]]
* [[Capacity factor|Net capacity factor]]
* [[Carbon footprint#Direct carbon emissions|Carbon footprint]]
* [[Copenhagen Accord]]
* [[Environmental politics]]
* [[IPCC Fifth Assessment Report]]
* [[Politics of global warming]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notes|30em}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf Text of the Paris Agreement]

{{Global warming}}
{{Portal bar|2010s|Global warming|Paris|United Nations}}

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[[Category:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
[[Category:Treaties of Samoa]]
[[Category:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Senegal]]
[[Category:Treaties of Seychelles]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:Treaties of Singapore]]
[[Category:Treaties of Slovakia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Spain]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Solomon Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties of Somalia]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Africa]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Korea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Treaties of Swaziland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sweden]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Thailand]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tonga]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tuvalu]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uganda]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United States]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uruguay]]
[[Category:Treaties of Vanuatu]]
[[Category:Treaties of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Treaties of Zambia]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Macau]]

Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Paris Agreement