Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Oralman

2017-04-17T09:16:08Z

WereSpielChequers: typo

'''''Oralman''''' ({{lang-kz|Оралмандар}}), or "returnee", is an official term used by [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] authorities to describe ethnic [[Kazakh people|Kazakhs]] who have immigrated to Kazakhstan since its independence in 1991.<ref name="Kueppers">{{citation|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/culture/articles/eav042203.shtml |title= Ethnic Kazakhs Find Titular Homeland to be Economic Haven |last=Kueppers |first= Alfred |date=2004-04-22 |accessdate= 2007-09-19 |periodical= Eurasianet.org}}</ref> ''Oralman'' usually come from the neighbouring countries of [[China]], [[Mongolia]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Russia]], [[Kyrgyzstan]] and also from countries with notable Kazakh minorities: [[Iran]] ([[Iranian Kazakhs]]), [[Afghanistan]], and [[Pakistan]].

==Distribution==
''Oralman'' typically settle in areas of Kazakhstan adjoining or near to their former homes, for reasons of climate and convenience; thus returnees from Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan are often found in the country's south, while those from China and Mongolia are concentrated in the east.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/UNHCR/2250a3890d68419099935f368a01164c.htm |periodical= Reuters Alertnet |date= 2007-08-09 |accessdate= 2007-09-19 |title= After generations away, Kazakhs come home to an independent country |last= Tan |first=Vivian }}</ref> The government prefers to settle them in the north of the country, and offers them more benefits; however, returnees themselves prefer regions where the Russian language is less important in everyday life, particularly in the south.<ref>{{citation|periodical=Reuters Alertnet|date=2003-09-03|accessdate=2010-06-08|title=Special report on ethnic Kazakhs and the struggle to return - Continued|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=20685}}</ref>

According to the Research done by LSAR (Laboratory for Social and Anthropological Research) the Oralman people can be divided up into two types: Those who came in the 1990´s and those in the 2000´s. However, they were able to find out something very unique in it.<ref name="LSAR">{{citation|url=http://lsar.tsu.ru/en/science/field-research/identity-and-conflict-at-the-borders-adaptation-of-oralmans-in-east-kazakhstan.html|accessdate=2017-04-09|title=Identity and Conflict at the Borders: Adaptation of Oralmans in East Kazakhstan |website=Laboratory for Social and Anthropological Research |publisher= Department of History, [[Tomsk State University]]}}</ref> This was the situation where the Oralman form the 1990´s do not really interact or better said at all do not interact with the Oralman people from the 2000s.<ref name="LSAR"/> Within the Oralman people, there are also internal differences among them, depending on where they came from.<ref name="LSAR"/> Here usually the differences lay mostly in their languages.<ref name="LSAR"/> Overall, they were able to find out the different identified several pairs of opposites who they see them as ″We″ - ″They″:<ref name="LSAR"/>

* Russians - Kazakhs ;
* Russians - Oralmans ;
* Local Kazakhs - Oralmans ;
* Oralmans from Mongolia - Oralmans from China ;
* Oralmans living long time in Kazakhstan - recently moved Oralmans ;
* Oralmans in the city – Oralmans in Shygys ;
* Oralmans of China from Altai region - Oralmans of China from Tarbagatai region

==Language==
''Oralman'' often face difficulty integrating into the labour market and with everyday communication due to insufficient command of the [[Russian language]], which remains an important [[lingua franca]] in Kazakhstan.<ref>{{harvnb|UNDP|2006|p=23}}</ref>

''Oralman'' from China form the majority of teachers of the Chinese language at [[List of universities in Kazakhstan|universities in Kazakhstan]].<ref>{{harvnb|Laruelle|Peyrouse|2009|pp=116–117}}</ref>

==Ethnic Kazakhs in China==
According to Astrid Cerny´s research paper ''Going where the grass is greener: China Kazakhs and the Oralman immigration policy in Kazakhstan'' the number of ethnic Kazakhs in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region in the North of China are approximately around 1.1 million people.<ref name="Cerny">{{citation|url=https://case.edu/affil/tibet/tibetanNomads/documents/Cerny_on_Kazakhs_in_China_Published.pdf|accessdate=2017-03-28|title=Going where the grass is greener: China Kazakhs and the Oralman immigration policy in Kazakhstan|last=Cerny|first=Astrid}}</ref> Thus, showing the huge diaspora of Kazakhs in China and the mass exodus that Kazakhstan faced in the 20th century.<ref name="Cerny"/> The recent phenomena of former Ethnic Kazakhs willing to return back to their motherland is of no surprise, despite the fact that the concept of ''The Grass is greener on the Other side'' might represent the reality.<ref name="Cerny"/> The desire to maintain and strengthen their cultural identity, while at the same time assimilating into a different identity is not possible and acceptable for former ethnic Kazakhs in China.<ref name="Cerny"/> According to the research paper, it is stated that the combination of economic, ecological and socio-political factors drive the the desire for people to leave a country and return to where they belong.<ref name="Cerny"/>

However, the author does not neglect the idea that this may result in a dilemma, as returning back to the motherland is not a solution to the problem of the ''Oralman''.<ref name="Cerny"/> As a result of this dilemma that the ''Oralman'' has to face with might even be more difficult than it seemed in the beginning.<ref name="Cerny"/> With issues like becoming a second-class citizen or integrating itself into the society and the new environment are just few of the many problems they may face.<ref name="Cerny"/> Thus, making the concept of ''The Grass is greener on the Other side'' less viable and difficult to believe in.<ref name="Cerny"/>

==Practical Steps in tackling the Oralman Dilemma==
One of the key issues in tackling the migration issue in Kazakhstan is to support the Process of Repatriation of Kazakhs coming into Kazakhstan.<ref> {{citation|url=http://kazakhstanhumanrights.com/humanrightsanddemocracy/rights-of-the-oralman/|title=Rights of the Oralman|date=2004-04-22|accessdate=2017-03-28}}</ref> The Republic of Kazakhstan has launched several integration centers for the temporary residence of the Oralman since the year of 2008 in various cities such as in Karaganda, Shymkent and in other Southern regions.<ref>{{citation|url=http://kazakhstanhumanrights.com/humanrightsanddemocracy/rights-of-the-oralman/ |title=Rights of the Oralman|date=2004-04-22|accessdate=2017-03-28}}</ref> Through these centers, the government has tried to implement and ensure legal consultations, support for learning the state languages as well support for vocational trainings and for the individuals professional development.<ref>{{citation|url=http://kazakhstanhumanrights.com/humanrightsanddemocracy/rights-of-the-oralman/|title=Rights of the Oralman|date=2004-04-22|accessdate=2017-03-28}}</ref>

==Kazakh repatriates as nation-building promoters==
Since the early beginnings of the 1990´s and with the beginning of the sovereignty of Kazakhstan, Kazakh repatriates from abroad, mainly from Uzbekistan, Mongolia, China and Turkmenistan began to be co-ethnically reintegrated into the society.<ref name="oka">{{citation|url=https://ir.ide.go.jp/dspace/bitstream/2344/1218/1/ARRIDE_Discussion_No.394_oka.pdf|accessdate=2017-04-09|title=A Note on Ethnic Return Migration Policy in Kazakhstan: Changing Priorities and a Growing Dilemma|last=Oka|first=Natsuko}}</ref> The government sought to build a state truly of and for the titular ethnicity, in order to overcome issues of Russification and promote or better said lift up the status of the Kazakh language itself.<ref name="oka"/> It is still believed that the ethnic purity is still kept untouched even if the kazakh repatriates were abroad for so many years.<ref name="oka"/> Despite the fact that the Oralman might become a burden and problem for the society, the nation-building idea insists that the repatriates should contribute rather to the homeland than being and becoming noisome and eventually a social burden.<ref name="oka"/> One important aspect here plays the role of the Kazakhstan´s migration and citizenship policies that are based on the idea of self-definition or better said self-identification.<ref name="oka"/> For them, the one and only ethnic center for Kazakhs is and will be Kazakhstan itself.<ref name="oka"/> Due to that, it seeks to restore the historical justice, as it tries to describe the colonial passed that stripped away some people their own homeland away and so had to seek for the neighboring countries abroad.<ref name="oka"/> However, to sustain such a consistent and effective migratory policy was not always easy. Since the state´s independence, the newly sovereign country struggled to sustain number of repatriates due to various reasons. On of them was the fact that the quota system for repatriates for financial governmental support seemed to be unsustainable as the economic crisis at that hit it very strong.<ref name="oka"/><ref name="oka"/> For instance, 10.000 households were to be provided by the government annually, but it seemed impossible to sustain it all and numbers of quota cuts had to be made to as low as 500 households.<ref name="oka"/> However, as the years passed and the country became more sustainable and achieved numerous economic growth annually, the government began keenly to take the Oralman Dilemma into its focus. For instance, it adapted in December 2008 the Nurly Kosh (Bright Move) program aiming to effectively situate immigrants as well as repatriates in the spheres of employment and housing.<ref name="oka"/>

==Correlation of the 2012 Zhanaozen incident and the Oralman==
The strike of the labor workers in the Mangistau oblast in the city named as Zhanaozen brought out negative and tense feedbacks towards the alleged Oralman involvement to having triggered the strike.<ref name="oka"/> In that incident, more than 12 people died and the strike by the oil workers and their demand for higher wages and better working conditions have been denied.<ref name="oka"/> As far as what the Oralmans are concerned, they have been criticized by the Chairman of the Board of the National Welfare Fund Samruk Kazyna as being defectors and instigators of the strike.<ref name="oka"/> As a result of that, the Kazakh nationalists labeled this insult as a phobia towards the Oralman as well defaming the dignity.<ref name="oka"/> It is believed that the immigration of migrants (repatriates) into that region were rather of negative result as this burdened seriously the local authorities there.<ref name="oka"/> Due to that, the government reconsidered again their quota system and reduced for the next 4 months until it was lifted.<ref name="oka"/> At the end of the day, the Zhanaozen incident showed the government that it failed to create an effective scheme for utilizing labor and satisfying the needs of Kazakh immigrants.<ref name="oka"/>

==Other notable problems they face==
The receiving community does pose some difficulties for the repatriates but it also poses some threat to the local people as well. The local for instance considers the repatriates as "other" and "not authentic" co-ethnics.<ref name="oka"/> Moreover, the repatriates also undergo several complaints by the local communities as the seem to see the treatment towards the repatriates as unfair in many ways and seem to only be sharing ethnicity within their own name only.<ref name="oka"/> Apart from that, as the social cleavage still prevails and exists, the linguistic cleavage does at the same time.<ref name="oka"/> Here we are speaking about the dominant Russian-speaking dominance over the Kazakh-speaking people, where for most of the people the gradual shift to the Russian language is more preferred and received.<ref name="oka"/> As a result of that, the cultural division also plays an important role in the nation-building process and needs to be taken not lightly into consideration.<ref name="oka"/> Furthermore, we may also one other factor that comes here into play. The idea that the repatriates see themselves as the true and genuine people who have been able to preserve the pure Kazakhness even abroad for a long period of time, often boast themselves with self-confidence and self-identification over the local Kazakh people.<ref name="oka"/> This self-identified image of the repatriates might further alienate them from the local community and of its perception.<ref name="oka"/> Even if the public was general discontent with the nation-building process towards the integration of the Kazakh repatriates was strong, there was no real widespread cultural or ethnical conflicts to be seen, as the non-Kazakh minorities as well as with the other Kazakh citizens did not object the Kazakh-oriented state building process.<ref name="oka"/> One other aspect that still gives this process impetus is the absence of political counterforce towards the migratory policies and it seems unlikely that this process will be hindered completely and will so to say be continuing in the future.<ref name="oka"/> The quote by Natsuko Oka describes the importance of this issue and of its weight on the Kazakh community as well as for its state and it goes as follows: "Having defined itself as the state for all Kazakhs of the world, Kazakhstan has entitled co-ethnics with the right of return to their ancestral homeland to become full-fledged citizens. If the government declares that the state cannot accept ethnic brethren any more, such a decision will surely invite severe criticism from Kazakh nationalists as well as immigrants, who will readily cast the ruling elites as traitors to the Kazakh nation. On the other hand, instability in the society will only grow worse if new immigrants continue to arrive while the integration of those who already have settled barely proceeds, and their social problems remain unsolved. Kazakhstan finds itself caught in a dilemma: because of its ethnic roots and de-colonization agenda, Kazakh repatriation policy cannot be easily abandoned even if it creates more problems than benefits."<ref name="oka"/>

==Adaptation of Repatriates==
One of the most striking features that the Kazakh ethnicities possess is the ability to adapt to any society and environment.<ref name="Akbota">{{citation |url= https://www.idosi.org/mejsr/mejsr15(1)13/4.pdf |accessdate=2017-04-09 |title= Some Problems of Repatriation and Adaptation of Representatives Of the Kazakh Diaspora of Central Asia in the Historic Homeland |last=Kenzhebekovna Kalshabaeva |first= Bibiziya |last2= Akbota |first2= Senbayevna Seisenbayeva}}</ref> How well we can validate it we can verify it exactly yet. It is quite interesting to note that some researchers argue that the Kazakh ethnos and especially the Kazakh group identity continues to exist even if part of the daily rituals changes in the new environment.<ref name="Akbota"/> However, it is not always so true as many assume. Despite that, Kazakh repatriates of course have many problems to tackle and overcome when adapting to a new lifestyle. One of the issues that can be of analytical importance for linguists could be the problem of alphabet and the use of the languages.<ref name="Akbota"/> For instance, the Kazakh language differs quite a lot from other central asian languages and so also from their structure of alphabet.<ref name="Akbota"/> In Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia people write in Cyrillic, but in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan they write in Latin alphabets and of course the repatriates, in this case the Kazakh repatriates who study abroad in latin alphabet, which poses a problem for them.<<ref name="Akbota"/> Eventually, creating problems in secondary and higher education for them.<ref name="Akbota"/> Moreover, it also might create an undoubted advantage for the returnees if they have received abroad higher education and return to their homeland receiving state support as well provisions that would undermine then the Kazakh citizens in Kazakhstan.<ref name="Akbota"/> Therefore, Kazakhstan can not afford to provide everyone with the consistent state support for adaptational purposes for the Kazakh repatriates as this also a state concern as well as an issue of a financial aspect.<ref name="Akbota"/> Of course, here we can clearly see the concern of the public as well as the state on how then to solve this migratory issue. A key role in creating favorable conditions for the returnees might be be the proper scattering of repatriates, as it is important in demographical terms to adapt them to local communities and so to resettle them in a proper way.<ref name="Akbota"/> Otherwise, causing unnecessary socio-economic problems.<ref name="Akbota"/> As many repatriates rather would want to resettle in the southern region of Kazakhstan, it is also important to allow them to resettle in the northern part, as the demographic aspect here plays an important role.<ref name="Akbota"/> Of course while doing it, the state must make sure to provide them with certain provisions like tax breaks, credits, loans or state support in any way.<ref name="Akbota"/> As Kazakhstan is well known for its hospitality towards foreigners, it is important to take note of that and understand that repatriates can also be treated in the same way as their own compatriots.<ref name="Akbota"/> At the end of the day, repatriates have preserved in some way their own traditional customs and identity, and so are also able to contribute to revive the traditional culture not only abroad, but also in Kazakhstan despite being considered as repatriates.<ref name="Akbota"/> It is also forgotten by many Kazakhs that the Oralman people also bring back the restoration of the Kazakh culture, as some assume as i said before, which of course can be argued that it goes against the current flow of Russification.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/69006|accessdate=2017-04-09|title=Kazakhstan: Astana Entices Kazakhs From Abroad Amid Ukraine Crisis|last=Lillis|first=Joanna}}</ref> Despite all that, the level and the extend of Discrimination towards the people of Oralman is not minimal as well. From discriminatory and lamenting perceptions and statements like: “Why does the government give people from China and Mongolia so much money? Why don’t they give it to people from Kazakhstan to make their lives better?” also depict the publics attitude in away towards them.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/69006|accessdate=2017-04-09|title=Kazakhstan: Astana Entices Kazakhs From Abroad Amid Ukraine Crisis|last=Lillis|first=Joanna}}</ref> They are portrayed as being uneducated and welfare-dependent resettlers, who bring nothing else but harm to the society. Despite that, the Kazakh government shows tolerance towards this issue and tries everything to let the repatriates to be of state priorities who could boost the ethnic Kazakh population, which showed a positive result throughout the last decades where the population has risen by nearly 20% since the independence day.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/69006|accessdate=2017-04-09|title=Kazakhstan: Astana Entices Kazakhs From Abroad Amid Ukraine Crisis|last=Lillis|first=Joanna}}</ref> With that, the government considers that the Kazakh Language will be enriched further and boosted, so that in away it would boost the Kazakhification idea in Russian-dominated regions of the north.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/69006|accessdate=2017-04-09|title=Kazakhstan: Astana Entices Kazakhs From Abroad Amid Ukraine Crisis|last=Lillis|first=Joanna}}</ref>This sense of rise of nationhood and of its cultural identity has been observed since the Ukraine crisis of 2014, which can be argued as the trigger event for Kazakhstan to rethink their migratory policies as well as their idea on promoting and strengthening further the nation-building program.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/69006|accessdate=2017-04-09|title=Kazakhstan: Astana Entices Kazakhs From Abroad Amid Ukraine Crisis|last=Lillis|first=Joanna}}</ref>

==The identity crisis==
Identity itself is a difficult topic to talk about as it involves many aspects within it. According to E. Erickson´s theory on identity, the image of oneself integrates its own personality with the surrounding world, which can in this case be successful sublimations, active protective mechanisms, preferable potentials and so on.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.kafu-academic-journal.info/journal/1/15/|accessdate=2017-04-09|title=Ethnic-linguistic identification of repatriates in modern Kazakhstan|last=Baurzhan|first=Bokayev}}</ref>There is also the famous understanding that only language enables a person to see himself in his imaginations as an object.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.kafu-academic-journal.info/journal/1/15/|accessdate=2017-04-09|title=Ethnic-linguistic identification of repatriates in modern Kazakhstan|last=Baurzhan|first=Bokayev}}</ref> The identity issue here comes into forefront as ethnicity plays an important role, as this makes the base for objective characteristics features like place of birth, languages, economy, race type and etc.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.kafu-academic-journal.info/journal/1/15/|accessdate=2017-04-09|title=Ethnic-linguistic identification of repatriates in modern Kazakhstan|last=Baurzhan|first=Bokayev}}</ref> According to the study done on the ethnic-linguistic identification of repatriates in modern Kazakhstan, they have identified that the repatriates between the ages of 17-25 have undergone the problem of identity crises, as this for instance poses an important question for them: Who am I?.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.kafu-academic-journal.info/journal/1/15/|accessdate=2017-04-09|title=Ethnic-linguistic identification of repatriates in modern Kazakhstan|last=Baurzhan|first=Bokayev}}</ref> Along with this identity issue, the repatriates also undergo problems in receiving secondary education int heir own mother tongue.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.kafu-academic-journal.info/journal/1/15/|accessdate=2017-04-09|title=Ethnic-linguistic identification of repatriates in modern Kazakhstan|last=Baurzhan|first=Bokayev}}</ref> Most of the time it is is either a bilingual secondary taught program or neither, which of course also cause a spill-over effect on the education system of other states and so cause huge strains in adaptational programs for repatriates.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.kafu-academic-journal.info/journal/1/15/|accessdate=2017-04-09|title=Ethnic-linguistic identification of repatriates in modern Kazakhstan|last=Baurzhan|first=Bokayev}}</ref> Of course other factors influence this identity issue along with the ethnic-linguistic identification. These other factors which could influence were for instance the level of proficiency in their language, socio-economic situation as well residence of their stay.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.kafu-academic-journal.info/journal/1/15/|accessdate=2017-04-09|title=Ethnic-linguistic identification of repatriates in modern Kazakhstan|last=Baurzhan|first=Bokayev}}</ref> All that indicates that the ida of identity loss and in general about the ethnic-linguistic crisis is dependent on many factors and so individual-specific as well.

==See also==
*[[Kazakh exodus from Xinjiang]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{citation|title=Cross-border Minorities as Cultural and Economic Mediators between China and Central Asia|url=http://www.isdp.eu/files/publications/cefq/09/LaruellePeyrouse.pdf|volume=7|number=1|pages=29–46|issn=1653-4212|accessdate=2009-04-17|year=2009|last=Laruelle|first=Marlène|last2=Peyrouse|first2=Sebastien|journal=China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly}}
*{{citation|url=http://www.undp.kz/library_of_publications/files/6838-29587.pdf|title=Status of Oralmans in Kazakhstan|publication-place=Almaty|year=2006|publisher=International Organization for Migration/United Nations Development Programme|ref=CITEREFUNDP2006}}
*{{cite thesis |last=Genina |first=Anna |date=2015 |title=Claiming Ancestral Homelandsː Mongolian Kazakh migration in Inner Asia |type=A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in The University of Michigan |chapter= |publisher= |docket= |oclc= |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/111536/anngen_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=}}

==Further reading==
*{{citation|first=Alexander C.|last=Diener|year=2005|title=Problematic Integration of Mongolian-Kazakh Return Migrants in Kazakhstan|journal=Eurasian Geography and Economics|volume=46|issue=6|pages=465–478|doi=10.2747/1538-7216.46.6.465}}
*{{citation|last=Diener|first=Alexander C.|title=One Homeland or Two?: The Nationalization and Transnationalization of Mongolia's Kazakhs|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8047-6191-8|publisher=Stanford University Press}}

{{Kazakh diaspora}}

[[Category:Immigrants to Kazakhstan|.]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani diaspora]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:1990s in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:2000s in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:2010s in Kazakhstan]]

Hill pigeon

2017-02-25T16:54:48Z

WereSpielChequers: /* Behaviour and ecology */Typo fixing, replaced: as and → as using AWB

{{Taxobox
| name = Hill pigeon
| image = Hill Pigeon, near Dras, Jammu and Kashmir, India.jpg
| image_caption = Hill pigeon, near Dras, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{IUCN|id=22690074 |title=''Columba rupestris'' |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Aves]]
| ordo = [[Columbiformes]]
| familia = [[Columbidae]]
| genus = ''[[Columba (genus)|Columba]]''
| species = '''''C. rupestris'''''
| binomial = ''Columba rupestris''
| binomial_authority = [[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1811
| synonyms = }}
The '''hill pigeon''' or '''eastern rock dove''' or '''Turkestan hill dove''' (''Columba rupestris'') is a species of [[bird]] in the family [[Columbidae]].

== Description ==
The hill pigeon is a stout bodied pigeon, very similar in size and general appearance to the [[Columba livia|rock pigeon]], but mainly differentiated by its tail pattern which consist of a broad white tail-band across the black tail. Other differences include a paler mantle and upper wings and a white patch on the back. In flight, the tail pattern is similar to the [[snow pigeon]], but lacks the contrast between the head and neck in that species.

== Taxonomy and systematics ==
Two races are recognized:
* ''turkestanica'', described by Buturlin, is found in the western range of distribution
* ''rupestris'', described by Pallas, is found in the eastern range of distribution

== Distribution and status ==
It is found in [[China]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[North Korea]], [[South Korea]], [[Mongolia]], [[Russia]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Turkmenistan]]. This pigeon is comparatively restricted in range of [[Pakistan]] to the furthest northern inner valleys of the Karakoram, Hindu Kush and [[Pamirs]]. In Pakistan it occurs in northern [[Chitral]] particularly in the western part bordering [[Nuristan]] in Afghanistan, further east in valleys of [[Gilgit]] in [[Yasin Valley|Yasin]] and [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]] and Karakoram ranges in [[Baltistan]] from about 2000 meters in winter up to 5500 meters during summer months. Though the overall population is decreasing, since the rate of decrease is not alarming and the bird is widely distributed and abundant, it is classified as "[[Least Concern]]" by [[IUCN]].<ref name=IUCN/>

== Behaviour and ecology ==
This species frequents open rugged country from 1,500 to 6,100 meters. Closely related to the rock pigeon but more commonly found at higher altitudes.<ref>{{cite book| last =Gibbs | first =David |author2=Eustace Barnes |author3=John Cox | title =Pigeons and Doves: A Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World | publisher =Pica Press | location =United Kingdom | pages =624 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=aeZXAAAACAAJ&dq=Pigeons+and+Doves:+A+Guide+to+the+Pigeons+and+Doves+of+the+World| doi = | id = | isbn =1-873403-60-7 }}</ref> A gregarious species throughout the year, they feed in flocks in the terraced cultivated fields. They often mix with flocks of rock pigeons. They are very tame and are often found near human settlements, camps and pilgrimage routes.<ref name=pcr>{{cite book|author=Rasmussen PC|author2=JC Anderton|last-author-amp=yes | year=2005| title= Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2|page=205| publisher=Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions}}</ref>

In [[Tajikistan]] it has been recorded as starting to nest as early as February with many young just fledging as late as September in northeastern Tibet. The males have a bowing display similar to that of the rock pigeon and nothing distinctive seems to have been recorded elsewhere about the display of this pigeon which suggests that display and courtship is similar. They nest in dense colonies on cliffs, gorges and rocky outcrops. In Tibet, the nests are often placed houses, both inhabited and empty or in holes in the wall.<ref name=fbi2>{{cite book|pages=222–223| title=Fauna of British India. Birds|volume=5| edition=2nd| author=Baker, ECS|url=https://archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds5/BakerFBI5#page/n242/mode/1up |publisher=Taylor and Francis, London| year=1928}}</ref> Nest consists of a platform of twigs or plant stem in which generally two eggs are laid. They may raise two brood in a year.<ref name=fbi2/>

Their feeding habits are similar to rock pigeons, being mainly [[Seed predation|granivorous]], supplementing their diet with green shoot and leaves and occasionally small mollusks such as snails. On some occasions, they become very opportunistic, feeding on leftover food, partially digested food from [[kiang]] dung and even undigested food from stomach of kiang carcass which are ripped open by other predators.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Francis M.|author2= Clement |year=2005| title=Birds of Ladakh| journal= Indian Birds| volume=1| issue=5| pages=109–114}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/hill-pigeon-columba-rupestris Photos, Videos]

{{DEFAULTSORT:pigeon, hill}}
[[Category:Columba (genus)|hill pigeon]]
[[Category:Birds of China]]
[[Category:Birds of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Birds of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Birds of Korea]]
[[Category:Birds of Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Birds of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Birds of Tibet]]
[[Category:Birds of Yunnan]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1811|hill pigeon]]

Aleksandr Dryagin

2017-01-28T00:44:01Z

WereSpielChequers: /* top */Typo fixing, replaced: mos → most using AWB

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox bandy biography
|embed =
|name = Aleksandr Dryagin
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|fullname = Aleksandr Nikolayevich Dryagin
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|5|24|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Polevskoy]], Russia
|height =
|position = [[Midfielder]]
|currentclub =
|clubnumber =
|youthyears1 =
|youthclubs1 =
|years1 = 1990–1995
|clubs1 = [[SKA-Sverdlovsk]]
|years2 = 1995–1998
|clubs2 = [[Ale/Surte BK]]
|years3 = 1998–2005
|clubs3 = [[Vetlanda BK]]
|years4 = 2002–2003
|clubs4 = → [[Helenelunds IK]] (loan)
|years5 = 2005–2006
|clubs5 = [[Zorky]]
|years6 = 2006–2008
|clubs6 = [[Sandvikens AIK]]
|years7 = 2008–2009
|clubs7 = [[Uralsky Trubnik]]
|years8 = 2009–2010
|clubs8 = [[Sandvikens AIK]]
|years9 = 2010–2012
|clubs9 = [[Skutskärs IF]]
|nationalyears1 = 1994–1995
|nationalteam1 = [[Russia national bandy team|Russia]]
|nationalyears2 = 2002–2011
|nationalteam2 = [[Kazakhstan national bandy team|Kazakhstan]]
|medaltemplates =
|club-update =
|nationalteam-update =
}}
'''Aleksandr Nikolayevich Dryagin''' ({{lang-ru|Александр Николаевич Дрягин}}; born 24 May 1972) is a former [[bandy]] player who most recently played for [[Skutskärs IF]] as a midfielder. Alexander was brought up by [[Seversky Trubnik]]. Alexander played for the [[Russian national bandy team]] in the 1994–95 season but now plays for the [[Kazakhstanian national bandy team]], who he made his debut for in the 2002–03 season.

==External links==
*[http://www.bandysidan.nu/ibdb/playerinfo.php?SpelareID=488&sprak=eng&land=3 Alexander Driagin at BandySidan.nu]
*[http://www.saik.com/ Sandvikens aik]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dryagin, Aleksandr}}
[[Category:Kazakhstani bandy players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:SKA-Sverdlovsk players]]
[[Category:Surte BK players]]
[[Category:Vetlanda BK players]]
[[Category:Helenelunds IK players]]
[[Category:Zorky Krasnogorsk players]]
[[Category:Sandvikens AIK players]]
[[Category:Uralsky Trubnik players]]
[[Category:Skutskärs IF players]]

{{Kazakhstan-sport-bio-stub}}
{{Bandy-bio-stub}}

FC Alma-Ata

2015-12-30T12:41:22Z

WereSpielChequers: not a thump

''Not to be confused with [[FC Tsesna]] (now Kairat Academy) founded in 2010''
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Alma-Ata
| image = [[File:FC Alma-Ata Logo.svg|frameless|FC Alma-Ata's logo]]
| fullname = Football Club Alma-Ata
| nickname =
| founded = {{Start date and age|2000}}
| dissolved = {{Start date and age|2008}}
| ground = [[Central Stadium (Almaty)|Central Stadium]] <br> [[Almaty]]
| capacity = 23,000
| chairman =
| manager =
| league = [[Kazakhstan Premier League]]
| season = [[2008 Kazakhstan Premier League|2008]]
|position = 8th
|pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=
|leftarm1=F3181E|body1=F3181E|rightarm1=F3181E|shorts1=F3181E|socks1=F3181E
|pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=
|leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=FFFFFF|rightarm2=FFFFFF|shorts2=FFFFFF|socks2=FFFFFF
}}

'''FC Alma-Ata''' ({{lang-kk|Алма-Ата Футбол Клубы}}) was a [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] [[association football]] club based in [[Almaty]] between 2000-2008.

== History ==
In 2000 the club was formed as ''FC Tsesna'' in [[Almaty]]. Tsesna played in the [[Kazakhstan First Division]] for the first time in 2003, finishing second and earning themselves promotion to the [[Kazakhstan Premier League]]. Following their promotion, the clubs management changed the clubs name to ''FC Alma-Ata'', finishing their debut season in 18th position under the management of [[Edgar Gess]]. The following season, first under Igor Romanov, and then Antonius Joore, the club improved and finished 13th. The 2006 was the clubs best season, again with Antonius Joore as their manager, the club finished 5th in the league and won the [[Kazakhstan Cup]] for the first time. As a result of their Cup win, they qualified for the [[UEFA Cup 2007-08|2007-08 UEFA Cup]] for the first time.

In July 2007 Alma-Ata appointed [[Arno Pijpers]] as a consultant, whilst he continued his [[Kazakhstan national football team|Kazakhstan National Team]] duties, in preparation for their debut [[UEFA Cup]] matches against Slovakian side [[FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce|ViOn Zlaté Moravce]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pijpers accepts Alma-Ata role|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=557783.html|website=www.uefa.com/|publisher=[[UEFA]]|accessdate=18 December 2015|date=3 July 2007}}</ref> Alma-Ata were defeat by ViOn Zlaté Moravce 4-2 over the two legs, whilst finishing 6th in the league and reaching the Last 32 of the Cup. The 2008 season was the clubs last season, as after finishing 8th in the League and as Cup runners-up, Alma-Ata declared themselves bankrupt and ceased operations, with the majority of the clubs staff joining [[FC Megasport]] before forming [[FC Astana|FC Lokomotiv Astana]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ликвидация по-алматински|url=http://sport.caravan.kz/news/likvidaciya-poalmatinski-newsID35365.html|website=sport.caravan.kz/|publisher=sport.caravan.kz|accessdate=18 December 2015|language=Russian|date=19 December 2008}}</ref>

===Names===
*2000 : Founded as ''Tsesna''
*2004 : Renamed ''Alma-Ata''

===Domestic history===
{|class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! rowspan="2" | Season
! colspan="9" | League
! rowspan="2" | [[Kazakhstan Cup]]
! colspan="2" | Top goalscorer
! rowspan="2" | Manager
|-
! Div.
! Pos.
! Pl.
! W
! D
! L
! GS
! GA
! P
! Name
! League
|-
|align=center|2003
|align=center|[[Kazakhstan First Division|2nd]]
|style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|'''2'''
|align=center|22
|align=center|15
|align=center|3
|align=center|4
|align=center|61
|align=center|22
|align=center|'''48'''
|align=center|1/16
|align=center|{{flagicon|KAZ}} Yerlan Urazayev
|align=center|20
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|[[2004 Kazakhstan Premier League|2004]]
|align=center|[[Kazakhstan Premier League|1st]]
|align=center|'''18'''
|align=center|36
|align=center|4
|align=center|8
|align=center|24
|align=center|22
|align=center|53
|align=center|'''20'''
|align=center|1/8
|align=center|{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Sergei Ostapenko]] & {{flagicon|KAZ}} Yerlan Urazayev
|align=center|4
|align=center|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Edgar Gess|E.Gess]]
|-
|align=center|[[2005 Kazakhstan Premier League|2005]]
|align=center|[[Kazakhstan Premier League|1st]]
|align=center|'''13'''
|align=center|30
|align=center|9
|align=center|3
|align=center|18
|align=center|30
|align=center|43
|align=center|'''30'''
|align=center|1/8
|align=center|{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Sergei Ostapenko]] & {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Oleg Litvinenko]]
|align=center|7
|align=center|{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Igor Matveevich Romanov|I.Romanov]] / {{flagicon|NLD}} [[Antonius Joore|A.Joore]]
|-
|align=center|[[2006 Kazakhstan Premier League|2006]]
|align=center|[[Kazakhstan Premier League|1st]]
|align=center|'''5'''
|align=center|30
|align=center|13
|align=center|9
|align=center|8
|align=center|36
|align=center|29
|align=center|'''48'''
|style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|'''Winner'''
|align=center|{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Jafar Irismetov]]
|align=center|17
|align=center|{{flagicon|NLD}} [[Antonius Joore|A.Joore]]
|-
|align=center|[[2007 Kazakhstan Premier League|2007]]
|align=center|[[Kazakhstan Premier League|1st]]
|align=center|'''6'''
|align=center|30
|align=center|13
|align=center|5
|align=center|12
|align=center|35
|align=center|32
|align=center|'''44'''
|align=center|1/16
|align=center|{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Jafar Irismetov]]
|align=center|17
|align=center|{{flagicon|NLD}} [[Antonius Joore|A.Joore]] / {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Grigoriy Babayan|G.Babayan]]
|-
|align=center|[[2008 Kazakhstan Premier League|2008]]
|align=center|[[Kazakhstan Premier League|1st]]
|align=center|'''8'''
|align=center|30
|align=center|10
|align=center|7
|align=center|13
|align=center|33
|align=center|39
|align=center|'''37'''
|style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|'''Runners-up'''
|align=center|{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Zhambyl Kukeyev]]
|align=center|6
|align=center|{{flagicon|NLD}} [[Marco Wilhelmus|M.Wilhelmus]] / {{flagicon|GER}} [[Bernd Storck|B.Storck]]
|}

===Continental history===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Season
! Competition
! Round
! Club
! Home
! Away
! Aggregate
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[2007–08 UEFA Cup|2007–08]]
|rowspan="1"|[[UEFA Cup]]
|rowspan="1"|First qualifying round
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce|ViOn Zlaté Moravce]]
|align=center|1–1
|align=center|1–3
|align=center|2–4
|}

==Honours==
;Kazakhstan Cup (1): [[2006 Kazakhstan Cup|2006]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Kazakhstan football clubs in European cups]]

[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2000|Alma-Ata, FC]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Almaty|Alma-Ata, FC]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Kazakhstan|Alma-Ata, FC]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Association football clubs disestablished in 2008|Alma-Ata, FC]]