Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Uyghurlar

2017-04-09T18:20:13Z

Trappist the monk: /* top */ cite repair;

'''Uyghurlar''' (in English: '''The Uyghurs''') is a book by poet [[Turghun Almas]] on the history of the "6,000 year history" of the [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] ethnic group of the [[Xinjiang]] region of China.<ref name="Westerlund">{{Cite book|title=Islam Outside the Arab World|first=David|last=Westerlund|first2=Ingvar|last2=Svanberg|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=1999|page=208}}</ref> It was published in the 1989 in the [[People's Republic of China]], at a high point of liberalization of academic freedom and ethnic minority policy in China. The book uses a stylized wolf on its cover that is a widely recognized symbol of [[Pan-Turkism]].<ref name="Westerlund" /> It was one of the books of the period that presented an "[[Historical revisionism|alternative]] Uyghur history", based on [[Soviet historiography]] during the [[Sino-Soviet split]], that advanced the thesis that the Uyghurs were "indigenous" to Xinjiang and should have an independent state.<ref name="Bellér-Hann">Bellér-Hann, Ildikó ''Situating the Uyghurs between China and Central Asia'' Ashgate 21 Dec 2007 ISBN 978-0-7546-7041-4 p.42</ref> It was also one of the first books to publicize the term [[East Turkestan]], which suggests a kinship to a "West Turkestan" in the independent [[Central Asia]]n states.<ref name="Bellér-Hann"/> In contrast to the official Chinese [[history of Xinjiang]], which states that the region was an integral part of China since the [[Han Dynasty]],<ref name="Dillon">{{Cite book|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest|first=Michael|last=Dillon|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|year=2004|page=52}}</ref> the book takes a nationalist view, saying that many "Uyghur" states throughout history were independent of, or even dominant over, China.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Twentieth-century China|author=University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies |author2=Ohio State University East Asian Studies Center|publisher=Twentieth-Century China, New York|year=1997|page=124}}</ref>

The book makes a number of non-orthodox theories about history, including that the [[Tarim mummies]] indicate that the Uyghurs were "older than [[China|Chinese civilization]] itself", and that the Uyghurs invented [[Four Great Inventions of ancient China|the compass, gunpowder, papermaking, and printing]]. It concluded, "If the Jews could reclaim their homeland after 3,000 years, the Uyghurs should be able to reclaim their homeland after 3,000 to 6,000 years".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland|author=Starr, S. Frederick|publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]]|year=2004|page=315}} </ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Uyghur literature]]
[[Category:Pan-Turkism]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Chinese history]]

Nauryzbai Batyr

2017-01-11T14:45:01Z

Trappist the monk: /* top */ cite repair;

{{one source|date=February 2016}}
{{Orphan|date=July 2013}}

'''Nauryzbai Batyr''' 1706-1781, ('''Kutpanbet-Uly Nauryzbai''', '''Shaprashty Nauryzbai''') was a Khazak batyr or warrior known for fighting against the [[Dzungar people|Dzungar]]s in the Dzhungar-Kazakh wars.<ref name=Markus>{{cite book |title=Historical dictionary of Kazakhstan|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=0810867826 |author1=Didar Kassymova |author2=Zhanat Kundakbayeva |author3=Markus Ustina}}</ref> Nauryzbai was one of three [[standard-bearer]]s of [[Abylai-khan]], the army commander. He was born in the Zhalpaktas-Seriktas district, now a territory of the Zhambylsk region in [[Almaty]], in 1706. "Batyr" is an [[honorific]] granted to Khazak [[commoner]]s who obtained glory in battle.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Batyr, Nauryzbai}}
[[Category:Articles created via the Article Wizard]]
[[Category:Ethnic Kazakh people]]
[[Category:History of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:18th-century Kazakhstani people]]
[[Category:1706 births]]
[[Category:1781 deaths]]

Kazakh wine

2016-12-04T13:15:25Z

Trappist the monk: /* History */

[[File:Kazakhstan-CIA WFB Map.png|right|thumb|350px|Location of Kazakhstan]]
'''Kazakh wine''' is [[wine]] made in [[Kazakhstan]]. The roots of the Kazakh wine industry can be traced to the 7th century AD when [[grapevines]] were brought to the region from neighboring [[Uzbekistan]] and [[China]]. While only around 4% of the land in Kazakhstan is ideally situated for [[viticulture]], the country does manage to produce over 6.2 million [[gallon]]s (236,000 [[hectolitres|hl]]) of wine annually from {{convert|32,120|acre|ha}}.<ref name="Oxford pg 380-381">J. Robinson (ed) ''"The Oxford Companion to Wine"'' Third Edition pg 380-381 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6</ref> Buoyed by its mineral wealth, the country is an enthusiastic consumer of wine but must import 80% of the 30 m bottles it drinks.<ref name="Reuters"/>

==History==
{{See also|History of Kazakhstan}}
[[File:Kazakh wine bottle.jpg|right|200px|thumb|An early Kazakh wine bottle.]]
The earliest evidence of viticulture in Kazakhstan appear during the 7th century AD around [[Shymkent]] and in the foot hills of [[Tian Shan]] in [[Almaty Province]] near the Kazakh-[[Kyrgyzstan]] border. Vines were believed to have been introduced to the area by traders from the [[Xinjiang]] province of China and the [[Fergana Province|Fergana]] and [[Samarqand Province|Samarqand]] regions of Uzbekistan. Throughout most of Kazakhstan's history, commercial [[winemaking]] was conducted on a small scale. In the early 20th century, [[government|state-run]] vineyards in [[Almaty]], Shymkent and [[Taraz]] were the largest producers. Following the [[History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)|dissolution of the Soviet Union]], there has been renewed interest in the Kazakhstan wine industry with [[Russia]] becoming a leading trading partner in Kazakh wine.<ref name="Oxford pg 380-381"/>

In general the emphasis will be on inexpensive table wine, although the UN thinks that the [[continental climate (wine)|continental climate]] may allow the production of high-value [[ice wine]].<ref name="GEF">{{cite web |author=United Nations Development Programme |author2=Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan |title=''In situ'' Conservation of Kazakhstan's Mountain Agro-biodiversity |publisher=Global Environment Facility |date=2005-02-23 |url=http://www.gefweb.org/Documents/Project_Proposals_for_Endorsem/Kazakhstan_-_In-Situ_Conservation_Mountain_AgroBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609120314/http://www.gefweb.org/Documents/Project_Proposals_for_Endorsem/Kazakhstan_-_In-Situ_Conservation_Mountain_AgroBD.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-09 |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-06-21}}</ref>

==Climate and geography==
{{See also|Geography of Kazakhstan}}
As an inland country, Kazakhstan has a very typical [[continental climate]]. Most of the region's vineyards are located in the southern half of the country near the borders of China, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan with a few smaller regions along the [[Caspian Sea]] in the west. Average annual rainfall varies throughout the country ranging from 4-6 inches (100–150 mm) in the wine regions around [[Atyrau]] and [[Aktobe]] to 27-39 inches (700–1000 mm) in the regions around the [[Talas River]].<ref name="Oxford pg 380-381"/>

==Grape varieties==
Currently the Kazakhstan winemaking has largely focused on [[dessert wine]] production. More than 40 [[List of grape varieties|grape varieties]] are grown in the country though more than half are currently used for [[table grape]] production rather than winemaking. Popular wine grape varieties include [[Aligote]], [[Aleatico]], [[Cabernet Franc]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Pinot noir]], [[Riesling]], [[Rkatsiteli]], [[Saperavi]], [[Muscat Ottonel]], [[Bayan Shirey]], [[Kuljinski]], [[Maiski Cherny]] and [[Rubinovy Magaracha]].<ref name="Oxford pg 380-381"/> In general the grapes are the [[Georgian wine|Georgian]] ones, such as Rkatsiteli and Saperavi, found in other parts of the former Soviet Union. More recently there has been interest in planting international varieties such as [[Sauvignon blanc]]. However local tastes would appear to prefer the traditional sweet red wines.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | title = Kazakh wines seek place in the sun | work = | publisher = Reuters | date = 1998-03-31 | url = http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/archives.php?id=6606 | doi = | accessdate = 2007-06-21 }}</ref>

==Classification==
At present there is no [[appellation]] system in Kazakhstan.

==Wine regions==
About 80% of the country's wines are produced at the Issyk Winery in [[Esik|Issyk]], some {{convert|25|mi|km}} east of [[Almaty]].> Bought by the Swiss-based Consulting Group in 1996 and recently sold back to local company Dostar, it has gone under considerable changes with the help of Italian based winery Marcato Vini and an Australian consultant. Major reconstruction has been undertaken, with the importation of "New World" technologies including sweeping arm fermenters, air bag presses, cross flow filtration and nitrogen production. It benefits from being 850 m up in the [[Tian Shan]] mountains of the southeast of the country.<ref name="Reuters"/> Other wineries include Bakhus and the Turgen Winery. There are 210 hectares of vineyards in the Zailiyskiy region of the Almaty Oblast. In Soviet times there were vineyards and wineries in the Sarkand and Alakol regions of Dzhungar Alatau, in the Almaty Oblast, but these were hit hard by the breakup of the Soviet Union.<ref name="GEF"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Wine}}
* [[Georgian wine]]
* [[Ukrainian wine]]
* [[Russian wine]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Wine by country}}

[[Category:Agriculture in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani cuisine]]
[[Category:Kazakh wine]]

Maksut Narikbaev

2016-05-05T13:59:59Z

Trappist the monk: /* Biography */CS1 fixes; |language= spelling; using AWB

{{Infobox president| name=Maksut Narikbaev<br> Мақсұт Нәрікбаев
| nationality=[[Kazakhs|Kazakh]]
| image=
| imagesize=208px
| order=3rd Chairman of the [[Supreme Court of Kazakhstan]]
| term_start= June 1996
| term_end= September 2000
| predecessor=[[Mikhail Fedorovich Malakhov|Mikhail Makalov]]
| successor= [[Kairat Mami]]
| birth_date={{Birth date |1940|5|9|df=y}}
| birth_place=[[Yerkin]], [[Almaty Region]], [[USSR]]
| death_date={{death date and age|2015|10|12|1940|5|9|df=y}}
| death_place=
| profession= [[Jurist]]
| religion=
| spouse=
| party=
| vicepresident=
}}
'''Maksut Sultanuly Narikbaev''' ({{lang-kk|Мақсұт Сұлтанұлы Нәрікбаев}}; {{lang-ru|Максут Султанович Нарикбаев,''Maksut Sultanovich Narikbayev''}}; 9 May 1940 – 12 October 2015) was a [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] [[jurist]] who served as the third Chairman of the Supreme Court of Kazakhstan. Between 2004 and 2012 he served as the chairman of the [[Democratic Party Adilet]]. In 2012 he retired as the chairman and was elected an honorary chairman of the party.<ref name="adilet">{{cite web|url=http://dp-adilet.kz/kz/338.html|title=Нарикбаев Максут Султанович|publisher=Демократическая партия "Адилет"|language=Russian|accessdate=26 July 2012}}</ref>

==Biography==
Maksut Narikbaev was born in 1940 in [[Taldykorgan District]] of [[Almaty Region]]. Between 1968 and 1978 he studied law in the [[Al-Farabi University|Kazakh State University]] in [[Almaty]]. From 1987, he was employed by the State Prosecutor of Kazakhstan. He held degrees of the candidate of science and the doctor of science. Between October 1995 and June 1996 Narikbaev was the State Prosecutor of Kazakhstan, subsequently until September 2000 he was the Chairman of the Supreme Court of Kazakhstan.<ref name="adilet"/>

Narikbaev died on October 12, 2015 at the age of 75.<ref>{{cite news|title=Скончался президент КазГЮУ Максут Нарикбаев|url=http://kapital.kz/gosudarstvo/44471/skonchalsya-prezident-kazgyuu-maksut-narikbaev.html|accessdate=13 October 2015|work=Kapital|date=12 October 2015|language=kk}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Narikbaev, Maksut}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani jurists]]
[[Category:Al-Farabi University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Taldykorgan]]

Sajanaspis

2016-01-11T20:43:23Z

Trappist the monk: cleanup extra text in page/pages/at/edition/ref parameters; convert some cite journal to cite magazine or news; using AWB

{{Taxobox
|name = ''Sajanaspis''
|status = fossil
|fossil_range = [[Botomian]]<ref name="Sepkoski">{{cite journal
| last = Sepkoski| first = Jack| authorlink =| coauthors =| title = A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Trilobita entry)| journal = Bulletins of American Paleontology| volume = 364| issue =|page=560| publisher =| location =| year = 2002| url = http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=307&rank=class| doi =| id =| accessdate = 2008-01-12 }}</ref>
|regnum = [[Animal]]ia
|phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
|classis = [[Trilobita]]
|ordo =
|superfamilia =
|genus = '''''Sajanaspis'''''
}}
'''''Sajanaspis''''' is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] from a well-known class of [[fossil]] marine [[arthropod]]s, the [[trilobite]]s. It lived during the [[Botomian|Botomian stage]],<ref name="Sepkoski"/> which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the [[Cambrian Period]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cambrian trilobites]]
[[Category:Fossils of Russia]]
[[Category:Fossils of Kazakhstan]]
{{trilobite-stub}}

Prunus fruticosa

2016-01-11T01:47:47Z

Trappist the monk: cleanup extra text in page/pages/at/edition parameters; convert some cite journal to cite magazine or news; using AWB

{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Prunus fruticosa''<br>European dwarf cherry
| image = Prunus fruticosa 2.jpg
| image_caption = ''P. fruticosa flowers''
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Prunus]]''
| subgenus = ''[[Prunus subgenus Cerasus|Cerasus]]''
| species = '''''P. fruticosa'''''
| binomial = ''Prunus fruticosa''
| binomial_authority = [[Peter Simon Pallas|Pall.]]
|synonyms =
*''Cerasus fruticosa'' <small>(Pall.) Woronow</small>
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/rjp-5896|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species |accessdate=January 27, 2014}}</ref>
}}
'''''Prunus fruticosa''''', the '''European dwarf cherry''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=PRFR2|taxon=Prunus fruticosa|accessdate=14 October 2015}}</ref> or '''dwarf cherry''', '''Mongolian cherry''' or '''steppe cherry''' is a [[deciduous]], [[xerophyte|xerophytic]], winter-hardy, cherry-bearing [[shrub]]. It is also called '''ground cherry''' and '''European ground cherry''', but is not to be confused with plants in the distinct "Groundcherry" genus of ''[[Physalis]]''.

''Prunus fruticosa'' is native to [[Ciscaucasia]], western [[Siberia]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Xinjiang]] China, western [[Russia]], [[Ukraine]], [[Poland]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Germany]], [[Belarus]], [[Moldova]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]], [[Hungary]], [[Serbia]], [[Austria]], and [[Italy]].
<ref name=grinpf>{{cite web | title=Prunus fruticosa Pall. | work=Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) Taxonomy for Plants | author=U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) | url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?29899 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first=John Claudius | last=Loudon | title=Arboretum Et Fruticetum Britannicum: Or, The Trees and Shrubs of Britain, ... | publisher=Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans | location=London | year=1838 |page=702 }} Under C. chamaecerasus. Downloadable Google Books.</ref><ref>{{cite book | first=L.L. | last=Bailey | authorlink=Liberty Hyde Bailey | title=The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture | publisher=The Macmillan Company | location=New York | year=1916 |page=2386 | volume=V }}</ref><ref name=hortprev>{{Cite book | first=A.D. | last=Dzhangaliev | first2=T.N. | last2=Salova | first3=P.M. | last3=Turekhanova | editor-last=Janick | editor-first=Jules
| contribution=The Wild Fruit and Nut Plants of Kazakhstan | contribution-url=http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/81/04712196/0471219681-1.pdf | title=Horticultural Previews | year=2003 | pages=305–371 | place=
| publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | isbn=0-471-21968-1 }}</ref>

==Description==
As a shrub ''Prunus fruticosa'' grows {{convert|1|-|2|m|ft}} high and as wide, in almost any soil, but best in loamy soil, spreading via [[basal shoot|sucker]]s. Roots are abundant. The plant requires full sun, it is a [[steppe]] rather than a [[forest]] plant, although it does form thickets at the edges of open forest.

The [[bark]] is dark brown with yellow [[lenticel]]s. The [[leaf|leaves]] are oblanceolate to obovate, about 12 mm by 6 mm, with acumenate apex, [[glabrous]] above, thick, serrated with crenate margin, dark green, yellow in autumn, with a short [[petiole (botany)|petiole]].

The [[flower]]s are white [[hermaphroditic]] blossoms in leafy [[bract]]s located 2-4 each on short [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncle]]s in [[Sessility (botany)|sessile]] [[umbel]]s. They are pollinated by [[bee]]s. In the Northern Hemisphere, the plant flowers in May. The [[fruit]] is light to dark red, globose to pyriform, about 8–25 mm in diameter, ripening in August. The taste is sour-sweet, or tart.

==Uses==
As a sour tasting cherry, the fruit is used in cooking, and for jams and jellies. It has medicinal uses as an [[astringent]].<ref>''Mongolian Cherry'' under External links below.</ref> The flowers are its basis of bee-keeping honey plant.

[[Image:Prunus fruticosa 1.jpg|thumb|left|325px|''Prunus fruticosa'' planted for soil stabilization in an open habitat.]]

===Cultivation===
''Prunus fruticosa'' is planted in [[hedgerow]]s as an [[ornamental plant]] privacy screen and windbreak, and as a host plant for bees and other beneficial insects and birds. The shrub's network of penetrating roots are useful for soil stabilization in designed landscapes and [[Ecological restoration|habitat restoration]] projects.

The hardiness of ''Prunus fruticosa'' is a desirable quality in grafting and production of [[horticulture|horticultural]] [[cultivar]]s. It is grafted to ''[[Prunus avium]]'' 'tree' rootstock, forming rounded top trees.<ref name=hortprev/>

==Classification==
;Linnaeus
Linnaeus included this species in his ''Species Plantarum'', referencing the ''Pinax'' of [[Gaspard Bauhin]], to whom he gives credit as "Bauh. pin. 450."<ref>{{cite book | first=Caroli | last=Linnaei | authorlink=Linnaeus | title=Species Plantarum | publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae | year=1753 |page=474 | url=http://www.botanicus.org/title.aspx?bibid=b12069590 }}</ref> The name assigned by Linnaeus is ''Prunus cerasus pumila'', where ''pumila'' means "dwarf" (a rare word in Latin) and must come from Bauhin. He regards the shub as a variety of ''[[Prunus cerasus]]'', the sour cherry.

;Pallas
It was first authoritatively defined by [[Peter Simon Pallas]], the German naturalist invited by [[Catherine the Great]] to work in [[St. Petersburg]]. His unfinished ''Flora Rossica'', a description of all the plants in the [[Russia]]n Empire, dedicates one page to Prunus fruticosa, a shrub found ''in campis Isetensibus'', "in the plains of the [[Iset River|Iset]];" that is, the [[Siberia]]n [[steppe]].<ref>{{cite book | first=P.S. | last=Pallas | title=Flora Rossica Edita Iussu et Auspiciis Augustissimae Rossorum Imperatricis Catharinae II Magnae, Piae, Felicis, Patriae Matris | publisher=E. Typographia Imperiali J.J. Weitbrecht | location=Petropoli | date=MDCCLXXXIV |page=19 |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97364k.pagination}} The title at the top of the page bears the cryptic notation "Tab. VIII. B."</ref> He states the Linnaean synonym, giving the same reference to Bauhin, but makes the variety into a species, Pr. fruticosa. The last paragraph of Page 19 states his reasons for the classification, which have nothing to do with the name, but are in true Linnaean cryptic form, in this case a [[pun]].

The two Latin words of the pun are ''fructus'' or ''frux'', from ''fruor'', "enjoy" - a fruit is a result enjoyed - and ''frutex'', "shrub", adjective ''fruticosus'', "bushy", from a totally different root. Prunus is a grammatical feminine, so Prunus fruticosa agrees in gender. However, Pallas says ''Haec mihi tantum fructibus suis innotuit, qui distinctam itidem speciem indicare videntur'', "It came to my attention at last because of its fruit, which repeatedly seemed to indicate a distinct species." The fruit seemed ''fere Pruni forma'', "nearly in the form of Prunus", especially because ''praedita oblongo nucleo'', "furnished with an oblong seed." So, Pallas moved it from Cerasus to Prunus.

;Woronow
In 1925 Georg Gjurij Nikolaewitch Woronow (Voronov), 1874-1931, known botanically as (Ju.N, G., G.N. or GJN) Woronow, made an unsuccessful effort to retain Cerasus as a genus name and move fruticosa to it, creating another synonym, Cerasus fruticosa.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Trudy po Prikladnoi Botanike, Genetikei Selektsii | volume=14 | issue=3 | year=1925 |page=52 }} Known botanically as Trudy Prikl. Bot. Selekc., translated as ''Bulletin of Applied Botany, of Genetics, and Plant-breeding.''</ref>

==Hybridisation and genetic erosion==
''Prunus fruticosa'' is thought to be one of the parent species of ''[[Prunus cerasus]]'' (the Sour Cherry) by way of ancient crosses between it and ''[[Prunus avium]]'' (Wild/Sweet Cherry) in the areas where the two species overlap. Both species can interbreed with each other as well as with ''Prunus cerasus''.
''Prunus cerasus'' is now a species in its own right having developed beyond a hybrid and stabilised.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stocks | first=Christopher | title=Britain’s forgotten fruits | journal=Flora | volume=1 | pages=1–200 | year=2009 | url= }}</ref>

A recent study of native ''Prunus fruticosa'' stands in northern [[Poland]] finds it is disappearing there by "genetic erosion" or "disappearance of typical morphological characters". It hybridizes naturally with ''Prunus cerasus'' to form ''Prunus'' × ''eminens'',<ref>{{cite web | title=''Prunus fruticosa'' Pall. | work=Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) Taxonomy for Plants | author=U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?29894 }}</ref> and with ''Prunus avium'' to form ''Prunus'' × ''stacei''.

Those forest plants are brought into closer contact with ''Prunus fruticosa'' by the modern disappearance of "contemporaneous sites of the steppe relics" once common in northern Poland, due to forest management since the 18th century, and the planting of stands of ''Prunus cerasus'', which are more prolific in pollen.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boratyński | first=Adam |author2=Lewandowska, Amelia |author3=Ratyńska, Halina | title=''Cerasus fruticosa'' Pall. (Rosaceae) in the region of Kujavia and South Pomerania (N Poland) | journal=Dendrobiology | volume=49 | pages=3–13 | year=2003 | url=ftp://www.idpan.poznan.pl/49_3_13.pdf }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}


==External links==
{{Commons|Prunus fruticosa}}
{{Wikispecies|Prunus fruticosa}}
* {{cite web | title=''' ''Prunus fruticosa'' ''' (Mongolian Cherry) | publisher=North Dakota State University (NDSU) | format=pdf | url=http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/trees/handbook/th-3-9.pdf}}

[[Category:Cherries]]
[[Category:Prunus|fruticosa]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Flora of Siberia]]
[[Category:Flora of Russia]]
[[Category:Flora of Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Flora of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Flora of Hungary]]
[[Category:Flora of Austria]]
[[Category:Flora of the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Flora of Poland]]
[[Category:Flora of Germany]]
[[Category:Flora of Italy]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Europe]]
[[Category:Shrubs]]

Palaeolenella

2016-01-10T16:22:55Z

Trappist the monk: cleanup extra text in page/pages/at/edition parameters; convert some cite journal to cite magazine or news; using AWB

{{Taxobox
|name = ''Palaeolenella''
|status = fossil
|fossil_range = [[Botomian]]<ref name="Sepkoski">{{cite journal
| last = Sepkoski| first = Jack| authorlink =| coauthors =| title = A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Trilobita entry)| journal = Bulletins of American Paleontology| volume = 364| issue =|page=560| publisher =| location =| year = 2002| url = http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=307&rank=class| doi =| id =| accessdate = 2008-01-12 }}</ref>
|regnum = [[Animal]]ia
|phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
|classis = [[Trilobita]]
|ordo =
|superfamilia =
|genus = '''''Palaeolenella'''''
}}
'''''Palaeolenella''''' is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] from a well-known class of [[fossil]] marine [[arthropod]]s, the [[trilobite]]s. It lived during the [[Botomian|Botomian stage]],<ref name="Sepkoski"/> which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the [[Cambrian Period]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cambrian trilobites]]
[[Category:Fossils of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Fossils of Russia]]
{{trilobite-stub}}

Matania

2016-01-08T12:39:44Z

Trappist the monk: cleanup extra text in page/pages/at parameters; convert some cite journal to cite magazine or news; using AWB

{{Taxobox
|name = ''Matania''
|fossil_range = [[Dresbachian]]<ref name="Sepkoski">{{cite journal
| last = Sepkoski| first = Jack| authorlink =| coauthors =| title = A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Trilobita entry)| journal = Bulletins of American Paleontology| volume = 364| issue =|page=560| publisher =| location =| date = 2002| url = http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=307&rank=class| doi =| id =| accessdate = 2008-01-12 }}</ref>
|regnum = [[Animal]]ia
|phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
|classis = [[Trilobita]]
|ordo =
|superfamilia =
|genus = '''''Matania'''''
}}
'''''Matania''''' is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] from a well-known class of [[fossil]] marine [[arthropod]]s, the [[trilobite]]s. It lived from 501 to 490 million years ago during the [[Dresbachian]] [[faunal stage]] of the late [[Cambrian Period]].<ref name="Sepkoski"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cambrian trilobites]]
[[Category:Fossils of Greenland]]
[[Category:Fossils of Kazakhstan]]
{{trilobite-stub}}