Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Internet in Russian

2017-04-06T09:37:29Z

Taknujno55: No facts

{{distinguish|Internet in the Russian Federation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2013}}
{{expand Russian|Интернет на русском языке|date=June 2012}}

[[File:Russophone.png|thumb|right|400px|[[Russophone]]s worldwide, who often use the Internet in Russian language]]

'''Internet in Russian''' (also '''Russian Internet''' ({{lang-ru|link=no|русский Интернет}}), known as '''[[Runet]]'''<ref>[http://slovari.yandex.ru/рунет/Интернет/Рунет/ Интернетско-русский разговорник]</ref>) is a part of the Internet that uses the [[Russian language]]. Geographically, it reaches all continents, including [[Antarctica]] (Russian scientists on [[Bellingshausen Station]],<ref name="1a">[http://www.livejournal.ru/themes/id/11797 LiveJournal: Discover global communities of friends who share your unique passions and interests]. Livejournal.ru.</ref>) but mostly it is based in Russia.

According to reports conducted by [[Yandex]], Russian is the primary language of 91% of Russian websites (in Yandex's list). In the autumn of 2009, Runet contained about 15 million sites (estimated to be about 6.5% of the entire Internet).<ref name="yandex1">[http://company.yandex.ru/researches/reports/ya_content_09.xml Контент Рунета]. Company.yandex.ru.</ref>

Domains with a high proportion of the Russian language include [[.su]], [[.ru]], [[.рф]], [[.ua]], [[.by]], [[.kz]].

Russian is used on 89.8% of .ru sites and on 88.7% of the [[former Soviet Union]] domain, .su. Russian is the most used language of websites of several countries that were part of the former Soviet Union: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan, and 81.8% in Tajikistan.<ref name="w3techs1">[http://w3techs.com/blog/entry/russian_is_now_the_second_most_used_language_on_the_web Russian is now the second most used language on the web]. W3techs.com.</ref>

==Statistics==
The 59.7 million Russian-speaking Internet users, represent 3% of global Internet users. Russia is ranked 9th in the world<ref name="1a" /> for number of users and 4th (with 4.8%) for number of Russian-language content.<ref>[http://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/content_language/all Usage Statistics of Content Languages for Websites, April 2012]. W3techs.com.</ref>

In September 2011, Russia surpassed Germany as the biggest Internet market in Europe, with 50.8 million users.<ref name="2a">[http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2011/11/14/russian-internet-biggest-in-europe-will-earnings-follow/#axzz2aoLvwwxa Russian internet biggest in Europe; will earnings follow? | beyondbrics]. Blogs.ft.com (14 November 2011).</ref>

In March 2013, it was announced that Russian is the second most used language on the web.<ref name="w3techs1"/>

==Researches==
[[Harvard University]]'s [[Berkman Center]] conducts regular researches of Russian language web distinguished by [[Cyrillic script in Unicode|Cyrillic encoding]].<ref>http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/research/russia</ref> In particular, there are papers named "Mapping Russian Twitter",<ref>http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/publications/2012/mapping_russian_twitter</ref> "Mapping RuNet Politics and Mobilization"<ref>http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/publications/2010/Public_Discourse_Russian_Blogosphere</ref> and "RuNet Echo".<ref>http://globalvoices.org/-/special/runet-echo/</ref> There are Russian internet-reviewing newspapers called TheRunet, Runetologia and others.

== See also ==
* [[Russophone]]
* [[:Category:Russian-language websites|Russian-language websites]]
* [[:Category:Russian Internet slang|Russian Internet slang]]
* [[:Category:Russian-language computing|Russian-language computing]]
* [[Languages used on the Internet]]
* [[English on the Internet]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://w3techs.com/blog/entry/russian_is_now_the_second_most_used_language_on_the_web Russian is now the second most used language on the web]

[[Category:Russian language]]
[[Category:Internet in Russia]]
[[Category:Internet in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Internet in Russian language|Russian-language computing]]
[[Category:Natural language and computing]]
[[Category:Internet in Belarus]]
[[Category:Internet in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Internet in Kyrgyzstan]]

Galymbek Zhumatov

2017-04-02T05:25:47Z

Taknujno55: /* Links */

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox Writer  
|name = Galymbek Zhumatov
|image = G.Jumatov.JPG
|caption = Galymbek Zhumatov
|image_alt =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1952|10|15}}
| birth_place = [[Ulgili]], [[Ertis District]], Kazakhstan
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
|spouse =
|children =
|awards =
}}

'''''Galymbek Zhumatov''''' ([[kazakh language|kaz]] ''Ğalımbek Sağımbaýulı Jumatov'', ''Ғалымбек Сағымбайұлы Жұматов'', [[russian language|rus]] ''Жуматов Галымбек Сагимбаевич'' born 15 October 1952 in [[Ulguli]], [[Kazakhstan]]) kazakh writer, poet. Member of the Union of Writers of Kazakhstan.<ref name="writers">{{cite web|url=http://writers.kz/odak_musheleri/?CURENT=%D0%96&ID=681=false |title=Одак мушелерi | Member of Union: Galymbek Zhumatov |publisher=writers.kz|accessdate=2015-11-25}}</ref> The founder of the newspaper [[Shahar (newspaper)|Shahar]]

==Life==
Galymbek Zhumatov born in the family of a [[veteran]] of the [[Second World War]]. His father Sagymbai Zhumatov participated in [[Battle of Stalingrad|the Battle of Stalingrad]] and was seriously injured. After high school, he was served in the [[Soviet Army]]. Service was held in [[Lviv]]. After serving in the Army Zhumatov arrives at the Faculty of Journalism in the [[Al-Farabi Kazakh National University|Kazakh State University]]. After graduation, he began working in the regional newspaper "Kyzyl tu" (now Saryarka samaly), first as a [[correspondent]], then deputy editor. Between 1991 and 1995, correspondent of the republican newspaper "Halyk kenesi." In 2007 Galymbek Zhumatov founded the first in the [[Pavlodar Region]] the commercial newspaper in the [[kazakh language|state language]] "[[Shahar (newspaper)|Shaһar]]." Zhumatov now is the chief editor of the literary magazine "Nayzatas."

==Work==

===Writing style===
Galymbek Zhumatov began literary career as children's writer. His first book "Трактор қалай жасалады?" ("How tractor built?") tells about the story of a boy who found himself on the [[Tractor, timber and agricultural machinery in Russia|Pavlodar tractor plant]]. This book was published in 1984. Two years later, in 1986, he published a book "Ала көжек" ("The Motley Rabbit"), which the author brings fame. In addition to [[prose]] works Zhumatov writes poetry. In 2005 he released a collection of songs "Жеңіс жалауын желбіреткен" (Jeñis jalawın jelbiretken) about the collection of World War II veterans.

===Works===
*Traktor qalaý jasaladı? (How tractor built?) (1984)
*Ala köjek (The Motley Rabbit) (1986)
*Jalğas – jawıngerdiñ balası (Jalğas – son of war) (1992)
*Keñ awlalı üýdenbiz (Children of a large yard) (1992)
*Biz – 42 ärippiz (We – 42 letters) (2003)
*Jeñis jalawın jelbiretken (Banner of Victory) (2005)
*Ana ösïyeti (Memory of mother) (2006)
*Sağınış sazı (Melodies of longing) (2006)
*Kemeldi eldiñ Kemeri (Kemer's Life) (2007)
*Mäşhür tağlımı (Legacy of the Mäşhür Jüsip) (2008)
*Sarı beleñ (Yellow time) (2008)
*Astanam äsem-asqaq än (Songs about Astana) (2008)
*Arnalı ağıs (Life path) (2013)

===Songs===
*Jeñis jolı (The path of victory) (2005)
*Maýdanger atalarğa (Grandfathers-wars) (2005)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Links==
* [http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/1495464 Information about the writer]
* [http://irtbiblioteka.kz/ru/kraevedenie/autors/zhumatov-galymbek-sagimbaevich.html Irtysh district library]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhumatov, Galymbek}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Kipchaks]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani journalists]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani writers]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani poets]]
[[Category:Al-Farabi University alumni]]

Berik Aitzhanov

2017-04-02T05:18:04Z

Taknujno55: /* References */

{{Multiple issues|
{{Underlinked|date=August 2016}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2016}}
}}

'''Berik Aitzhanov''' ({{lang-kk|Берік Айтжанов}}) is a Kazakh [[actor]] and film producer. As an actor, he has been named The Best Actor of 2011 for his performance in "The Liquidator" and "Returning to the A", which hit the Oscar's Long List. Born in Kzyl-Orda, Berik raised in Almaty, south capital of Kazakhstan. His father is a police officer and mother is an educator in kindergarten. Berik's career began with performance in the theater. His debut theater role was in William Shakespeare's play "Hamlet", in which he played Laertes the son of Polonius. Berik made his big screen breakthrough in 2005, when he took a part in Rymbek Alpiyev's "Wolf Hour". Later in 2005, Berik starred in "Zastava" and "Mahambet" followed by "Mustafa Shokai", which was filmed in Prague. In 2008 Berik starred in "Brothers", TV Series created and directed by Akhan Satayev, well known Kazakh film director. Berik continued his run with Akhan in 2010 action-drama film "The Liquidator" co-starring Vinnie Jones and Karlygash Muhammedzhanova. Berik is a close friend of Dauren Kamshibaeff, film director and producer, whom he met while taking acting courses in Hollywood.<ref>[http://m.imdb.com/name/nm2844723/bio?ref_=m_mn_ov_bio Kazakhstan]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aitzhanov, Berik}}
[[Category:Ethnic Kazakh people]]
[[Category:21st-century Kazakhstani male actors]]

Sergey Filimonov

2017-04-01T14:04:00Z

Taknujno55: Ok

{{Infobox sportsperson
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1975|2|2}}
|birth_place= [[Ushtobe]]
| height={{height|m=1.78}}
| country= {{RUS}} {{KAZ}}
| sport =[[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]
|medaltemplates={{MedalSport|Men’s [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Weightlifting at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Athens]]|[[Weightlifting at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 77 kg|– 77 kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Weightlifting at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}} Total
{{MedalGold|[[Weightlifting at the 2002 Asian Games|2002 Busan]]| – 77 kg}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Weightlifting at the 1998 Asian Games|1998 Bangkok]]| – 77 kg}}
{{MedalCountry|{{RUS}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[European Weightlifting Championships|European Championships]]}} Total
{{MedalSilver|1996 Stavanger| – 77 kg}}
}}

'''Sergey Yuryevich Filimonov''' (born February 2, 1975) is a [[Kazakhs]]tani [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifter]] who competed in the Men's 77 kg at the [[Weightlifting at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Summer Olympics]] and won the silver medal with 372.5 kg in total.

He has been a scholarship holder with the [[Olympic Solidarity]] program since November 2002. Filimonov represented Russia at the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] in [[Atlanta, Georgia]].

== References ==
* [http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fi/sergey-filimonov-1.html Sports-reference]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Filimonov, Sergey}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Russian male weightlifters]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani male weightlifters]]
[[Category:Olympic weightlifters of Russia]]
[[Category:Olympic weightlifters of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic silver medalists for Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in weightlifting]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in weightlifting]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for Kazakhstan]]

{{Kazakhstan-Olympic-medalist-stub}}
{{Russia-weightlifting-bio-stub}}
[[Category:Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games]]

Svetlana Podobedova

2017-04-01T07:11:31Z

Taknujno55: /* External links */

{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Svetlana Podobedova
| image = Svetlana Podobedova 2012c.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Podobedova at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]]
| fullname = Svetlana Nikolayevna Podobedova
| nationality = Kazakh
| ethnicity = Russian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|5|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ziminsky District]], [[Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| residence =
| years_active = 2003–
| height = {{convert|1.65|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|75|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| spouse = [[Vladimir Sedov]]
| website =
| country = {{Unbulleted list|[[Russia]] (2000–2006)|[[Kazakhstan]] (2006–)}}
| sport = [[Olympic weightlifting]]
| event = –75 kg
| coach = Pavel Blinov, Enver Turkileri, Alexey Ni
| pb = {{Unbulleted list|'''Snatch''': 134 kg (2010)|'''Clean & Jerk''': 161 kg (2012)|'''Total''': 295 kg (2010)}}
| show-medals = no
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry|{{KAZ}}}}
{{MedalOlympic}}
{{Medal|DQ|[[2012 Olympic Games|2012 London]]|[[Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 75 kg|–75 kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Weightlifting Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2009 World Weightlifting Championships|2009 Goyang]]|[[2009 World Weightlifting Championships – Women's 75 kg|–75 kg]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2010 World Weightlifting Championships|2010 Antalya]]|[[2010 World Weightlifting Championships – Women's 75 kg|–75 kg]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2011 World Weightlifting Championships|2011 Paris]]|[[2011 World Weightlifting Championships – Women's 75 kg|–75 kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]]|[[Weightlifting at the 2010 Asian Games – Women's 75 kg|–75 kg]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{RUS}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Weightlifting Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze |[[2005 World Weightlifting Championships|2005 Doha]]|–75 kg}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[European Weightlifting Championships|European Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold |[[2004 European Weightlifting Championships|2004 Kiev]]|–75 kg}}
{{MedalGold |[[2005 European Weightlifting Championships|2005 Sofia]]|–75 kg}}
| updated = 27 October 2016
}}
'''Svetlana Podobedova''' ({{lang-kk|Светлана Подобедова}}; born May 25, 1986, Zima, Irkutsk<ref name=":0" />) is a Kazakh [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifter]] of Russian descent.

==Career==
Podobedova was awarded the gold medal at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] in the [[Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 75 kg|women's 75 kg]] category with a total of 291 kg. Her 161 kg [[Clean and Jerk]] was an Olympic record and her 291 kg total tied the Olympic record set only minutes before by [[Natalya Zabolotnaya]]. She was awarded the medal by virtue of lighter bodyweight.<ref name=":0">[http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/po/svetlana-podobedova-1.html Svetlana Podobedova]. sports-reference.com</ref>

In June 2016, following the Russian doping scandal, it was announced by the IWF that retests of the samples taken from the 2012 Olympics indicated that Podobedova had tested positive for prohibited substances, namely [[Stanazolol]]. If confirmed, she faced losing her Olympic medal, and all results and medals earned from the date of the sample in 2012 to 2016.<ref>[http://www.iwf.net/2016/06/15/public-disclosures/ IWF public disclosures]</ref> In October 2016, she was stripped of her Olympic medal.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/ioc-doping-olympians-beijing-1.3822355 "9 Olympians, including 6 medallists, caught for Beijing doping"]. cbc.ca. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.london2012.com/athlete/podobedova-svetlana-1136195/ London 2012 profile]
*[http://www.the-sports.org/weightlifting-podobedova-svetlana-results-identity-s22-c2-b4-o81-w21268.html the-sports.org]
*[http://iwrp.net/?view=contestant&id_zawodnik=12017 Proofile IWRP]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Podobedova, Svetlana}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Russian female weightlifters]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani female weightlifters]]
[[Category:Former world record holders in weightlifting]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic weightlifters of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:World Weightlifting Championships medalists]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in weightlifting]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Doping cases in weightlifting]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani sportspeople in doping cases]]
[[Category:Competitors stripped of Olympic medals]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani people of Russian descent]]
[[Category:Russian expatriates in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:People from Ziminsky District]]
[[Category:Russian emigrants to Kazakhstan]]

{{Kazakhstan-sport-bio-stub}}
{{Russia-weightlifting-bio-stub}}
[[Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games]]

The Way of Kazakhstan

2017-03-21T04:06:04Z

Taknujno55: /* References */

'''''The Way of Kazakhstan''''' is a book by [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], the President of the [[Republic of Kazakhstan]]. In the book, Nazarbayev describes the process of Kazakhstan's independence and the planning and execution of economic and political reforms. ''The Way of Kazakhstan'' was published on 18 May 2010 and presented at a launch event in [[Salou]], Spain.

Said [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] of the book, "I devote this book to our young generation - a special generation. You have been born and are maturing in an independent Kazakhstan already. The time of your youth is the time of our country's rising and blossoming. You have absorbed the spirit of achievement and success. Your destinies will define the destiny of our country.
My book, describing events of the past, is actually oriented towards the future. I hope that my book will be a handbook of future leaders of Kazakhstan."

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*
* http://www.zakon.kz/172596-v-ispanii-sostojalas-prezentacija-knigi.html
* http://www.kimep.kz/ru-about/news/aug2010/film
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Way of Kazakhstan}}
[[Category:2010 books]]
[[Category:Books about Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Political history of Kazakhstan]]

{{Kazakhstan-stub}}
{{poli-book-stub}}

Zhas Otan

2017-03-21T03:38:02Z

Taknujno55: /* References */

{{Infobox Political Youth Organization
|name = Zhas Otan
|colorcode = #2f5b79
|logo = [[File:Zhas Otan Logo.png|300px]]
|president = Nurlan Uteshev
|founded = 2008
|headquarters = 010000, D. Kunayev str., 12/1, [[Astana]], Kazakhstan
|mother party = [[Nur Otan|Nur Otan People’s Democratic Party]]
|website = [http://zhasotan.kz/ www.zhasotan.kz]
}}
'''Zhas Otan''' ([[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] Жас Отан; жас (zhas) – young, youth, Отан (Otan) – Fatherland) – the youth wing of the [[Nur Otan|Nur Otan People’s Democratic Party]]. Youth wing was created in the form of public unit at the I Congress of Zhas Otan which was held in [[Astana]], Kazakhstan on May 14, 2008. The organization has branches in all [[provinces of Kazakhstan]], cities of republican meaning Astana and [[Almaty]], as well as branches in districts and cities. Central Council of Zhas Otan youth wing includes deputies of Mazhilis (lower house of parliament of Kazakhstan) and maslikhats (legislative bodies of administrative units) of all levels, leaders of youth NGOs, young athletes and cultural figures. Number of organization’s members is more than 200,000 (2012).

== History ==
The youth wing of Nur Otan People’s Democratic Party acted without forming a legal body until 2008. At a meeting of Political Council of the Otan Republican Political Party which was held November 25, 2006, [[Bakytzhan Zhumagulov]] in his report noted there had been no single meeting of the Republican Council of the Zhas Otan youth wing during 1.5 years, and its leaders had organized only one-time events which was not connected with others.<ref name=zhumagulov>{{cite web|url=http://inform.kz/rus/article/165977| publisher=Казинформ|title=У нас есть серьезные возможности на деле показать свою роль ведущей партии страны — Б. Жумагулов|accessdate=2010-07-28}}</ref> Political Council of Otan, central office, all branches and representatives was given a task to intensify work with young people and provide a program of action in this direction urgently.<ref name=zhumagulov/>

[[File:Zhas Otan - 1 syezd - 002.jpg|left|thumb|220px|Performing [[Meniñ Qazaqstanım|anthem of Kazakhstan]].]]
[[File:Zhas Otan - 1 syezd - 004.JPG|left|thumb|220px|Speech of [[President of Kazakhstan]] [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] at I Congress of Zhas Otan.]]

On January 17, 2008, at an enlarged meeting of Political Council of Nur Otan [[President of Kazakhstan]] [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] proposed to hold congress of Zhas Otan youth wing of Nur Otan People’s Democratic Party in spring.<ref>{{cite web|title=Назарбаев предлагает провести весной съезд "Жас Отан"|publisher=Gazeta.kz|url=http://news.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=225967|accessdate=2010-07-28}}</ref>

On May 14, 2008, I Congress of Zhas Otan youth wing of Nur Otan was held in [[Astana]] with participation of President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://akorda.kz/www/www_akorda_kz.nsf/004e7184b5a94c8f462571ea0014bac1/693a630341dc62680625744a00076084?OpenDocument|publisher=Akorda.kz|title=Глава государства Нурсултан Назарбаев принял участие в работе первого съезда Молодежного крыла "Жас Отан"|accessdate= 2010-07-28}}</ref> In a process of preparation to the I Congress of Zhas Otan, Nur Otan party initiated parliamentary hearings on the discussion of the Law on State Youth Policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan, youth conferences were organized in all regions of the country to approve a list of 310 delegates to the Congress.<ref>{{cite web|title= В Астане состоялся I Съезд молодежного крыла "Жас Отан"|publisher=Аккольский акимат|url=http://akkol.akmol.kz/a/40/news/read/1682/index.html|accessdate=2010-07-28}}</ref>

The congress was also attended by leaders of youth organizations from Kazakhstan, members of the party and the Bureau of Political Council, heads of the Administration of President of Kazakhstan, and deputies of the Parliament, representatives of government, the Assembly of Peoples of Kazakhstan, mass-media, and young guests from foreign countries.<ref name=syezd1>{{cite web|publisher=Казахстанская правда|title=Есть стратегия действий и жажда творить! На Первом съезде МК "Жас Отан" Глава государства Нурсултан Назарбаев поставил важные задачи в сфере молодежной политики|author=Лаура Тусупбекова, Владимир Курятов.|url= http://www.kazpravda.kz/index.php?uin=1152520370&chapter=1210802113&act=archive_date&day=15&month=05&year=2008 |accessdate=2010-07-28}}</ref> The I Congress of Delegates adopted the statutes of a public association and action strategy for 2008–2011,<ref name=syezd1/> the executive secretary of the organization was selected Nurlan Uteshev.<ref name=syezd1/>

In his speech at the Congress the president N. Nazarbayev assigned immediate tasks to the organization to create all necessary conditions under which every young citizen of Kazakhstan would be able to realize a potential, become self-sufficient and competitive personality, and also noted the role of established organization in the state youth policy.

{{cquote|Dear young ladies and gentlemen!

It is hard to solve all problems in sphere of youth only by state efforts. Many things depend on civil attitude and energy of youth associations themselves. You also mentioned that.

I am deeply ensured that Zhas Otan is able to take over a number of very important goals of national scale, to become one of main mechanisms of youth socialization, forming progressive attitudes and modern value to young generation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://akorda.kz/www/www_akorda_kz.nsf/004e7184b5a94c8f462571ea0014bac1/1c0744f310fce66f0625744a00036355?OpenDocument|title=Выступление Президента Н.А.Назарбаева на съезде молодежного крыла "Жас Отан"|publisher=Akorda.kz|accessdate=2010-08-15}}</ref>}}

<gallery caption=" I Congress of Zhas Otan " widths="215px" heights="170px">
File:Zhas Otan - 1 syezd - 001.jpg|Central Council of Zhas Otan.
File:Zhas Otan - 1 syezd - 005.JPG|Delegates of the Congress.
File:Zhas Otan - 1 syezd - 003.JPG|Honourable guest Nursultan Nazarbayev.
</gallery>

In January 2009, Zhas Otan presented project “Black Label”. According to the project Zhas Otan declared that it would review complaints and appeals from citizens received in the public reception room of Nur Otan in 2008 and first half of 2009. After monitoring Zhas Otan intended to identify state authorities, on whose wrongful acts the most complaints had been received, and to set mark “Black Label” at the front gate of a state body, the corruption in which had been more developed according to complains of citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.megapolis.kz/ru/art/Chinovniki_lyogkogo_povedeniya| title=Чиновники "лёгкого поведения"|publisher=Мегаполис|author=Николай Калиновский.|accessdate=2010-08-25}}</ref>

To execute assignment of the President of Kazakhstan to organize all-Kazakhstan marathon to support of needy students, which was announced on February 12, 2009 at enlarged meeting of the Bureau of Political Council of the Nur Otan, Zhas Otan and the National Welfare Fund Samruk-Kazyna concluded a memorandum of understanding for providing educational grants for students.<ref>{{cite web|title=Подписан меморандум между молодёжным крылом "Жас Отан" и Фондом национального благосостояния "Самрук-Казына"|url=http://inform.kz/rus/article/231130|publisher=Казинформ|accessdate=2010-08-15}}</ref> Also Zhas Otan conducted all-Kazakhstan TV marathon “Energy of the youth to the Fatherland, a noble heart to the youth” to support students.<ref>{{cite web|title="Жастар жалыны – Отанға, жомарт жүрегі – жастарға!" телевизиялық марафон өтеді|url=http://www.inform.kz/kaz/article/1224893|publisher=ҚазАқпарат|language=kk|accessdate=2010-08-15}}</ref>

In April 2010 Zhas Otan held an action ”Tarbagatay grief – grief of whole Kazakhstan” to collect clothes and food for flood victims in Tarbagatay rayon of East Kazakhstan region.<ref>{{cite web|title="Тарбағатай мұңы – бүкіл Қазақстан мұңы" жасотандықтар ұйымдастырған акция осылай аталды|url=http://nurastana.kz/?p=5460|author=Ғани Атымтай.|publisher=Нұр Астана|language=kk|accessdate=2010-08-15}}</ref> On April 2 [[Karaganda]] branch of Zhas Otan was the first among other branches to send humanitarian aid (one KAMAZ vehicle with food and a Gazelle with the necessary clothing).<ref>{{cite web|title="Жасотандықтар" Тарбағатай ауданына гуманитарлық заттар жіберуде|url=http://www.inform.kz/kaz/article/2255144|publisher=ҚазАқпарат|language=kk|accessdate=2010-08-15}}</ref>

In April – May 2010 in the framework of republican campaign “We are Kazakhstani people! Kazakhstan is our common home”, the youth wing held a photo exhibition "There are 140 me in the word we” dedicated to inter-ethnic harmony.<ref>{{cite web|title=Фотовыставка "В слове МЫ — 140 Я!" продемонстрирует единство и многообразие культур в РК — Молодежное крыло "Жас Отан"|url=http://www.inform.kz/rus/article/2261021|publisher=Казинформ|accessdate=2010-08-15}}</ref>

On June 16, 2010 in the framework of republican campaign “Life without drugs”, in all oblasts of Kazakhstan and the cities of Astana and Almaty various activities (sports, pickets, rallies, and other outreach activities) were held to propagandize fighting against drug addiction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zhasotan.kz/ru/events/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=2212|title=Республиканская акция "Жизнь без наркотиков"|publisher=Жас Отан|accessdate=2010-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.express-k.kz/show_article.php?art_id=40647|title=Акция здоровья и жизни|author=Елена Крылова.|publisher=Экспресс-К| accessdate=2010-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liter.kz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2661&Itemid=5|title=Игры на песке|author=Зауре Жумалиева.|publisher=Литер| accessdate=2010-08-15}}</ref>

==Ideology==

The youth wing Zhas Otan supports the political platform of Nur Otan People’s Democratic Party.<ref name=ustav/> The claimed mission of the organization is consolidation of young people of Kazakhstan on the basis of the political platform of the President to ensure the modernization breakthrough in development of the country; goal of Zhas Otan is to create a strong and credible political youth organization capable of leading the youth.<ref name=strategia>{{cite web|title= Cтратегия действий Молодежного крыла "Жас Отан" на 2008–2011 годы |url= http://www.zhasotan.kz/upload/srategy.pdf |accessdate=2010-08-15}}</ref>

To fulfill the mission and achieve the main goal, Zhas Otan implements a number of priorities that define the main directions of the organization:<ref name=strategia/>

# Consolidation of youth to support of the policy of the President. This priority involves ensuring youth consolidation at state-patriotic basis, development of complex measures to enhance confidence of youth to Nur Otan Party, further strengthening the authority of the President in youth environment.
# Creating an effective system of youth development. According to this task, the organization developed a set of measures to ensure the effective participation of the youth wing Zhas Otan in process of receiving experience of socio-economic, civil, political and other social activities by young citizens.
# Protecting rights and interests of young people – ensuring completeness and quality of implementation of rights and government guarantees for young people under the acting legislation.
# Expansion of the social base of the Nur Otan Party through involvement of broad stratums of young people to activities of Zhas Otan. The youth wing develops mechanisms to increase number of party’s members among the youth, to use their potential in achieving the goals of the party. Other youth organizations and associations are also involved to Zhas Otan’s activities.
# Formation of cadre reserve for the party and state bodies. The task involves creating a system of identifying, training and recruitment of young leaders capable to become a cadre replenishment for Nur Otan Party and state authorities.

== Special Projects ==
[[File:Youth Forum Nur Otan 001.JPG|right|thumb|220px|Youth forum of Nur Otan Party.]]
[[File:Youth Forum Nur Otan 002.JPG|right|thumb|220px| Youth forum of Nur Otan Party.]]
[[File:Zhas Otan - Round Table.jpg|right|thumb|220px|A round table.]]
Realizing the President’s assignment the youth wing developed and implemented the following special projects:

* In framework of program “The Youth to the Fatherland!” more than forty concepts on basis of regional branches of Zhas Otan, as well as major youth organizations of the country, are implemented. Directions of the concepts are various: propaganda of patriotic values, development of social projects and initiatives of young people to support youth entrepreneurship. In addition, in framework of the project with support of the Ministry of Education and Science of Kazakhstan, Zhas Otan organize innovative youth educational camp, which provides a good opportunity for an active and talented young people to organize a discussion platform between government representatives, business and youth.<ref>{{cite web|title=Специальная программа "Жастар – Отанға!"|url=http://zhasotan.kz/ru/docs/our-projects/projects3.php|publisher=Жас Отан|accessdate=2010-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=МК "Жас Отан" объявил о проведении молодежного образовательного инновационного лагеря|url=http://www.inform.kz/rus/article/2276519|publisher=Казинформ|accessdate=2010-08-15}}</ref>
* The main objectives of the project “Youth cadre reserve” are creating a human resources reserve of new formation managers, coordination of national and regional interests, strengthening regional and national human resource capacity.<ref name=rezerv1>{{cite web|publisher=Жас Отан|url=http://zhasotan.kz/ru/docs/our-projects/projects5.php|title=Молодёжный кадровый резерв|accessdate=2010-08-15}}</ref> In 2009, as a result of selection of participants in an open competition among specialists not exceeded the age of 29, 107 specialists were chosen at the national level, 32 of them were selected by republican committee.<ref name=rezerv1/> From 7 to 31 July, they were trained at the National Center for Management of State Service Personnel and also took part in initiated a republican campaign “Let’s speak Kazakh”, helped in building of a school in Ilinka village (Esil district).<ref name=rezerv1/> In period of August 6–11, a seminar in [[Zerenda]] was organized for participants of the project with attending by prominent scientists, statesmen and public figures of the country, such as Darkhan Kaletayev, Kuanysh Sultanov, Bauyrzhan Baibek, Albert Rau, Yerlan Karin, Bolat Baikadamov, Nurlan Yerimbetov and others.<ref name=rezerv1/> From the August 12 to the September 13, reservists were trained in Nur Otan, central and local government bodies, Samruk-Kazyna National Welfare Fund;<ref name=rezerv1/> then, from September 15 to November 13, they were trained in Academy of State Management where there were meetings of reservists with such political and public figures as Minister of Environment Nurgali Ashimov, director of the Presidential Cultural Center Myrzatay Zholdasbekov, deputy of Mazhilis of Parliament Bekbolat Tleukhan and others.<ref name=rezerv1/> On 29–30 October 2009, reservists participated in meeting “Youth cadre reserve is the basis of continuity of the Eurasian integration” of leaders of youth wings of political parties and youth organizations of the CIS of SOC.<ref name=rezerv1/>
* Since early 2009, according to assigning of the Secretary of Nur Otan Erlan Karin, mobile discussion club “Erkin-Pikir” (Free Attitude) is held to change views, knowledge, and discuss actual issues by youth on the basis of the youth wing Zhas Otan.<ref name=erkin-pikir>{{cite web|publisher=Жас Отан|url=http://zhasotan.kz/ru/docs/our-projects/projects.php|title=Молодежный Дискуссионный Клуб "Еркін Пікір"|accessdate=2010-08-15}}</ref>
* With a goal to implement the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On making amendments and additions to several legislative acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on issues of social support and encouraging of social workers in rural settlements”, from July 2009 the youth wing Zhas Otan jointly with the Ministry of Agriculture of Kazakhstan and partners of Zhas Otan – Union of Rural Youth of Kazakhstan and Students Alliance of Kazakhstan- implements project “With diploma – to the village!”.<ref name=vselo>{{cite web|publisher=Жас Отан|url=http://zhasotan.kz/ru/docs/our-projects/projects4.php|title=Проект "C дипломом – в село!"|accessdate=2010-08-15}}</ref> In framework of the project providing information to population is organized through articles and interviews in media and Internet resources; video advertisement was released and broadcast on national channels.<ref name=vselo/> On the basis of regional branches of Zhas Otan consultations and activities to encourage young people to go to live and work in rural areas are held.<ref name=vselo/>
* Republican campaign “Let's speak Kazakh!” is held in all regions of the country under the auspices of Nur Otan Party and the youth wing Zhas Otan with purposes of increasing public role of the state language, attracting public attention to their mother language, expanding the sphere of use of the [[Kazakh language]].<ref name=soileseik>{{cite web|publisher=Жас Отан|title=Общереспубликанская акция "Қазақша сөйлесейік!"|url=http://zhasotan.kz/ru/docs/our-projects/projects2.php|accessdate=2010-08-15}}</ref> During the action the following activities were conducted: presentation of projects “Ayaldama zhane Talap”, “Qazaq tili kurstaryn uyimdastyru”and “Zhumyspen Sayakhat” in [[Kostanay]], joint activities with high educational institutions in [[Zhambyl Province]], a meeting with Kazakh language training centers “Official Language: Prospects and Challenges” in [[Karaganda]] and others.<ref name=soileseik/>

==Structure==
[[File:Nurlan Uteshev.jpeg|thumb|left|200px|Executive Secretary of Zhas Otan (2008-2012) [[Nurlan Uteshev]].]]
Membership in Zhas Otan is individual, voluntary and fixed; young people, who are citizens of Kazakhstan reached the age of 16 and who share and support the aims and objectives of the youth wing and actively involved in its activities, can become members of the organization according to written application. For every member of the youth wing Zhas Otan ID and registration card are issued.<ref name=ustav/>

The supreme governing body of the youth wing Zhas Otan is the Congress, which convened according to decision of the Central Council of Zhas Otan at least every four years or as needed. Delegates to Congress are elected at regional conferences and conferences of Astana and Almaty; in some cases – at the branches’ councils of Zhas Otan with participation of representatives from all city and district branches. The Congress makes decisions by simple majority voting of delegates present.<ref name=ustav/>

The governing body of Zhas Otan is Central Council, which is created for the implementation of youth policies and governing of the youth wing’s branches activities in period between Congresses. The Central Council consists of representatives of oblast, cities of Astana and Almaty branches of the organization, activists and leaders of other youth organizations, elected at Congress for four years term.<ref name=ustav/>

The highest governing bodies of the oblast, cities of Astana and Almaty, the city (district) branches of Zhas Otan are conferences convened according to decision of branch’s council as often as necessary, but at least once every two years. Delegates of conferences of regional branches, as well as of branches in Astana and Almaty, are elected at conferences of city (district) branches of Zhas Otan; in some cases according to decision of the Executive Secretary of regional branch.<ref name=ustav/>

The governing bodies of the oblast, cities of Astana and Almaty and city (district) branches of the youth wing Zhas Otan are councils of branches elected at a conference of regional branches, branches of Astana and Almaty, in coordination with the Executive Secretary of Zhas Otan. Council of city’s (district’s) branch shall be elected at a conference of city’s (district’s) branch in coordination with executive secretary of oblast, Astana and Almaty branch of Zhas Otan.<ref name=ustav/>

==Symbols==
The youth wing Zhas Otan has its emblem, anthem, flag and badge of a member of Zhas Otan, official letterhead and other attributes approved at Congress.<ref name=ustav/> The emblem represents image of contour map of Republic of Kazakhstan, in the central part of which the name of the organization is located. The emblem is made in three colors: light blue symbolizing the color of blue sky overhead, eternity, devotion, faith, spiritual and intellectual life, the construction of light ‘tomorrow’; yellow symbolizing synthesis, update, solution creation, birth, growth, the [[sun]], existence of peace, harmony and embodiment of the best; red symbolizing warm feelings, love, warmth, joy, dedication, strength. The emblem of the organization is required for use on ID of a member of the youth wing Zhas Otan, printings of the organization and other attributes.<ref name=ustav>{{cite web|title= Устав Общественного объединения "Молодежное крыло "Жас Отан" при Народно-Демократической партии "Нур Отан"|url=http://www.zhasotan.kz/upload/ustav_rus.pdf|accessdate=2010-08-15}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Youth organizations based in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Political movements in Kazakhstan]]

Languages of Kazakhstan

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{{Infobox country languages
| country = Kazakhstan
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| official = [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] -- official state language.
| semi-official = [[Russian language|Russian]] - using as official
| national =
| unofficial =
| main = [[Kazakh language]].
| vernacular =
| indigenous = [[:kk:Қазақ тілінің диалектілері|Dialects of Kazakh language]]
| minority = [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]; [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]; [[Tatar language|Tatar]]; [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]; [[Azerbaijan language|Azerbaijan]]; [[Korean language|Korean]];
| immigrant = [[Turkic languages]]
| foreign = [[English language|English]]; [[Arab language|Arabic]]([[Islam in Kazakhstan#History|coming with Islam]]); [[Chinese language|Chinese]];
| sign =
| keyboard = [[ЙЦУКЕН]]
| keyboard image = [[File:Keyboard KAZ.png|none|200 px|thumb|The Kazakh keyboard.]]
| source = Languages committee of the Ministry of culture and sports
| extralabel = [[Alphabet]]
| extra = [[Kazakh alphabets]] [[Kazakh Braille]]
}}
{{One source|date=December 2014}}
The official languages of [[Kazakhstan]] are [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] and [[Russian language|Russian]].<ref name= Constitution>{{cite web|url=http://www.parlam.kz/en/constitution|title=Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan|work=Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan|accessdate=9 December 2015}}</ref> [[German language|German]], [[Tajik language|Tajiki]], [[Tatar language|Tatar]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], and [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] are officially recognized by the 1997 Language Law, No. 151-1.<ref name= Status>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/kz/status|title=Kazakhstan|work=Ethnologue|accessdate=21 December 2014}}</ref><ref name= LangLaw>{{cite web|url=http://ru.government.kz/docs/z970000151_20120710.htm|title=О языках в Республике Казахстан|work=Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan|accessdate=9 December 2015}}</ref> Other languages natively spoken in Kazakhstan are [[Dungan language|Dungan]], [[Ili Turk language|Ili Turki]], [[Ingush language|Ingush]], [[Plautdietsch language|Plautdietsch]], and [[Sinte Romani language|Sinte Romani]].<ref name= minoritylanguages>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/KZ/languages|title=Kazakhstan|work=Ethnologue|accessdate=21 December 2014}}</ref>

A number of more recent immigrant languages, such as [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Azeri language|Azeri]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] are also spoken.<ref name= immigrantlanguages>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/kz|title=Kazakhstan|work=Ethnologue|accessdate=21 December 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Languages of Kazakhstan}}
{{Languages of Asia}}
{{Languages of Europe}}

[[Category:Kazakhstani society]]

{{Kazakhstan-stub}}

Renewable energy in Kazakhstan

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Taknujno55: /* External links */

{{Underlinked|date=May 2016}}

The Republic of [[Kazakhstan]] has enormous renewable energy potential, particularly from wind and small hydropower plants. The country has the potential to generate 10 times as much power as it currently needsfrom wind energy alone. But [[renewable energy]] accounts for just 0.6 percent of all power installations. Of that, 95 percent comes from small [[hydropower]] projects.<ref name="http://www.eurasia.undp.org/">{{cite web|title=UNDP Kazakhstan report|url=http://www.eurasia.undp.org/content/dam/rbec/docs/Kazakhstan.pdf|website=UNDP|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> The main barriers to investment in renewable energy are relatively high financing costs and an absence of uniform feed-in tariffs for electricity from renewable sources. The amount and duration of renewable energy feed-in tariffs are separately evaluated for each project, based on feasibility studies and project-specific generation costs. Power from wind, solar, biomass and water up to 35 MW, plus geothermal sources, are eligible for the tariff and transmission companies are required to purchase the energy of renewable energy producers. An amendmentthat introduces and clarifies technology-specific tariffs is now being prepared. It is expected to be adoptedby Parliament by the end of 2014. In addition, the World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business indicator shows the country to be relatively investor-friendly, ranking it in 10th position for investor protection.<ref name="Data Catalog">{{cite web|title=World Bank report,2014|url=http://datacatalog.worldbank.org/|website=Datacatalog.worldbank.org}}</ref>

Kazakhstan is a party to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1995) and ratified the [[Kyoto Protocol]] in 2009. Kazakhstan has committed to reduce [[greenhouse gas]] emissions.<ref name="http://www.climatechange.kz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=12">{{cite web|title=Киотский протокол в Республике Казахстан|url=http://www.climatechange.kz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=12|website=ClimateChange.kz|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> Having more renewable energy in the energy balance of Kazakhstan is one of the most effective mechanisms to reduce harmful effects of the energy sector and to diversify the national power generation capacity.

To help Kazakhstan meet its goals for renewable energy generation, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) is launching the Kazakhstan Renewable Energy Financing Facility (KazREFF). The KazREFF aims to provide development support and debt finance to renewable energy projects which meet required commercial, technical and environmental criteria. Renewable energy technologies supported will include solar, wind, small hydropower, [[geothermal]], [[biomass]], and [[biogas]]. The Facility comprises an amount of up to €50 million for financing projects together with up to €20 million of concessional finance from [[Clean Technology Fund]](CTF), and the technical assistance funded by the Japanese government through the Japan-EBRD Cooperation Fund (JECF).<ref name="http://www.kazreff-ser.com/">{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Renewable Energy Financing Facility|url=http://www.kazreff-ser.com/|website=KazREFF-ser.com|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref>

==Current status==

In 2013, the Government of Kazakhstan adopted a new law, On Supporting the Use of Renewable Energy Sources. This promotes technology-specific feed-in tariffs for selected renewable energy technologies, such as biomass, solar, wind, geothermal and hydropower, up to 35 MW.<ref name="http://www.government.kz/en/">{{cite web|title=Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan|url=http://www.government.kz/en/|website=Government.kz|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> The costof the programme is estimated at KZT 1,100 billion (c. €5.3 billion). A plan to develop alternative and renewable energy in Kazakhstan for 2013-2020 was adopted by the Government in 2013. The plan aims to install about 1040 MW renewable energy capacity by 2020, including 793 MW from wind, 170 MW from hydro and 4 MW from solar sources. The cost of the plan is estimated at KZT 317.05 billion (c. €1.25 billion). Also in 2013, the [[Government of Kazakhstan]] adopted the Energy Efficiency 2020 programme, which plans to reduce energy consumption by 10 percent annually until 2015. A long-term strategy for Kazakhstan(until 2050) was also adopted in 2012. The strategy sets an ambitious goal of generating 50 percent of all power from [[alternative energy]] sources, including renewable sources. There are more incentives for investment in renewable energy.<ref name="http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/">{{cite web|title=Renewables Global Status Report|url=http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/|website=Ren21.net|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref>

On November 22, 2012 [[Astana]] was chosen by the [[International Exhibitions Bureau]] (BIE) as the venue to host EXPO-2017, which will focus on future energy issues. The theme of [[Future Energy]] is aimed to concentrate on both the future of energy but also on the potential energies of the future. Kazakhstan is very aware that the time has come for the world to move from [[fossil fuels]] to renewable energy sources. The selection of Astana to serve as host city is especially notable, because EXPO-2017 will be the first time that a major international exhibition of this kind is coming to a country from the former [[Soviet Union]]. More than 100 countries and 10 international organizations are expected to participate. Exhibition will gather and demonstrate best global developments in the field of energy conservation, as well as latest technology achievements in solar, wind and water energies. Moreover, the energy for the exhibition itself will be obtained from renewable energy sources produced domestically. So the advantages of the'energy of the future' will be clearly demonstrated.<ref name="https://zenodo.org/record/13918/files/pdf.pdf">{{cite web|title=Alternative energy sources Kazakhstan|url=https://zenodo.org/record/13918/files/pdf.pdf|website=Zenodo.org|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref>

==Hydropower==
[[File:Water atlas, Kazakhstan.PNG|thumb|High potential regions for Hydropower plants]]
Small hydropower plants - the most rapidly developing areas of use of renewable energy in the country. Thus, in the period from 2007 to 2010 the [[Almaty]] region have introduced five small hydropower plants with a total installed capacity of 20 MW.<ref name="http://www.rfc.kegoc.kz/vozmozhnosti-vozobnovlyaemyx-istochnikov-energii-v-kazaxstane/">{{cite web|title=Возможные источники энергии в Казахстане|url=http://www.rfc.kegoc.kz/vozmozhnosti-vozobnovlyaemyx-istochnikov-energii-v-kazaxstane/|website=Rfc.kegoc.kz|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> One of the important areas of [[efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] of Kazakhstan's economy is construction of [[hydroelectric power plants]] on small rivers operating without retaining dams.
Hydropower accounts for approximately 13% percent of Kazakhstan's total generating capacity delivering around 7.78TWh from 15 large (450 MW)hydropower station with a total capacity of 2.248GW.<ref name="http://www.resourcegovernance.org/">{{cite web|title=NRGI Kazakhstan report|url=http://www.resourcegovernance.org/|website=Natural Resource Governance Institute|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> Large hydropower plants comprise the Bukhtyrma (750MW, Shulbinsk (702MW)and Ust-Kamenogorsk (315MW)plants on the [[Irtysh river]],the Kapshagai (364MW)plant on the [[Ili River]],the Moinak (300MW)plant on the Charyn river and the Shardarinskaya (104MW)plant on the [[Syrdarya]] River.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Marinina|first1=O|title=Problems of [[water resources management]] in the Republic of Kazakhstan|journal=Institute for Water and Environmental Problems|date=2013|pages=109–116}}</ref> Small(1–10MW)and medium-scale(10–50MW)hydropower projects have become more popular because of their low cost,reliability and apparent environmental friendliness.<ref name="http://www.smallhydroworld.org/">{{cite web|title=World small hydropower development report|url=http://www.smallhydroworld.org/|website=UNIDO|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> There are seven small hydropower plants(<10MW),with a total installed capacity of 78MW and an estimated potential of 13TWh, spanning east and south Kazakhstan, Zhambyl and [[Almaty]] provinces. According to the experts, provided the smaller hydropower stations are installed about 8 billion kWh can produced per year and this is more than enough to meet the demand that is now satisfied through imports from [[Central Asia]].
In December 2011 the Moynak hydropower plant (300 MW) was put into operation within the realization of the State Program for Rapid Industrial-innovative Development. A number of the projects to build smaller hydropower plants are being implemented in southern Kazakhstan.<ref name="http://www.buro247.kz/lifestyle/expo-2017/kak-kazakhstan-razvivaet-zelenyu-energetiku.html">{{cite web|title=Как в Казахстане развивается зеленая энергетика|url=http://www.buro247.kz/lifestyle/expo-2017/kak-kazakhstan-razvivaet-zelenyu-energetiku.html|website=Buro24/7.kz|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref>

==Solar energy==
[[File:Solar atlas, Kazakhstan.PNG|thumb|High potential regions for Solarpower plants]]
Kazakhstan has areas with high [[insolation]] that could be suitable for [[solar power]], particularly in the south of the country, receiving between 2200 and 3000h of sunlight per year, which equals 1200–1700 kW/m2 annually.<ref name="bmz.de">{{cite web|title=Renewable energies in Central Asia|url=http://www.bmz.de/en/what_we_do/approaches/bilateral_development_cooperation/players/selection/gtz/index.html?PHPSESSID=b9baca7e80b4a65f2c02114abdebac86|website=Bmz.de|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> Both concentrated [[solar thermal]] and [[solar photovoltaic]](PV)have potential.There is a 2MW solar PV plant near Almaty and six solar PV plants are currently under construction in the Zhambyl province of southern Kazakhstan with a combined capacity of 300MW.<ref name="http://www.bourabai.kz/toe/kazenergy.htm">{{cite web|title=Электроэнергетика Казахстана|url=http://www.bourabai.kz/toe/kazenergy.htm|website=Bourabai.kz|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> In addition to solar PV, concentrated solar thermal is advantageous given it does not require water for operation so can be used in [[desert]] and [[semi-desert]] areas, the materials([[steel]], [[glass]],and [[concrete]]) are domestically produced in [[Kazakhstan]] and readily available, and solar thermal plants store energy in the form of [[heat]], which is far more efficient than the batteries used in [[PV systems]] and allows [[electricity]] to be produced on demand, even after the sun has set,enabling both base and peak loads to be met. There are no current plans to install a concentrated solar thermal plant although the government plans to create 1.04GW of [[renewable energy]] capacity by 2020.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cochran|first1=J|title=Kazakhstan's potential for wind and concentrated solar power|journal=Almaty,Kazakhstan|date=2007}}</ref> The South-Kazakhstan, Kyzylorda oblast and the Aral region are the most suitable locations to build solar power plants.

The most significant project in this field implemented in 2002 in Kazakhstan and financed by the [[UN]] was to install 50 prism solar power plants with capacity of 100 liters of water each, and 50 solar stills, using the water from the [[Syr Darya]] river to provide the residents of two villages in the Aral region for drinking water and heating.<ref name="http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2010/ph240/sagatov1/docs/kaz_energy_resources_ru.pdf">{{cite web|title=Энергетика Казахстана|url=http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2010/ph240/sagatov1/docs/kaz_energy_resources_ru.pdf|website=Обзор перспектив|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref>

In particular, according to the Plan of Activities for Alternative and Renewable Energy in Kazakhstan, it is planned to put into operation about 28 solar energy projects until the end of 2020 with total installed capacity of 713.5 MW.<ref name="http://kazcham.com/renewable-energy-in-kazakhstan-more-than-1-gw-until-2020/">{{cite web|title=RES in Kazakhstan: More than 1 GW until 2020|url=http://kazcham.com/renewable-energy-in-kazakhstan-more-than-1-gw-until-2020/|website=KazCham.com|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref>

==Wind energy==
[[File:Wind atlas Kazakhstan.jpg|thumb|High potential regions for Windpower plants]]
Kazakhstan's steppe geography makes it suitable for wind energy applications and the estimated potential of wind energy that can be economically developed is about 760GW.<ref name="undp.kz">{{cite web|title=Lessons learnt from the Kazakhstan: windpower market development initiative|url=http://undp.kz/|website=United Nations Development Program Kazakhstan|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> About 50% of Kazakhstan's territory has average wind speeds suitable for energy generation (4–6 m/s) with the strongest potential in the Caspian Sea, central and northern regions. The most promising individual sites are in the Almaty region in the Djungar(Dzhumgarian)Gates, 600 km northeast of Almaty close to the Xinjiang border and the Chylyk Corridor 100 km east of Almaty. Wind potentials of 525Wm2 in the Djungar Gates and 240Wm2 in the Chylyk corridor have been estimated with power production from wind turbines potentially achieving 4400 kW/h/MW and 3200 kW/h/MW respectively.<ref name="http://www.windenergy.kz/">{{cite web|title=Prospective of windpower development in Kazakhstan|url=http://www.windenergy.kz/|website=UNDP-GEF|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> Currently, the Ministry of Industry and New Technologies selected 10 sites to build large wind power plants (WPP) with total capacity of 1,000 MW with a view to commercial production of electricity in the amount of 2-3 billion kWh. Currently only one wind energy plant is operating in Kazakhstan; the Kordai wind power plant with 1500 kW capacity was launched in December 2011 in Zhambyl region.<ref name="http://kisi.kz/en/categories/economy-and-energy/posts/future-of-renewable-energy-in-kazakhstan406">{{cite web|title=Future of Renewable Energy in Kazakhstan|url=http://kisi.kz/en/categories/economy-and-energy/posts/future-of-renewable-energy-in-kazakhstan406|website=KazISS.kz|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref>

One of Kazakhstan’s power companies, Samruk-Energy JSC, was recently awarded a $94 million loan from the Eurasian Development Bank to build Kazakhstan’s largest wind farm. The project will produce 172 million kilowatt/hours of electrical energy per year, save more than 60 million tons of coal, and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.<ref name="http://kzgreenenergy.com/wind-energy/">{{cite web|title=Wind Energy|url=http://kzgreenenergy.com/wind-energy/|website=KZgreenenergy.com|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref>

==Bioenergy==
Kazakhstan has 76.5Mha agricultural land, 10Mha forest and 185Mha steppe grasslands providing abundant biomass wastes and residues which have the potential to generate arrange of bioenergy services.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pala|first1=C|title=Abandoned Soviet farmlands could help offset global warming|journal=Environmental Science Technology|date=2009|volume=43|issue=23|pages=685–707}}</ref> Kazakhstan produces and exports crops such as wheat (winterandspring), rye(winter), maize (forgrain), barley (winterandspring), oats, millet, buckwheat, rice and pulses, with an average grain yield of 17.5–20 Mt,which equates to roughly 12–14Mt of biomass wastes.<ref name="http://www.fao.org/home/en/">{{cite web|title=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)|url=http://www.fao.org/home/en/|website=General summary for the countries of the former Soviet Union|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> Biomass wastes are currently poorly exploited and only ~10% of the total volume of the residues isused, mostly as a feed additive for livestock; the proportion of rural households using biomass cook stoves for cooking and heating is currently unknown.Organic wastes are also a potential source of energy and at least 400,000 households are known to keep cattle, horsesandsheep.<ref name="http://www.resourcegovernance.org/"/> It has been estimated that electricity generation potential inKazakhstan from biomass is 35 billion kWh per year and heat generation potential is 44 million Gcal per year.<ref name="http://www.energypartner.kz/">{{cite web|title=Biomass and biogas in Kazakhstan report|url=http://www.energypartner.kz/|website=Energy Partner LLP|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref> Various external funding agencies(UNDP, GEF, HIVOS Foundation) have supported the development of biogas initiatives including the Biogas Training Centre at the Eco-museum in Karanga(2002–2003)and the ‘Azure Flame’ Central Kazakhstan Biogas Education Centre(2004–2005)however despite this promotion there is only one large scale biogas unit currently in operation in the country which is a 360kWe biogas plant run at Vostok village in the Kostanai region.The Vostok biogas unit consists of two 2400m3 digesters operating with a feedstock of 40 t/day of cow, sheep and camel manure, grain residues and 1t/day of slaughterhouse waste. The plant was installed in 2011 by Karaman-K Ltd. and Zorg Biogas with an aim of delivering 3 million kWh of electricity annually.<ref name="http://zorg-biogas.com/?lang=en">{{cite web|title=First biogas plant started energy production in Kazakhstan|url=http://zorg-biogas.com/?lang=en|website=ZorgBiogas|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref>
Another potential area is the use of biogas, which is produced from the waste of farms and poultry factories. Kazakhstan has a significant number of livestock and poultry. Methane production potential of the waste in cattle is more than 85 thousand tons. Potential methane production from waste-water communal services is about 3 million tonnes.<ref name="http://led-ca.net/vozobnovlyaemyie-istochniki-energii/energiya-biomassyi">{{cite web|title=Энергия биомассы|url=http://led-ca.net/vozobnovlyaemyie-istochniki-energii/energiya-biomassyi|website=Led-ca.net|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref>

==Barriers to renewable energy==
In spite of considerable renewable energy potential there are still significant barriers to address including: low electricity tariffs; transmission losses and inefficient technologies; weak regulatory and legal frameworks to stimulate the use of renewable energy in the electricity sector; persistent governmental body reforms; inadequate levels and quality of scientific support; awareness and information barriers; and a high-risk business environment.<ref name="http://www.invest.nauka.kz/reviews/ways_of_development_of_biofuel_kazakh_energy.php">{{cite web|title=Пути развития биотопливной энергетики казахстана|url=http://www.invest.nauka.kz/reviews/ways_of_development_of_biofuel_kazakh_energy.php|website=Invest.nauka.kz|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref>

==Renewable energy projects==
In 2016, Kazakhstan's capital Astana started testing and implementing energy-saving systems in construction. Thus, the Kazakhstan Centre for Modernisation and Development of Housing and Communal Services moved to a new building equipped with energy-saving wind and solar energy systems.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wind and Solar-Equipped Building to Serve as Test Model for New Construction Standards|url=http://astanatimes.com/2016/05/wind-and-solar-equipped-building-to-serve-as-test-model-for-new-construction-standards/|website=astanatimes.com}}</ref>

Kazakhstan encourages SME's to develop and implement green energy projects. To that end, Kazakhstan's DAMU Entrepreneurship Development Fund (DAMU) and European Investment Bank (EIB) has signed two contracts to finance SMEs working to mitigate climate change and protect the environment. The EIB agreed to provide €200 million (£169.04m) of funding to support small sustainable projects in Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Green projects in Kazakhstan get €200m funding|url=https://www.energylivenews.com/2016/12/02/green-projects-in-kazakhstan-get-e200m-funding/|website=www.energylivenews.com}}</ref>

The Energy Ministry of Kazakhstan announced 2017 to be the "Green Energy" year with 37 new projects aimed at attracting investment in the renewable energy projects throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=2017 ‘green energy’ year in Kazakhstan|url=http://www.inform.kz/en/2017-green-energy-year-in-kazakhstan_a2960947|website=www.inform.kz}}</ref>

==See also==

{{portal|Renewable energy|Energy|Kazakhstan}}
*[[Green Economy in Kazakhstan]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Renewable energy by country}}

[[Category:Energy in Kazakhstan]]

Nazarbayev University Repository

2017-03-20T22:42:11Z

Taknujno55: /* External links */

{{Multiple issues|
{{Refimprove|date=January 2017}}
{{Notability|date=January 2017}}
{{Underlinked|date=January 2017}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2017}}
}}
Nazarbayev University Repository (NUR) is an institutional online archive created to accumulate, store, and provide open access to scientific research results and intellectual products of the academic community of [[Nazarbayev University]]. It is designed to store, index, distribute, and preserve the digital materials of the University using DSpace software. The repository content and interface are in English, Kazakh and Russian.
The repository was founded on August 15, 2014 and now contains over 1800 scholarly works.

Multiple educational institutions and organisations use he NUR including National Laboratory Astana, NU Research and Innovation, Kazakhstan National Geographic Society Corporate Fund.

Material available in the repository include: academic articles, PhD and masters dissertations and theses, conference proceedings, technical reports, books, images, and video presentations.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
http://www.opendoar.org
http://roar.eprints.org
http://repositories.webometrics.info/en/Asia/Kazakstan
http://nur.nu.edu.kz/handle/123456789/1573

[[Category:Education in Kazakhstan]]

{{education-stub}}

Astana International Financial Centre

2017-03-20T22:37:14Z

Taknujno55: /* External links */

{{Coord|51|05|28.5|N|71|24|46.1|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:KZ-AST|display=title}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Astana International Financial Centre
| industry = [[Financial Services]]
| foundation = 2018 (planned launch)
| location = Astana, Kazakhstan
| homepage = http://www.aifc.kz/
| key_people = [[Kairat Kelimbetov]] (Governor)
| logo = File:AIFC Logo.jpg
}}

The '''Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC)''' is a planned financial free zone located in [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]]. It was first announced by the President of Kazakhstan [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] on 21 May 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://astanatimes.com/2015/05/nazarbayev-announces-astana-international-financial-centre-addresses-economic-challenges-at-aef/|title=Nazarbayev Announces Astana International Financial Centre, Addresses Economic Challenges at AEF|website=Astana Times|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref> and is scheduled to come into operation on 1 January 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=Plans for new Astana financial centre approved|url=http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=483715632&Country=Kazakhstan&topic=Economy&subtopic=Outlook|website=The Economist: Intelligence Unit|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref>

== Independent jurisdiction ==

The centre will have its own legal systems based on the principles and rules of English law. Foreign judges will be invited to sit in the centre's courts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Creation of Astana International Financial Centre|url=http://www.dentons.com/en/insights/articles/2015/september/11/creation-of-astana-international-financial-centre|website=Dentons|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref>

{{quote |text=Justice based on English law in AIFC will be rendered by independent AIFC`s Courts. International level judges of AIFC`s Court will have exclusive jurisdiction over disputes between the AIFC’s participants, Bodies and/or their foreign employees, disputes relating to operations carried out in the AIFC and regulated by the law of the AIFC, disputes transferred to the AIFC’s courts by agreement of the parties, except criminal and administrative proceedings. |source=Astana International Finance Centre (official website)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aifc.kz/|title=Astana International Finance Centre}}</ref>}}

== Location ==

The centre will take over the grounds of [[Expo 2017]] once the Expo is complete.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://astanatimes.com/2015/10/astana-international-financial-centre-to-cement-capitals-place-in-global-finance/|title=Astana International Financial Centre to Cement Capital's Place in Global Finance|website=Astana Times|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://Official%20Website http://www.aifc.kz/]

[[Category:Astana]]
[[Category:Economy of Kazakhstan]]

Ulytau District

2017-03-12T16:32:39Z

Taknujno55:

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Ulytau
|settlement_type = District
|official_name = Ұлытау ауданы
|other_name =
|native_name =
|nickname =
|motto =
|image_skyline =
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|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
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|blank_emblem_size =
|image_map = Ulytau District Kazakhstan.png
|mapsize = 300px
|map_caption =
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 = 150px
|map_caption1 =
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_label_position =
|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[Kazakhstan]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Kazakhstan|Region]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Karaganda Region]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative center]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Ulytau, Kazakhstan|Ulytau]]
|seat_type =
|seat =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 = 
|leader_name1 =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref =Imperial
|area_footnotes =
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|population_as_of = 2013
|population_footnotes = <ref name="kz2013est"/>
|population_note =
|population_total = 13909
|population_density_km2 =
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|population_density_metro_km2 =
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| timezone = East
| utc_offset = +6
|latd=|latm=|lats=|latNS=
|longd=|longm=|longs= |longEW=
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Ulytau District''' ({{lang-kk|Ұлытау ауданы}}) is a [[Districts of Kazakhstan|district]] of [[Karaganda Region]] in central [[Kazakhstan]]. The administrative center of the district is the [[Village#Central Asia |Auyl]] of [[Ulytau, Kazakhstan|Ulytau]].<ref>[http://www.geonames.de/coukz-sub.html www.geonames.de Subdivisions of Kazakhstan in local languages]</ref> Population: {{Kz-population2013|13909|punct=;}} {{Kz-census2009|14,240|punct=;}} {{Kz-census1999|20,430|punct=.}}

{{Karaganda Region}}

{{coord|48|03|N|65|39|E|type:adm2nd_source:itwiki|display=title}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Districts of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Karaganda Region]]
[[Category:World Heritage Site Tentative list]]

{{Kazakhstan-geo-stub}}

Kazakh wedding ceremony

2016-09-25T11:02:49Z

Taknujno55:

[[File:Kazakh wedding 3.jpg|thumb|270px|A Kazakh wedding ceremony in a mosque]]
[[File:Kazakh wedding.jpg|thumb|270px|A wedding party in Independent Square, Almaty]]

The wedding in native Kazakh language is '''Uilenu toyi''', the marriage is '''Ui bolu'''.

The religious part of the '''Kazakh wedding ceremony''' is called ''' [[Nikah|Neke]] Qiyu''' ({{lang-kz|Неке қию (Its arabizm)}}). The wedding process may take many weeks and even months to complete. This is because a Kazakh marriage, like marriages in most Muslim societies, involves a contract between families which requires negotiation. The ''Neke Qiyu'' is a small portion of the whole, and usually takes about a half an hour to complete.

The ''Neke Qiyu'' usually takes place on the evening of the day the bride is revealed to her groom's family. This festive ceremony is called ''betashar'' ({{lang-kz|Беташар}}) or "revealing of the face." After she shows respect to her groom's family, the veil is lifted and the bride receives a kiss from her [[mother-in-law]]. The mother-in-law then puts a white scarf on her head to symbolize her marital status and then welcomes her into the groom's family.

After several hours a feasting, a [[mullah]] arrives. A mullah is a teacher of Islam who knows how to recite the [[Quran]]. He performs the ''Neke Qiyu''. Even though the ''betashar'' is performed outside in the garden in the presence of many relatives and friends, the ''Neke Qiyu'' is performed inside with close relatives only. The mullah and the couple sit facing one another. He briefly recites some verses from the Quran and asks the couple to confess the faith of [[Islam]]. When this ceremony is done, the couple must go and register their marriage at the state registry office, a practice introduced in the Soviet period.

The brief ceremony occurs at the registration office, which is called ''AHAZH'' ({{lang-kz|Азаматтық Халық Актілерін Жазу (АХАЖ)}}, {{lang-ru|ЗАГС}}). The wedding also features a procession of cars decorated in ribbons, which stops to take pictures along the way.

==See also==
*[[Culture of Kazakhstan]]

{{Kazakhstan topics}}

[[Category:Kazakhstani culture|Wedding]]

{{Kazakhstan-stub}}

Kazakh Braille

2016-09-21T04:50:36Z

Taknujno55: /* See also */

{{Infobox writing system
| name = Kazakh Braille
| altname =
| type = alphabet
| typedesc =
| time =
| languages = [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
| fam1 = [[Braille]]
| fam2 = [[Russian Braille]]
| print = [[Kazakh alphabet]]
| creator =
| sample =
| imagesize =
| note = none
}}

The [[braille]] alphabet used for the [[Kazakh language]] is based on [[Russian Braille]], with several additional letters found in the print [[Kazakh alphabet]].

== Alphabet ==
Kazakh uses all of the letters of the Russian alphabet, though some just in loans, and has the additional letters ''ә, ғ, қ, ң, һ, ө, ұ, ү, і''.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! '''Print''' || [[а (Cyrillic)|а]] ''a || [[ә]] ''ä|| [[б]] ''b || [[в]] ''v|| [[г]] ''g|| [[ғ]] ''ğ|| [[д]] ''d|| [[е (Cyrillic)|е]] ''e|| [[ё]] ''yo|| [[ж]] ''j|| [[з]] ''z|| [[и]] ''ï|| [[й]] ''y|| [[к]] ''k''
|-
| '''Braille''' || {{Braille cell|type=image|a}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|345}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|b}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|w}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|g}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|12456}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|d}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|e}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|16}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|j}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|z}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|i}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|14236}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|k}}
|-
! '''Print''' || [[қ]] ''q|| [[л]] ''l|| [[м]] ''m|| [[н]] ''n|| [[ң]] ''ñ|| [[о (Cyrillic)|о]] ''o|| [[ө]] ''ö|| [[п]] ''p|| [[р]] ''r|| [[с]] ''s|| [[т]] ''t|| [[у]] ''w|| [[ұ]] ''u|| [[ү]] ''ü''
|-
| '''Braille''' || {{Braille cell|type=image|1456}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|l}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|m}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|n}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|146}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|o}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|126}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|p}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|r}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|s}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|t}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|u}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|346}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|34}}
|-
! '''Print''' || [[ф]] ''f|| [[х]] ''x|| [[һ]] ''h|| [[ц]] ''c|| [[ч]] ''ç|| [[ш]] ''ş|| [[щ]] ''şş|| [[ъ]] ''”|| [[ы]] ''ı|| [[i (Cyrillic)|і]] ''i|| [[ь]] ''’|| [[э]] ''é|| [[ю]] ''yu|| [[я]] ''ya''
|-
| '''Braille''' || {{Braille cell|type=image|f}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|h}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1236}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|c}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|q}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|156}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|x}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|12536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|4236}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|13456}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|42536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|246}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1256}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426}}
|}

Apart from {{bc|y}} ''і'', which [[Russian Braille#Obsolete letters|once existed in Russian Braille]], and {{bc|346}} ''ұ'', which is the same as the ''ў'' of [[Belarusian Braille]] (a letter which was used in earlier [[Kazakh alphabet]]s with the same value), the braille values assigned to the extra Kazakh letters do not follow the assignments of other languages that use the Cyrillic script in print. They also do not follow [[international braille|international norms]], apart from {{bc|345}} ''ә'' (Latin ''ä'').

==Punctuation==

Single punctuation:

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height: 1.2"
|- align=center
!Print
!, || .|| ?|| !|| ;|| :
|- align=center
!Braille
|{{Braille cell|type=image|2}}
|{{Braille cell|type=image|256}}
|{{Braille cell|type=image|26}}
|{{Braille cell|type=image|235}}
|{{Braille cell|type=image|23}}
|{{Braille cell|type=image|25}}
|}

Paired punctuation:

Kazakh Braille is reported to use the Russian arithmetical parentheses {{bc|126||345}}.

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height: 1.2"
|- align=center
!Print
| « ...... »
| ( ...... )
|- align=center
!Braille
|{{Braille cell|type=image|236|0|356}}
|{{Braille cell|type=image|126|0|345}}
|}

==Formatting==

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height: 1.2"
|- align=center
! [[italics]] || capital || number
|- align=center
| {{Braille cell|type=image|456}} ||{{Braille cell|type=image|46}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|3456}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[Languages of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Kazakh alphabets#Correspondence chart]], for the braille alphabet aligned with the Cyrillic

== References==
{{reflist}}
* UNESCO (2013) [http://www.pharmabraille.com/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=122064 World Braille Usage], 3rd edition.

{{Braille}}

[[Category:French-ordered braille alphabets]]
[[Category:Kazakh language]]