https://en.encyclopedia.kz/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Rich+FarmbroughKazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]2026-07-03T14:55:19ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.23.15https://en.encyclopedia.kz/index.php/Maxim_IglinskyMaxim Iglinsky2017-04-26T18:18:38Z<p>Rich Farmbrough: /* Grand Tour general classification results timeline */"col" should be "row" using AWB</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox cyclist<br />
| name = Maxim Iglinsky<br />
| image = Maxim Iglinskiy (Tour de France 2007 - stage 7).jpg<br />
| caption = Iglinsky at the [[2007 Tour de France]]<br />
| fullname = Maxim Iglinsky<br />
| nickname =<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|4|18}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]]<br />
| height = {{height|m=1.73}}<br />
| weight = {{convert|67|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<br />
| currentteam = Provisionally suspended<br />
| discipline = Road<br />
| role = Rider<br />
| ridertype = All-rounder<br />
| amateuryears1 =<br />
| amateurteam1 =<br />
| proyears1 = 2004<br />
| proteam1 = Capec<br />
| proyears2 = 2005<br />
| proteam2 = [[Domina Vacanze]]<br />
| proyears3 = 2006<br />
| proteam3 = {{ct|MRM|2006}}<br />
| proyears4 = 2007–2014<br />
| proteam4 = {{ct|AST|2007}}<br />
| majorwins = '''[[Classic cycle races|One-day races and Classics]]'''<br />
:[[Kazakhstan National Time Trial Championships|National Time Trial Championships]] ([[2006 national road cycling championships|2006]])<br />
:[[Kazakhstan National Road Race Championships|National Road Race Championships]] ([[2007 national road cycling championships|2007]])<br />
:[[Strade Bianche]] ([[2010 Montepaschi Strade Bianche|2010]])<br />
:[[Liège–Bastogne–Liège]] ([[2012 Liège–Bastogne–Liège|2012]])<br />
| medaltemplates =<br />
{{Medal|Country|{{KAZ}}}}<br />
{{Medal|Sport|Men's [[road bicycle racing]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Cycling Championships|Asian Championships]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Silver|2014 Astana|Road race}}<br />
| updated = 22 February 2015<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Maxim Iglinsky''' ({{lang-kz|Максим Иглинский}}) (born 18 April 1981 in [[Astana]]) is a [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] [[road racing cyclist]] who last rode for [[UCI ProTour]] team {{ct|AST|2014}}, who he competed for between 2007 and 2014.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Iglinsky turned professional in 2005 with [[Domina Vacanze]] and rode for {{ct|MRM|2006}} in 2006. Iglinsky won stage 6 of the [[2007 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré]]. He is the elder brother of [[Valentin Iglinsky]].<br />
<br />
In spring 2012, he prevailed in one of the [[Ardennes classics|Ardennes Classic races]], [[2012 Liège–Bastogne–Liège|Liège–Bastogne–Liège]]. He broke away from the chasing group with [[Joaquim Rodríguez]] ({{ct|KAT|2012}}), subsequently dropping him and flying by race leader [[Vincenzo Nibali]] ({{ct|LIQ|2012}}) with one kilometer to go to win solo.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/liege-bastogne-liege/results|title=Maxim Iglinsky wins Liège&nbsp;– Bastogne&nbsp;– Liège|work=Velo News|publisher=VeloNews.com|date=22 April 2012|accessdate=22 April 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was provisionally suspended in October 2014 after testing positive for [[Erythropoietin|EPO]] in August 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/maxim-iglinskiy-provisionally-suspended-for-epo|title=Maxim Iglinskiy provisionally suspended for EPO|work=Cycling News|publisher=cyclingnews.com|date=1 October 2014|accessdate=1 October 2014}}</ref> His brother [[Valentin Iglinsky]] was suspended on 10 September for testing positive, also in August 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/valentin-iglinskiy-sacked-by-astana-after-positive-test|title=Valentin Iglinskiy sacked by Astana after positive test|work=[[Cyclingnews.com]]|publisher=[[Future plc]]|date=10 September 2014|accessdate=10 September 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career achievements==<br />
===Major results===<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
;2002<br />
:1st [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px]] Overall [[Vuelta a la Independencia Nacional]]<br />
::1st Stage 8<br />
:2nd Overall [[Tour of China]]<br />
::1st Stage 2<br />
;2003<br />
:1st Stage 3 [[Tour de Bulgaria]]<br />
;2004<br />
:1st [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px]] Overall [[Vuelta a la Independencia Nacional]]<br />
:1st Prix de la Slantchev Brjag<br />
:2nd [[File:Silver medal blank.svg|15px]] Asian Road Race Championships<br />
:3rd Overall [[Tour of Greece]]<br />
::1st Prologue<br />
:3rd [[Memorial Philippe Van Coningsloo]]<br />
;2005<br />
:1st [[GP Cittá di Camaiore]]<br />
:1st Stage 6 [[2005 Deutschland Tour|Deutschland Tour]]<br />
;2006<br />
:1st [[File:MaillotKaz.PNG|20px]] [[Kazakhstan National Time Trial Championships|National Time Trial Championships]]<br />
;2007<br />
:1st [[File:MaillotKaz.PNG|20px]] [[Kazakhstan National Road Race Championships|National Road Race Championships]]<br />
:1st Stage 6 [[2007 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré|Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré]]<br />
;2008<br />
:1st [[File:Jersey green.svg|20px]] Mountains classification [[2008 Tour de Suisse|Tour de Suisse]]<br />
:9th Overall [[2008 Tour de Romandie|Tour de Romandie]]<br />
::1st Stage 1<br />
;2009<br />
:3rd [[E3 Prijs Vlaanderen]]<br />
:8th GP Ouest France<br />
;2010<br />
:1st [[2010 Montepaschi Strade Bianche|Montepaschi Strade Bianche]]<br />
:3rd [[Tour Méditerranéen]]<br />
:4th Overall [[2010 Tirreno–Adriatico|Tirreno–Adriatico]]<br />
:7th [[2010 Gent–Wevelgem|Gent–Wevelgem]]<br />
:8th [[2010 Milan&nbsp;– San Remo|Milan&nbsp;– San Remo]]<br />
:8th [[2010 Tour of Flanders|Tour of Flanders]]<br />
;2012<br />
:1st [[2012 Liège–Bastogne–Liège|Liège–Bastogne–Liège]]<br />
:2nd [[2012 Strade Bianche|Strade Bianche]]<br />
;2013<br />
:1st Tour of Almaty<br />
:1st Stage 4 [[2013 Tour of Belgium|Tour of Belgium]]<br />
:1st Stage 1 (TTT) [[2013 Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]]<br />
:8th [[2013 UCI Road World Championships&nbsp;– Men's road race|World Road Race Championships]]<br />
:8th [[Dwars door Vlaanderen]]<br />
:9th Overall [[2013 Eneco Tour|Eneco Tour]]<br />
;2014<br />
:2nd [[Asian Cycling Championships|Asian Road Race Championships]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
===Grand Tour general classification results timeline===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | [[Grand Tour (cycling)|Grand Tour]]<br />
! scope="col" | 2005<br />
! scope="col" | 2006<br />
! scope="col" | 2007<br />
! scope="col" | 2008<br />
! scope="col" | 2009<br />
! scope="col" | 2010<br />
! scope="col" | 2011<br />
! scope="col" | 2012<br />
! scope="col" | 2013<br />
! scope="col" | 2014<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="row" | [[File:Jersey pink.svg|20px|link=|alt=A pink jersey]] [[General classification in the Giro d'Italia|Giro d'Italia]]<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2008 Giro d'Italia|55]]<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="row" | [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=|alt=A yellow jersey]] [[General classification in the Tour de France|Tour de France]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2005 Tour de France|37]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2006 Tour de France|DNF]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2007 Tour de France|DNF]]<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2010 Tour de France|131]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2011 Tour de France|105]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2012 Tour de France|116]]<br />
|—<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2014 Tour de France|129]]<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="row" | [[File:Jersey red.svg|20px|link=|alt=A red jersey]] [[List of Vuelta a España general classification winners|Vuelta a España]]<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2009 Vuelta a España|DNF]]<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2013 Vuelta a España|DNF]]<br />
|—<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Legend<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | —<br />
| Did not compete<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Did Not Finish|DNF]]<br />
| Did not finish<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category-inline|Maxim Iglinsky}}<br />
*{{cycling archives|10518}}<br />
*[http://www.cyclingbase.com/palcoureurs.php?id=2896&idtitle=1 Palmares on Cycling Base] {{fr icon}}<br />
<br />
{{Liège–Bastogne–Liège winners|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Iglinsky, Maxim}}<br />
[[Category:Kazakhstani male cyclists]]<br />
[[Category:1981 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Olympic cyclists of Kazakhstan]]<br />
[[Category:Cyclists at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]<br />
[[Category:Cyclists at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]<br />
[[Category:Cyclists at the 2010 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Astana]]<br />
[[Category:Tour de France cyclists]]<br />
[[Category:Vuelta a España cyclists]]<br />
[[Category:Giro d'Italia cyclists]]<br />
[[Category:Doping cases in cycling]]<br />
[[Category:Kazakhstani sportspeople in doping cases]]</div>Rich Farmbroughhttps://en.encyclopedia.kz/index.php/Valentin_IglinskyValentin Iglinsky2017-04-26T18:18:36Z<p>Rich Farmbrough: /* Grand Tour general classification results timeline */"col" should be "row" using AWB</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox cyclist<br />
| name = Valentin Iglinsky<br />
| image = Tour de l'Ain 2009 - étape 3b - Valentin Iglinskiy.jpg<br />
| caption = Iglinsky at the 2009 [[Tour de l'Ain]]<br />
| fullname = Valentin Iglinsky<br />
| nickname =<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|5|12}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]]<br />
| height =<br />
| weight =<br />
| currentteam = {{ct|AST}}<br />
| discipline = Road<br />
| role = Rider<br />
| ridertype =<br />
| amateuryears1 =<br />
| amateurteam1 =<br />
| proyears1 = 2004–2006<br />
| proteam1 = Capec<br />
| proyears2 = 2008<br />
| proteam2 = Ulan<br />
| proyears3 = 2009–2012<br />
| proteam3 = {{ct|AST|2009}}<br />
| proyears4 = 2013<br />
| proteam4 = {{ct|ALM|2013}}<br />
| proyears5 = 2014<br />
| proteam5 = {{ct|AST|2014}}<br />
| majorwins =<br />
| updated = 1 January 2014<br />
}}<br />
'''Valentin Iglinsky''' ({{lang-kz|Валентин Иглинский}}) (born 12 May 1984 in [[Astana]]) is a [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] [[road racing cyclist]] who last rode for [[UCI ProTour]] team {{ct|AST|2014}}.<ref name="Astana">{{cite news|url=http://proteam-astana.com/en/news/2013-astana-pro-team-rider-news|title=2013 Astana Pro Team Rider Transfer News|date=16 October 2013|accessdate=9 December 2013|work={{ct|AST|2013}}|publisher=Abacanto SA}}</ref> He is the younger brother of [[Maxim Iglinsky]], who rode for the {{ct|AST|nolink=yes}} team.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
He had competed for {{ct|AST|2009}} between 2009 and 2012 before joining {{ct|ALM|2013}} in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/13111/Bagdonas-and-Iglinskiy-boost-Ag2r-La-Mondiales-WorldTour-prospects.aspx|title=Bagdonas and Iglinskiy boost Ag2r La Mondiale’s WorldTour prospects|first=Shane|last=Stokes|work=VeloNation|publisher=VeloNation LLC|date=20 October 2012|accessdate=1 January 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Iglinsky returned to the {{ct|AST|2014|nolink=yes}} team in 2014.<ref name="Astana"/> On 10 September 2014, it was announced that Iglinsky had tested positive for [[erythropoietin|EPO]] at the [[2014 Eneco Tour|Eneco Tour]]. He was immediately fired by the {{ct|AST|2014}} management, who said Iglinsky acted independently of the team.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/valentin-iglinskiy-sacked-by-astana-after-positive-test|title=Valentin Iglinskiy sacked by Astana after positive test|work=[[Cyclingnews.com]]|publisher=[[Future plc]]|date=10 September 2014|accessdate=10 September 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career achievements==<br />
===Major results===<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
;2004<br />
:1st, Stage 6, [[Tour of Hainan]]<br />
;2007<br />
:2nd GP Stad Vilvoorde<br />
:2nd Overall [[Tour of Japan]]<br />
::1st, Stages 2 & 4<br />
:3rd National Road Race Championships<br />
:[[Tour de Bulgaria]]<br />
::1st, Stages 1 & 2<br />
;2008<br />
:1st, Stage 2, Tour du Loir-Et-Cher<br />
:Vuelta Ciclista a Navarra<br />
::1st, Stages 3 & 6<br />
;2009<br />
:4th Overall Tour of Japan<br />
:1st Overall [[Tour de Kumano]]<br />
::1st, Stages 1, 2 & 3<br />
:7th Overall [[Tour of Serbia]]<br />
::1st, Stages 1, 3 & 7<br />
:[[Tour of Qinghai Lake]]<br />
::1st, Stages 4 & 5<br />
:3rd Asian Road Race Championships<br />
:[[Tour de Bulgaria]]<br />
::1st, Stages 4 & 5<br />
;2010<br />
:1st Overall [[Tour of Hainan]]<br />
::1st, Stage 2<br />
;2011<br />
:1st, Stage 2, [[Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey]]<br />
:1st Overall [[Tour of Hainan]]<br />
::1st, Stage 8<br />
;2012<br />
:2nd Overall [[Tour of Hainan]]<br />
;2013<br />
:4th [[Kazakhstan National Road Race Championships|National Road Race Championships]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
===Grand Tour general classification results timeline===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | [[Grand Tour (cycling)|Grand Tour]]<br />
! scope="col" | 2010<br />
! scope="col" | 2011<br />
! scope="col" | 2012<br />
! scope="col" | 2013<br />
! scope="col" | 2014<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="row" | [[File:Jersey pink.svg|20px|link=|alt=A pink jersey]] [[General classification in the Giro d'Italia|Giro d'Italia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2010 Giro d'Italia|DNF]]<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="row" | [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=|alt=A yellow jersey]] [[General classification in the Tour de France|Tour de France]]<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="row" | [[File:Jersey red.svg|20px|link=|alt=A red jersey]] [[List of Vuelta a España general classification winners|Vuelta a España]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2010 Vuelta a España|153]]<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Legend<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | —<br />
| Did not compete<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Did Not Finish|DNF]]<br />
| Did not finish<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.team-astana.eu/e/iglinsky.php|Profile on Team Astana official website}}<br />
*{{cyclingarchives|10519}}<br />
*[http://www.cyclingbase.com/palcoureurs.php?id=2896&idtitle=1 Palmares on Cycling Base (French)]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Iglinsky, Valentin}}<br />
[[Category:Kazakhstani male cyclists]]<br />
[[Category:1984 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey stage winners]]<br />
[[Category:Cyclists at the 2010 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Astana]]<br />
[[Category:Vuelta a España cyclists]]<br />
[[Category:Giro d'Italia cyclists]]<br />
[[Category:Doping cases in cycling]]<br />
[[Category:Kazakhstani sportspeople in doping cases]]</div>Rich Farmbroughhttps://en.encyclopedia.kz/index.php/Alexander_VinokourovAlexander Vinokourov2017-04-26T18:04:53Z<p>Rich Farmbrough: /* Grand Tour general classification results timeline */"col" should be "row" using AWB</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Redirect|Vinokourov|the Ukrainian track cyclist|Andriy Vynokurov}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox cyclist<br />
| name = Alexander Vinokourov<br>Алексaндр Винокуров<br />
| image = Alexander Vinokourov - Criterium du Dauphiné 2012 - 1ere étape (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Vinokourov at the [[2012 Critérium du Dauphiné]]<br />
| fullname = Alexander Nikolaivich Vinokourov <br>Алексaндр Николаевич Винокуров<br />
| nickname = Vino<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=yes|1973|9|16}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Petropavl]], [[Kazakhstan]]<br />
| currentteam = {{ct|AST}}<br />
| height = {{height|m=1.76|precision=0}}<br />
| weight = {{convert|69|kg|lb st|abbr=on}}<br />
| discipline = [[Road bicycle racing|Road]]<br />
| role = Rider (retired)<br>General manager<br />
| ridertype = All-rounder<br />
| amateuryears1 = 1997<br />
| amateurteam1 = EC Saint-Étienne Loire<br />
| proyears1 = 1998–1999<br />
| proteam1 = {{ct|ALM|1998}}<br />
| proyears2 = 2000–2005<br />
| proteam2 = {{ct|THR|2000}}<br />
| proyears3 = 2006 <br />
| proteam3 = {{ct|ONC|2006a}}<br />
| proyears4 = 2007<br />
| proteam4 = {{ct|AST|2007}}<br />
| proyears5 = 2009–2012<br />
| proteam5 = {{ct|AST|2009}}<br />
| manageyears1 = 2013–<br />
| manageteam1 = {{ct|AST|2013}}<br />
| majorwins = '''[[Grand Tour (cycling)|Grand Tours]]'''<br />
:'''[[Tour de France]]'''<br />
::4 individual stages ([[2003 Tour de France|2003]], [[2005 Tour de France|2005]], [[2010 Tour de France|2010]])<br />
:'''[[Vuelta a España]]'''<br />
::'''[[General classification in the Vuelta a España|General classification]]''' ([[2006 Vuelta a España|2006]])<br />
::[[Combination classification in the Vuelta a España|Combination classification]] (2006)<br />
::4 individual stages ([[2000 Vuelta a España|2000]], [[2006 Vuelta a España|2006]]) <br />
'''[[Race stage|Stage races]]'''<br />
:[[Critérium du Dauphiné|Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré]] (1999)<br />
:[[Paris–Nice]] (2002, 2003)<br />
:[[Tour de Suisse]] (2003)<br />
:[[Deutschland Tour]] (2001)<br />
:[[Giro del Trentino]] (2010)<br />
'''[[Classic cycle races|One-day races and Classics]]'''<br />
:{{nowrap|[[Kazakhstan National Road Race Championships|National Road Race Championships]] (2005)}}<br />
:[[Cycling at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Road Race]] ([[Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics&nbsp;– Men's road race|2012]])<br />
:[[Liège–Bastogne–Liège]] ([[2005 Liège–Bastogne–Liège|2005]], [[2010 Liège–Bastogne–Liège|2010]])<br />
:[[Amstel Gold Race]] (2003)<br />
| updated = 1 January 2014<br />
| show-medals = no<br />
| medaltemplates =<br />
{{Medal|Country|{{KAZ}}}}<br />
{{Medal|Sport|Men's [[road bicycle racing]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[Olympic Games]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Gold|[[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London]]|[[Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Road Race]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Silver|[[2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Sydney]]|[[Cycling at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Road Race]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[UCI Road World Championships]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Bronze |[[2004 UCI Road World Championships|2004 Verona]]|[[2004 UCI Road World Championships|Individual Time Trial]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Bronze |[[2006 UCI Road World Championships|2006 Salzburg]]|[[2006 UCI Road World Championships&nbsp;– Men's time trial|Individual Time Trial]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Games]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Gold|[[1994 Asian Games|1994 Hiroshima]]|[[Cycling at the 1994 Asian Games|Team Time Trial]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Silver|[[1994 Asian Games|1994 Hiroshima]]|[[Cycling at the 1994 Asian Games|Road Race]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Silver|[[2002 Asian Games|2002 Busan]]|[[Cycling at the 2002 Asian Games|Road Race]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Cycling Championships]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Gold|[[Asian Cycling Championships|2009 Tenggarong]]|[[Individual Time Trial]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Silver|[[Asian Cycling Championships|2009 Tenggarong]]|[[Road bicycle racing|Road Race]]}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Alexander Nikolayevich Vinokourov''' ({{lang-ru|Александр Николаевич Винокуров}}; born 16 September 1973) is a [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] former professional [[road bicycle racer]] and current general manager of UCI ProTeam {{ct|AST}}. As a competitor, his achievements include two bronze medals at the World Championships, four stage wins in the [[Tour de France]], four in the [[Vuelta a España]] plus the overall title in 2006, two [[Liège–Bastogne–Liège]] monuments, one Amstel Gold Race, and most recently, the gold medal at the [[Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics&nbsp;– Men's road race|2012 London Olympics Men's Road Race]]. Vinokourov is a past national champion of Kazakhstan, and a dual-medalist at the Summer Olympics.<br />
<br />
Vinokourov began cycling in 1984 as an 11-year-old, competing within the former Soviet Union.<ref name="astanafans1">{{cite web| url=http://astanafans.com/vino%E2%80%99s-parents-recall-his-childhood.html |title=Vino’s Parents Recall His Childhood |publisher=astanafans.com |accessdate=27 November 2011}}</ref> He moved to France in 1997 to finish his amateur career, and then turned professional there in 1998. After almost a decade as a professional, Vinokourov was caught [[blood doping]] during the [[2007 Tour de France]], which triggered the withdrawal of the entire Astana team from that year's race. After a 2-year suspension from competition, he returned to cycling in August 2009, riding first for the national team of Kazakhstan and then for his beloved Astana. A serious crash during the 2011 Tour de France threatened to prematurely end Vinokourov's career for a second time, but he announced he would continue for one more season in 2012&nbsp;– with an eye towards competing in the Olympic Games in London. There, Vinokourov played the role of ultimate spoiler when he dramatically won the gold medal in the men's road race after breaking-away in the closing miles with Colombian [[Rigoberto Urán]].<ref name="Vino spoils British road race party">{{cite web|last=Pretot|first=Julien|title=Vino spoils British road race party|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-07-28/sports/sns-rt-us-oly-cycl-crmrr-medals-day1bre86r12a-20120728_1_mark-cavendish-swiss-fabian-cancellara-chris-froome|publisher=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Vinokourov retired after the Olympics and assumed management duties with {{ct|AST}} for 2013. He is an honorary colonel in the [[Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan|Kazakh army]] but lives in France with his wife and children.<br />
<br />
==Racing career==<br />
<br />
===1984–1996: Early amateur career===<br />
According to his father Nikolay, Vinokourov began cycling at age 11 when he joined a branch of the Petropavl’s Children and Youth Sports School.<ref name="astanafans1"/> The Frenchman [[Vincent Lavenu]], who would later offer Vinokourov his first professional contract, reported that the young Kazakhstani was training on the road every day at age 11, and also competing in [[cyclo-cross]].<ref name="lavenu">{{cite web|url=http://tour-de-france.france2.fr/2005/tour-de-france_journal.php3?id_rubrique=106 |title=Lavenu: "On est le Auxerre du cyclisme" |publisher=France 2 |accessdate=27 July 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205230356/http://tour-de-france.france2.fr/2005/tour-de-france_journal.php3?id_rubrique=106 |archivedate=5 December 2006 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> In 1986 at age 13, Vinokourov became an athlete at a sports school in [[Almaty]], then the capital of Kazakhstan, where he would train for the next five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypeloton.com/displayarticle.asp?pk=5935|title=Alexander the great|publisher=Daily Peloton|accessdate=28 July 2007}}</ref><ref name="invino">{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/riders/2003/interviews/?id=alexandre_vinokourov03|title=In Vino Vertas|publisher=cyclingnews.com|accessdate=28 July 2007}}</ref> While fulfilling his compulsory two-year military service requirement, Vino also trained as part of the Soviet national team.<ref name="marie">{{cite web|url=http://ecsel.free.fr/Archives/pro/alexandre_vinokourov.htm|title=Échappée n°5 . Été 1997 Rencontre avec Alexandre Vinokourov et Andrei Kivilev par Marie Line GONLON|publisher=Espoir cycliste St Etienne Loire|accessdate=27 July 2007}}</ref> Like most top cyclists, Vino would train in Southern California during the winter months<br />
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After Kazakhstan declared independence from the Soviet Union on 16 December 1991, Vinokourov continued to train and race, though as a member of the Kazakhstani national team. He placed third behind [[Pascal Hervé]] of [[France]] in the Regio Tour amateur stage race in [[Germany]] in 1993 (Vinokourov later would win this race as a professional in 2004).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.velo-club.net/article.php?sid=18162|title=Palmarès du Regio-Tour International|publisher=velo-club.net|accessdate=27 July 2007}}</ref> Other notable performances during these early years include winning two stages at the 1995 Tour of Ecuador and the overall GC at the 1996 Tour of Slovenia. Vinokourov also competed in the [[1996 Olympic Games]] in Atlanta, where he finished 53rd in the men's road race&nbsp;– an event he won 16 years later.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/archives/jul96/ogmrr1.html|title=Men’s Olympic road race|publisher=cyclingnews.com|accessdate=28 July 2007}}</ref><br />
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===1997: Amateur career at Espoir cycliste St-Etienne Loire===<br />
In the winter of 1996, Gilles Mas, [[directeur sportif]] of the Agrigel-La Creuse team, received a letter from the coach of the Kazakhstani national team, inquiring about the possibility of placing six Kazakhstani cyclists in European professional teams. Mas agreed to take-on the best two, but only on condition they first rode for the amateur Espoir Cycliste Saint-Etienne Loire (ECSEL) clube for a year. Mas and Pierre Rivory of ECSEL chose [[Andrey Mizurov]] and Vinokourov.<br />
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Vinokourov arrived in France on 22 March 1997, after a sub-par performance due to illness in the [[Tour de Langkawi]] as a member of Kazakhstan's national team.<ref>{{cite web|last=Callahan|first=Ron|title=Astana to ride Tour de Langkawi|url=http://www.bikeworldnews.com/2011/12/21/astana-ride-tour-de-langkawi/|publisher=Bike World News|accessdate=30 July 2012|date=21 December 2011}}</ref> While Vino readily adapted to Europe, Mizurov&nbsp;– who had won the inaugural time trial in the [[1997 Tour de Langkawi]]&nbsp;– struggled with homesickness and contemplated a return to Kazakhstan.<ref name="marie" /> Ultimately, in May 1997, Mizurov was replaced by Vinokourov's former classmate [[Andrei Kivilev]], who was then racing with an amateur team in [[Burgos]] in [[Spain]] after having placed 29th in the previous year's Olympic road race.<ref name="marie" /> Mizurov would later turn professional in 1999 with {{ct|UNI|1999}}, and he reunited with Vinokourov in 2007 at {{ct|AST|2007}}.<br />
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Vinokourov came second in a stage of the Tour of Auvergne two weeks after he arrived in Europe, and was best climber in a Coupe de France race a week later. Then, during a trial for the Casino professional team at the Tour of Saône et Loire, Vino won three of the four stages.<ref name="marie" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.velo101.com/actualite/default.asp?Id=8958&Section=Elites2|title=Interview de Jean Niger, directeur d'organisation de l'Essor Breton|publisher=velo101.com|accessdate=27 July 2007}}</ref> In total, Vinokourov would win ten races for his amateur club, leading [[Vincent Lavenu]] to offer him a two-year professional contract to ride for Casino in 1998–1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humanite.fr/journal/1997-07-19/1997-07-19-783598 |title=Article paru le 19 juillet 197 |publisher=l’Humanite |accessdate=27 July 2007 |df=dmy }}{{dead link|date=January 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
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===1998–2002===<br />
Vinokourov won six races in 1998, his first year as a professional, including the [[Four Days of Dunkirk]], the Tour de l'Oise, and stages in both the [[Tour of Poland]] and Circuit des Mines.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news/2002/mar02/mar18news.php |title=2002 Paris–Nice winner biography |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref> In early-1999, he won the [[Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana]] stage race, and three months later took two stages of the [[Midi Libre]]. Vinokourov also won the [[Critérium du Dauphiné|Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré]], beating the American [[Jonathan Vaughters]] along the way. (Vino lost the yellow jersey to Vaughters after the [[Mont Ventoux]] [[time trial]] but regained it on the following mountain stage.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/1999/jun99/dauphine997.html |title=51st Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=5 April 2007}}</ref>)<br />
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In 2000, Vinokourov joined {{ct|THR|2000}}. He won the combination competition in [[Paris–Nice]] and finished third in the [[Critérium International]].<ref name="invino" /> He came 15th in the Tour de France after working for captain [[Jan Ullrich]]. His first win for the German team was stage 18 in the [[Vuelta a España]], in which he caught the two riders in the breakaway and sprinted past [[Roberto Laiseka]] and [[Vicente Garcia Acosta]] in the last 300 metres.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/2000/aug00/vuelta00/stages/vueltalivecomp18.shtml |title=Complete live report, Stage 18 Veulta |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=5 April 2007}}</ref> He came second several weeks later in the [[2000 Olympic Games|Olympic Games]] behind Ullrich and in front of another Telekom teammate, [[Andreas Kloden]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/2000/sep00/oly00/results/roadmen.shtml |title=2000 Men's Olympic Road Race results and report |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref><br />
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Vinokourov time-trialed to a stage win in the 2001 [[Deutschland Tour]] and took the yellow jersey from his Telekom teammate [[Erik Zabel]]. The dominance of the Telekom team was evident the following day when [[Rolf Aldag]] won and Vinokourov gained a minute and a half over the peloton to ensure victory.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/2001/may01/tourofgermany017.shtml |title=2001 Tour of Germany stage 7 results and report |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref> He rode the Tour de France that year in support of Ullrich, where he finished 16th overall.<br />
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Vinokourov won [[Paris–Nice]] in 2002, taking the leader's jersey after attacking [[Laurent Jalabert]] and [[Andrei Kivilev]] on Mont Faron.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/2002/mar02/parisnice02/parisnice024.shtml |title=2002 Paris–Nice Stage 4 results and report |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref> The penultimate stage to the Col d’Eze, a mountaintop finish, Vinokourov kept his lead and won Paris–Nice the following day. Later in 2002, he won the first mountain stage in the Tour de Suisse<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/jun02/TourDeSuisse02/?id=results/stage3 |title=2002 Tour de Suisse stage 3 results and report |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref> but several stages later he fell on a mountain descent and was taken to hospital after the stage.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news/?id=2002/jun02/jun24news |title= Vinokourov unsure about continuing Tour de Suisse |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref> Vino abandoned the race to prepare for the Tour but it was discovered two weeks later that he had a broken [[coccyx]] and could not ride the [[2002 Tour de France]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/tour02/?id=news/jul02/jul05 |title= Vinokourov out of Telekom's Tour team |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref><br />
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===2003–2005===<br />
[[File:Alexandre Vinokoerov2.jpg|thumb|left|Vinokourov races 2004 Worlds TT.|alt=A cyclist riding a bike while in an aerodynamic position.]]<br />
2003 would be a breakthrough year for Vinokourov, but one marred by an early-season personal tragedy that nevertheless drove him to perform inspirationally. His close friend [[Andrei Kivilev]] fell heavily during the second stage of Paris–Nice, slipped into a coma, and died during the night.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news/?id=2003/mar03/mar12news2 |title=Cyclingnews flash Kivilev dies of injuries |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref> The loss of his compatriot weighed heavily on Vinokourov, but he rallied and declared that he was more motivated than ever to win.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news/?id=2003/mar03/mar14news |title=Cyclingnews Vinokourov more motivated than ever |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref> Stage three had been neutralized and stage four was a time trial, but on stage five, which featured the race's only mountaintop finish, Vinokourov honoured his late-friend with a spectacular attack on Mont Faron that won him the stage and the leader’s jersey. As he crossed the line, Vinokourov pointed skyward, and later explained to the press:<br />
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<blockquote>"Most of all, [it's a victory for] for Andrei Kivilev. He wanted to win on Mont Faron and also Paris–Nice. I really gave everything for this victory, and today was a coup double, for him and for his family. I found the strength to continue the race, only for him, for his family, for his little boy. I'm satisfied today for myself and for them. I'm going to do everything to keep the jersey, and for that I found a double strength, myself and his strength as well. It's fantastic, and I'm very happy. For sure it's a victory for him, and I hope to keep the jersey until Nice."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2003/mar03/parisnice03/?id=results/stage5 |title=Emotional Vinokourov does it for Kivilev |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=27 November 2011}}</ref></blockquote><br />
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Two days later, Vinokourov won Paris–Nice and in a final gesture to his friend, he displayed a photograph of Kivilev on the podium.<br />
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[[File:Alexandre Vinokourov LBL2006 cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|Vino at 2006 Liège–Bastogne–Liège.|alt=A man wearing a blue and yellow cycling jersey while standing.]]<br />
Forty days later, after the traditional period for mourning in Kazakhstan, Vinokourov won the [[Amstel Gold Race]]. He had reached the leading group with 10 kilometres to go, and attacked them at the 5&nbsp;km banner. Vinokourov built an advantage of 15 seconds that he fought to maintain up the steep [[Cauberg]] finishing climb, winning by four seconds ahead of [[Michael Boogerd]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2003/worldcup03/amstel03/?id=results |title=Amstel Gold Race 2003 report and results |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref><br />
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Vinokourov attacked on the flat first stage of the [[2003 Tour de Suisse]] and only the Russian, [[Serguei Ivanov]], could match him. Vinokourov won the stage and took the lead.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2003/jun03/tourdesuisse03/?id=results/stage1 |title=Tour de Suisse 2003 stage 1 report and results |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref> [[Francesco Casagrande]] dropped Vinokourov on the first mountain stage and closed the gap to six seconds. Casagrande attacked again on the following mountain stage and took the jersey. But Casagrande cracked several days later in an [[individual time trial]] as Vinokourov finished fifth to retake the jersey and win the race.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2003/jun03/tourdesuisse03/?id=results/stage9 |title=Tour de Suisse Stage 9 report and results |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref><br />
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Vinokourov was for the first time riding to win in the [[2003 Tour de France]]. He was to share this role in his team with the Colombian, [[Santiago Botero]]. Vinokourov finished second on the stage to the [[l'Alpe d'Huez]]. He attacked the following day on the final climb 9&nbsp;km from the finish and won the stage. He moved into second overall 21 seconds short of [[Lance Armstrong]]. Several days later in the [[individual time trial]], won by Ullrich, Vinokourov took third position and kept it to the end. He was voted the [[Combativity award|most combative rider]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2003/tour03/?id=results/stage20 |title=Tour de France Stage 20 report and results |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref><br />
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Vinokourov missed the break on the second stage of the 2004 Paris–Nice that gained five minutes.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2004/mar04/parisnice04/?id=results/stage2 |title=2004 Paris Nice Stage 2 report and results |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref> but he won three stages. He attacked towards the end of a small climb on the fifth stage with 8&nbsp;km to go. He built ten seconds and won by four seconds. He dedicated the win to Kivilev.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2004/mar04/parisnice04/?id=results/stage5 |title=2004 Paris Nice Stage 5 report and results |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref> Vinokourov attacked the lead group on the flat windy coastal road in the finale of stage 7,with 5&nbsp;km to go. He caught and passed [[Samuel Sánchez]] with 2&nbsp;km to go and won the stage.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2004/mar04/parisnice04/?id=results/stage7 |title=2004 Paris Nice Stage 7 report and results |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref> Vinokourov won the final stage in a breakaway sprint against [[Denis Menchov]] .<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2004/mar04/parisnice04/?id=results/stage8 |title=2004 Paris Nice Stage 8 report and results |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref><br />
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Vinokourov came third in [[Liège–Bastogne–Liège]], behind [[Davide Rebellin]] and [[Michael Boogerd]]. Boogerd and Vinokourov had been matching each other while Rebellin waited for the sprint and won.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2004/worldcup04/lbl04/?id=results |title=2004 Liege Bastogne Liege report and results |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref> Vinokourov crashed on the second stage of the [[Tour de Suisse]],<ref>{{cite web| url= http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2004/jun04/tourdesuisse04/?id=results/stage2 |title=2004 Tour de Suisse Stage 2 report and results |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref> tearing ligaments in his shoulder. That stopped his riding the [[2004 Tour de France]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2004/jun04/jun15news |title=Cycling news June 15 |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref><br />
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He returned for the Regio Tour at the start of August. In the second stage, he won the [[time trial]]. In the following stage, he won the bunch sprint and took the leader’s jersey to win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2004/aug04/regio04/regio045 |title=Regio Tour Stage 5 results, report and photos |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref> He then rode the [[2004 Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]] but due to food poisoning lost time during the first week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2004/sep04/sep09news |title=Cycling news September 9th|publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref> Vinokourov recovered and finished fourth in the [[time trial]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2004/vuelta04/?id=results/vuelta0415|title=Vuelta a España 2004 Stage 15 results, report and photos|publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref> He rode the world championship and took the bronze medal in the [[time trial]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2004/worlds04/?id=results/worlds045|title=2004 UCI World Time Trial Championships time trial|publisher=Cyclingnews|accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref><br />
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Vinokourov’s first win in 2005 and the first for the team was [[Liège–Bastogne–Liège]]. He broke away with [[Jens Voigt]] with more than 50&nbsp;km to go. Vinokourov attacked on the final short climb 6&nbsp;km from the finish but could not get away from Voigt. Instead he waited and beat Voigt in the sprint.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2005/apr05/lbl05/?id=results|title=2005 Liege Bastogne Liege |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref> In the [[Dauphiné Libéré]], Vinokourov won the stage on [[Mont Ventoux]]. He had attacked the favourites for the [[2005 Tour de France|Tour de France]], reaching the breakaway before attacking at several hundred metres on the uphill finish to win the stage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2005/jun05/dauphinelibere05/?id=results/dauphinelibere054|title=2005 Criterium de Dauphine Libere stage 4 results, report and photos|publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref> Vinokourov travelled back to Kazakhstan to win the national championship ahead of Mizourov and Kashechkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2005/jun05/kazkakhstan05/kazkakhstan053|title=2005 Kazakhstan National Road Race Championships|publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Tour de France Pforzheim 2005-07-09a.jpg|left|thumb|Vinokourov at the 2005 Tour de France sign-in, in Pforzheim.|alt=A group of cyclists on a stage near a podium.]]<br />
Vinokourov said in July 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2005/jun05/jun28news2|title=June 28th interview with Alexandre Vinokourov|publisher=cyclingnews.com|accessdate=27 July 2007}}</ref> that he was in as good condition as 2003, when he came third. Vinokourov said he was riding "for the team". The implication was that he would be leader if he or [[Andreas Klöden]] (second in [[2004 Tour de France|2004]]) rode better than Ullrich. Vinokourov came third in the opening time trial, beating Ullrich and Klöden by 15 seconds and 1:08. The American, Lance Armstrong, followed Vinokourov's attacks on stage 8 but let Klöden go. Vinokourov rode separately from his teammates, bringing speculation regarding Ullrich's role in the team.<br />
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Vinokourov lost time in the mountains. Revenge came when he won stage 11 in a break, outsprinting Santiago Botero.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2005/tour05/?id=results/tour0511|publisher=Cyclingnews.com|title=2005 Tour de France Stage 11, Courchevel-Briançon|accessdate=27 July 2007}}</ref><br />
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Tension between Vinokourov and his team boiled on stage 14 into the Pyrenees where Vinokourov was dropped. He chased for 20&nbsp;km and then attacked, but Kloden and Ullrich reeled him in, bringing criticism of T-Mobile's tactics which were apparently just to support Ullrich. Vinokourov settled his differences when he won stage 21 to Paris.<br />
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After 3rd place in the time trial in the penultimate stage, losing time to only Armstrong and Ullrich, Vinokourov moved to 6th, trailing [[Levi Leipheimer]] in 5th by two seconds. The final stage, usually a formality, became a showdown between Vinokourov and Leipheimer. A sprint prime with time bonuses came at 75&nbsp;km in Châteny-Malabry. Leipheimer and his Gerolsteiner team came to the front. Leipheimer needed to prevent Vinokourov from getting it. Gerolsteiner set a fast tempo to discourage Vinokourov. But 1.5&nbsp;km from the sprint, Vinokourov attacked. Soon only Leipheimer could hold his wheel, but he was not able to pass and so Vinokourov gained six seconds, Leipheimer four. Leipheimer was ahead only by a fraction of a second. When they reached Paris officials stopped the clock due to dangerous conditions (the cobblestone road was wet and slippery from rain), and the final sprint prime was cancelled.<br />
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Leipheimer said he was informed that normal bonus time for 1st, 2nd and 3rd place on the stage would also not be awarded. He and others thought Leipheimer had 5th place. In the final kilometers, several riders broke clear but were caught. Then, as the pace was increasing, Vinokourov moved to the front. With 2&nbsp;km remaining, [[Laurent Brochard]] attacked and Vinokourov jumped on his wheel. A few seconds later [[Brad McGee]] closed the gap. When Brochard cracked, McGee moved to the front, but Vinokourov followed. They achieved a gap that could not be closed. McGee zigged and zagged, making Vinokourov work, but Vinokourov found enough power to pull around McGee and win.<br />
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<blockquote>That was victory made of courage and guts&nbsp;– I really gave it all in the last kilometres, although I didn't think it was possible until I crossed the line. I just went 'à bloc'&nbsp;– it's unbelievable, magnificent! I have no words for it...I did think a lot about [[Andrei Kivilev|Kivilev]] yesterday in St. Etienne, and I think that motivated me even more. I'm very happy to win.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}</blockquote><br />
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Tour officials awarded time bonuses after all, so Vinokourov gained 20 seconds to put him into 5th place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/riders/2005/diaries/levi/tour05.php?id=levi0528|title=Levi Leipheimer describes how Vinokourov knocked him out of 5th place in the final stage of the 2005 Tour|publisher=cyclingnews.com|accessdate=27 July 2007}}</ref> As his contract with T-Mobile was up in 2005, many speculated which team he would join, and whether it would give him full support in 2006. The team turned out to be [[Manolo Saiz]]'s {{ct|ONC|2006a}} team.<br />
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===2006–2007===<br />
Liberty Seguros withdrew sponsorship on 25 May 2006 after the arrest of Manolo Saiz relating to blood doping. A coalition of companies from Kazakhstan took over sponsorship, now called {{ct|ONC|2006c}}. On 30 June 2006, Astana-Würth withdrew from the [[2006 Tour de France]] after five riders were implicated in the [[Operación Puerto doping case]], leaving Vinokourov, one of the favorites, with three teammates, below the required six riders. Vinokourov was never accused or implicated.<br />
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In the [[2006 Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]], the team was known simply as {{ct|ONC|2006d}} after [[Würth]] departed sponsorship. After losing time in the first mountains, Vinokourov went into attack. He lost the 7th stage to [[Alejandro Valverde]], took revenge by winning the 8th and 9th stages and climbed to 5th place at the end of the first week. After a good time trial, and aggressive climbing on stages 17 & 18 (stage 18 was won by Kashechkin), Vinokourov took first place and claimed the gold jersey from Valverde. After a strong time trial, his 3rd stage victory, Vinokourov won the Vuelta.<br />
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Following his one and only Grand Tour victory at the Vuelta, Vinokourov rode to a podium finish at the [[2006 UCI Road World Championships&nbsp;– Men's time trial|World Championships TT]] in Salzburg, where he took third behind winner [[Fabian Cancellara]] of Switzerland, and the American runner-up, [[David Zabriskie]]&nbsp;– both of {{ct|SAX|2005}}. Vino dropped his chain in the middle of the 15 percent climb, but in his typical laconic manner brushed-off the mishap, explaining:<br />
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<blockquote>"I had a hard time putting it back on, but the time I lost only counted for second or third place, so it wasn't that important. Now, I'll concentrate on the road race, for which I'm really motivated."<ref>{{cite web |last=Kröner |first=Hedwig |title=Fabian, the superman World's TT turns out a CSC festival |publisher=Cyclingnews.com |accessdate=1 August 2012 |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2006//worlds06/?id=results/worlds063 |date=21 September 2006}}</ref></blockquote><br />
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Vinokourov started the [[2007 Tour de France]] as a definite "Yellow jersey favourite,"<ref>{{cite web|title=Vinokourov and Klöden crash|url=http://www.bikeradar.com/news/article/vinokourov-and-klden-crash-11547/|publisher=AFP|date=12 July 2007}}</ref> with a new team backed by the same Kazakh sponsors who had taken over Liberty Seguros in 2006&nbsp;– {{ct|AST|2007}}. The Tour started well for Vino when he placed 7th in the [[London]] prologue, losing a mere 30 seconds to time-trial specialist Fabian Cancellara. Vino was ranked inside the top-10 through the second stage, and he remained in contention for the overall until the fifth stage, when he experienced a misfortune.<ref>{{cite web|last=Brallier|first=Max|title=Top Tour de France Rider Hurt in Crash|url=http://www.newser.com/story/4234/top-tour-de-france-rider-hurt-in-crash.html|publisher=Newser.com|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=13 July 2007}}</ref> As the peloton accelerated before the final climb, Vinokourov fell heavily at high speed and tumbled into a ditch with 25k to go. He suffered severe cuts and abrasions to both knees and elbows, and serious bruising to his right buttock.<ref name="farrand2007">{{cite web|last=Farrand|first=Stephen|title=VINO'S TOUR CHANCES IN DOUBT AFTER CRASH|url=http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest/348794/vino-s-tour-chances-in-doubt-after-crash.html|publisher=Cycling Weekly|date=12 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vinokourov and Klöden crash|url=http://www.bikeradar.com/news/article/vinokourov-and-klden-crash-11547/|publisher=BikeRadar.com|accessdate=1 August 2012|author=AFP|date=12 July 2007|quote=Astana's team leader Vinokourov got back on his bike to rejoin the peloton after crashing inside the last 30km...the Kazakh rider came down on the tarmac while racing at speed.}}</ref> The wounded Kazakh could be seen standing on the left side of the road, gesticulating while a frantic teammate struggled to fix his leader's damaged bike.<br />
<br />
The main field did not slow to allow Vinokourov to reintegrate with the bunch, but instead raced on towards the finish in Autun. Vino remounted and began to chase, calling back seven of his eight teammates to help his bid to regain the leaders.<ref name="farrand2007"/> The Astana train pursued the favorites, until Vinokourov himself surged ahead of his companions and lead the last wave of the chase. When Vino crossed the line, he finished 1–20 behind his main rivals, all of whom arrived together.<ref name="farrand2007"/><br />
<br />
After the dramatic crash and the serious injuries, Vino expectantly lost time in the Alps, and he was dismissed from the list of GC contenders.<br />
<br />
But despite his injuries, and after seemingly being written off by the press and his rivals, Vinokourov rallied and won the first individual time trial by 1:14 from [[Cadel Evans]]. With tranquility and some modesty, Vino explained:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"I am happy with my performance, I am finding my legs again. Now I want to attack in the Pyrénées. I want to thank everyone in and around the team that encouraged me to get through the Alps."<ref>{{cite web| url= http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/tour07/?id=results/tour0713 | title = A mighty maillot jaune holds&nbsp;– Vino returns with stage win |publisher = Cyclingnews.com}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
He also won stage 15, a mountain stage finishing in Loudenvielle.<br />
<br />
===Blood doping suspension===<br />
The next day (24 July) Vinokourov failed a doping control following his time trial victory. His blood had a double population of [[erythrocyte]]s, which implied a [[Blood transfusion#Procedures|homologous transfusion]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.team-astana.eu/f/actualite.php | title = Alexandre Vinokourov contrôlé positif, Astana Cycling Team se retire du Tour de France | publisher = Team Astana}}</ref> He delivered a positive for [[blood doping]] on 24 July 2007.<ref name=faileddopetest>{{cite news|title=Team says Vinokourov fails dope test<br />
| url = http://www.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idUSL2475229520070724 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=24 July 2007 |date=24 July 2007 }}</ref><br />
<br />
As a result, his {{ct|AST|2007}} team pulled out after being requested to withdraw by [[Amaury Sport Organisation|ASO]] president [[Patrice Clerc]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/tour07/news/?id=/news/2007/jul07/jul25news| title = Vinokourov positive for transfusion, Astana quits Tour| publisher = Cyclingnews| date = 25 July 2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
Vinokourov's B sample came back positive a few days later, and Cadel Evans was declared winner of stage 13. Vinokourov was stripped of his stage 15 victory, which was awarded to [[Kim Kirchen]] of [[Luxembourg]]. According to [[Phil Liggett]], long-time commentator for the Tour, "It is incomprehensible that Vinokourov could do such a thing when he must have known he was under suspicion because of his dealing with disgraced doctor [[Michele Ferrari]] in Italy. He must have known he would be tested at every opportunity, and the time trial was the perfect occasion."<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.versus.com/tdf/article/view/40064/?ss=report&tf=DailyReports_read.tpl | title = Versus Daily Reports, The 94th Tour de France, from July 7th to 29th 2007|publisher = Versus}}</ref><br />
<br />
Vinokourov received a one-year suspension from the [[Kazakhstan Cycling Federation]] The [[Union Cycliste Internationale|UCI]] was angered by the short ban—a lighter sentence than those received by other cyclists found guilty, such as [[Tyler Hamilton]] and [[Ivan Basso]]—which would allow him to ride in the [[2008 Beijing Olympics]].<ref>[http://velonews.com/race/int/articles/13767.0.html VeloNews | Thursday's EuroFile: Light Vino' sentence irks UCI; Klöden sticks with Astana; ex-Olympian was informer | The Journal of Competitive Cycling] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208191855/http://velonews.com/race/int/articles/13767.0.html |date=8 December 2007 }}</ref> His team Astana then threatened to sue Vinokourov for damages,<ref>[http://www.olntv.com/tdf/article/archive/163/?ss=report&tf=DailyReports_list.tpl Paul Sherwen], Versus TV network commentary (7-26-07)</ref> as did [[Cadel Evans]] and team {{ct|OLO|2007}}, due to the publicity they lost for Evans not being named the winner at the time of the stage.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}<br />
<br />
In December 2007, Vinokourov announced his retirement.<ref name="Banned Vinokourov quits cycling">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/7131015.stm |title=Banned Vinokourov quits cycling |date=7 December 2007 |accessdate=7 December 2007 |publisher=BBC Sport| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090424052234/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/7131015.stm| archivedate=24 April 2009<!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2009–2010===<br />
[[File:Alexandr Vinokourov-IMG 1345.jpg|thumb|right|Vinokourov in 2011 Tour de Romandie prologue.|alt=A cyclist riding a time trial while wearing a skinsuit.]]<br />
Vinokourov, banned for a year after doping at the 2007 Tour de France, told the Belgian TV program Sporza that he wanted to race again in 2009. He said: <blockquote>"I love cycling. I want to come back because I didn't want to end my career in this way. I feel as if I can win once again the big races."</blockquote><br />
<br />
The UCI then renewed an appeal to the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]], asking it to overturn the one-year suspension by the Kazakh federation and to impose a standard two-year ban. This appeal, originally filed in 2007, was dropped when Vinokourov said he was retiring.<ref>[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/more/12/22/vinokourov.ap/index.html UCI Asks Sport Court to Keep Cyclist Vinokourov Banned] 22 December 2008</ref> The case was retabled and the CAS ruled the ban would expire on 24 July 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tas-cas.org/en/infogenerales.asp/4-3-3337-1092-4-1-1/5-0-1092-15-1-1/ |title=CAS preliminary decision |publisher=Tas-cas.org |date= |accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Vinokourov made his comeback in [[Tour de l'Ain]] in August 2009, riding for Kazakhstan. In the third stage, a time trial over 8.6&nbsp;km, he won his first race after his ban.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/6016058/Alexandre-Vinokourov-claims-first-victory-on-Tour-de-lAin-after-return-from-doping-ban.html|title=Alexandre Vinokourov claims first victory on Tour de l'Ain after return from doping ban|publisher=Telegraph|date=12 August 2009|accessdate=20 August 2009}}</ref> Vinokourov re-joined Astana on 24 August 2009 and was named for the [[2009 Vuelta a España]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/vinokourov-to-head-to-the-tour-of-spain-with-astana |title=Vinokourov To Head To The Tour Of Spain With Astana |publisher=Cyclingnews.com |date= |accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Starting his first full professional season since being sanctioned for doping after the [[2007 Tour de France]] and sidelined from the sport, Vinokourov began systematically building his form for a planned debut at the [[2010 Giro d'Italia]]. He rode well in the early-season Tour of the Mediterranean, where he finished 5th overall, and served as a super-domestique for his Astana teammate [[Alberto Contador]] at the Critérium International.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vinokourov wants pink in Giro d'Italia, hopes to ride Tour de France|url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/3885/Vinokourov-wants-pink-in-Giro-dItalia-hopes-to-ride-Tour-de-France.aspx|publisher=VeloNation Press|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=21 April 2010|quote="Yesterday's Giro del Trentino opening time trial saw Astana's Alexandre Vinokourov notch up his third win since returning from his two-year doping ban."}}</ref> Vino stormed to victory in April at the opening time trial of the Giro del Trentino in Italy, where he took 35 seconds out of former Giro winner [[Ivan Basso]] in only 12.5&nbsp;km. He successfully defended his overall lead and won the event over another ex-doper, [[Riccardo Riccò]] of the Ceramica Flaminia team.<ref>{{cite web|title=Giro del Trentino: Vinokourov secures overall, Pozzovivo the stage|url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/3908/Giro-del-Trentino-Vinokourov-secures-overall-Pozzovivo-the-stage.aspx|publisher=VeloNation Press|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=23 April 2010|quote="Alexandre Vinokourov (Astana) successfully defended his overall lead in the Giro de Trentino today."}}</ref> It was his first major win since he returned to Astana the previous August, and an unusually-expressive Vinokourov shared his thoughts post-race:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"It’s a great satisfaction. By winning the first stage against the clock I didn’t think I would keep the jersey until the end. I even thought not to ride this last stage because I would have driven to Liege if there was no plane. Fortunately, the volcano in Iceland has subsided. I have a flight tonight from Bergamo to Belgium. It [the fact that he wouldn't have to drive] especially helped me to defend my jersey until the final. Riccó is very strong and I feared him a lot with a uphill finish like today. He arrived second and I went fourth just 12 seconds behind, which means that my legs were not bad either."<ref>{{cite web|title=Giro del Trentino: Vinokourov secures overall, Pozzovivo the stage|url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/3908/Giro-del-Trentino-Vinokourov-secures-overall-Pozzovivo-the-stage.aspx|publisher=VeloNation Press|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=23 April 2010}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
[[File:Alexander Vinokourov, Olympic Road Race London - July 2012.jpg|thumb|left|Vino leads the break in 2012 Olympics RR.]]<br />
Because of his doping shame, Vinokourov could not count on riding the [[2010 Tour de France]], but Giro organizers had no similar qualms about inviting him to their event. Accordingly, he targeted a strong performance in the Italian grand tour, although he took pains to downplay his chances of overall victory:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"I do not talk about winning [the Giro d'Italia], but I would certainly [aim to] wear the pink jersey for one day. That would be nice for my collection."<ref>{{cite web|title=Vinokourov wants pink in Giro d'Italia, hopes to ride Tour de France|url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/3885/Vinokourov-wants-pink-in-Giro-dItalia-hopes-to-ride-Tour-de-France.aspx|publisher=VeloNation Press|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=21 April 2010|quote="With his win yesterday, he is in with a chance to grab the Giro d'Italia's leader's jersey at the opening 8.5 kilometer time trial in Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
With Contador's help, Vinokourov won the [[2010 Liège–Bastogne–Liège]],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/8643172.stm |title=Astana's Alexander Vinokourov wins in Liege|date=25 April 2010|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=BBC|accessdate=26 April 2010 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100429012959/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/8643172.stm| archivedate= 29 April 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> six seconds clear of breakaway companion [[Alexandr Kolobnev]] with Spain's [[Alejandro Valverde]] coming in third, more than a minute after the pair.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/liege-bastogne-liege-2010/results|title=Vinokourov victorious at La Doyenne|work=Cycling News|publisher=Future Publishing Limited|date=27 April 2010|accessdate=23 September 2012|author=Brecht Decaluwé}}</ref> In December 2011, Swiss magazine ''L'Illustre'' ran a story about how Vinokourov had allegedly bought the victory.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/cyclingcentral/news/33905/vinokourov-bought-2010-liege-bastogne-magazine-alleges|title=Vinokourov bought 2010 Liege-Bastogne magazine alleges|work=Cycling Central|publisher=SBS 2012|agency=AFP|date=7 December 2011|accessdate=23 September 2012}}</ref> It was revealed that Kolobnev (who was not on the same team) received a payment of 100,000 Euros after the race from a bank account owned by the Kazakh in [[Monaco]] to Kolobnev's bank account in [[Locarno]].<ref name="Vino LBL"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest/531067/vinokourov-fights-liege-bastogne-liege-bribe-allegations.html|title=Vinokourov fights Liege-Bastogne-Liege bribe allegations|work=Cycling Weekly|publisher=IPC Media Sports & Leisure network|date=7 December 2011|accessdate=23 September 2012|author=Gregor Brown}}</ref> The magazine published the e-mail exchange between the two, which started the day after the race. In these, Kolobnev wonders if he had done the right thing by letting Vino win and shares a copy of his bank info, expressing concerns that they may get caught. Vino replies: “You have done everything properly, do not worry. As you say, the Earth is round and God sees everything [...] Do not worry about the agreement, I will do it.”<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/emails-between-vinokourov-and-kolobnev-published|title=Emails between Vinokourov and Kolobnev published|work=Cycling News|publisher=Future Publishing Limited|date=7 December 2011|accessdate=23 September 2012}}</ref> Vinokourov did not deny a payment was made, but said that he did not buy the race: “It’s another story to blacken my name. I often loan money left and right.”<ref name="Vino LBL">{{cite news|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2011/12/news/magazine-alleges-alexander-vinokourov-bought-2010-liege-bastogne-liege-victory_199358|title=Magazine alleges Alexander Vinokourov bought 2010 Liège-Bastogne-Liège victory|work=Velo News|publisher=2012 Competitor Group, Inc.|date=6 December 2011|accessdate=23 September 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Paired to perfection with his Spanish teammate in the Ardennes, Vino paved the way for Contador's supremacy in July, and pledged fealty to the defending Tour de France champ, whom he vowed to support:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"It has always been the plan that I'd work for Alberto at the Tour and for myself at the Giro."<ref>{{cite web|last=Quénet|first=Jean-François|title=Vinokourov seeks overall victory at the Giro|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/vinokourov-seeks-overall-victory-at-the-giro|publisher=Cyclingnews.com|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=7 May 2010|quote="Alexandre Vinokourov will start the Giro d'Italia on Saturday with the aim of winning the overall classification but he admits he has no experience at the Italian Grand Tour and didn't reconnoitre the tricky mountain stages that include the Zoncolan, Plan de Corones, the Mortirolo and the Gavia climbs among others."}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
Barely a month later at the [[2010 Giro d'Italia|Giro d'Italia]], Vinokourov finished 6th overall after having worn the [[maglia rosa]] for five dramatic days.<br />
<br />
On just his third day ever racing the Giro, Vino inherited the pink leader's jersey from [[Cadel Evans]] of BMC after the Australian was involved in a seafront crash with 15&nbsp;km to go to the finish.<ref>{{cite web|last=Quénet|first=Jean-François|title=Vinokourov pretty in pink at first Giro|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/vinokourov-pretty-in-pink-at-first-giro|publisher=Cyclingnews.com|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=10 May 2010|quote=On just his third ever day in the Giro d’Italia, Alexandre Vinokourov (Astana) has taken the leader's jersey from Cadel Evans (BMC).}}</ref> Vinokourov couldn't hide the fact that he was happy to lead the Giro:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>“I was riding the last ten kilometres without thinking of taking the pink jersey. I had seen that Andre Greipel was up there, so I was convinced that he’d win the stage and take the pink jersey with the time bonus. But he didn’t win, so the jersey is mine. To get it is wonderful. I received it without looking for it, really. This is my first participation to the Giro d’Italia and I already have the jersey.”<ref>{{cite web|last=Quénet|first=Jean-François|title=Vinokourov pretty in pink at first Giro|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/vinokourov-pretty-in-pink-at-first-giro|publisher=Cyclingnews.com|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=10 May 2010}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
Vinokourov fulfilled his promise to Contador and served as his teammate's super-domestique during the Tour, which Contador completed ahead of [[Andy Schleck]] and [[Denis Menchov]]. However Contador's victory was vacated when it was determined he had [[Alberto Contador#2010 Tour de France|tested positive]] for a minute amount of the banned drug [[clenbuterol]]. Despite this, Astana still saw some measure of success in the Tour, with Vinokourov winning stage 13 after a solo attack over the last climb of the day and a determined effort to hold off the field.<ref>{{cite news|last=Keaten|first=Jamey|title=Alexandre Vinokourov wins Tour de France stage after return from doping ban|url=http://m.jacksonville.com/sports/2010-07-17/story/alexandre-vinokourov-wins-tour-de-france-stage-after-return-doping-ban|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=17 July 2010|quote="Alexandre Vinokourov did his time for doping. Now, he's back to basking in Tour de France glory again."}}</ref> With typical Vino understatement, he summed up his triumph:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"I showed I worked hard in these two years."<ref>{{cite news|last=Keaten|first=Jamey|title=Alexandre Vinokourov wins Tour de France stage after return from doping ban|url=http://m.jacksonville.com/sports/2010-07-17/story/alexandre-vinokourov-wins-tour-de-france-stage-after-return-doping-ban|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=17 July 2010}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
===2011–2012===<br />
In the 9th stage of the [[Tour de France 2011]] Vinokourov fell and broke his right [[femur]]. On 17 July 2011, his "retirement" from professional cycling was announced, unofficially and without comment, on [[Twitter]] pages by fellow cyclists. Later that day he confirmed his retirement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itv.com/tourdefrance/2011/news/vinokourov-crashes-out-of-tour/ |title=Four riders including Vinokourov abandon tour after mountain crash&nbsp;– News&nbsp;– Tour de France |publisher=ITV |date= |accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref> Rehabilitating from the accident he discovered he felt better than he had anticipated, and decided to ride the [[2011 Giro di Lombardia]] before retiring. In September, he decided to postpone his retirement altogether, and announced he would return for the 2012 season and ride for Astana in the Tour de France.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.letour.fr/2012/TDF/RIDERS/us/engages.html |title=Starters&nbsp;– Tour de France 2012 |publisher=Letour.fr |date= |accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Alexander Vinokourov 2, London 2012 Time Trial - Aug 2012.jpg|thumb|right|Vinokourov riding the Time Trial at the 2012 Olympics in London.|alt=A cyclist riding a bike while wearing a skinsuit and an aerodynamic helmet.]]<br />
True to his word, Vinokourov returned to pro cycling in 2012 as a rider and debuted at the Tour de Langkawi with his Astana teammates,<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Adam|title=Alexander Vinokourov to start the new season at the Tour of Langwaki 2012 | url=http://blogs.bettor.com/Alexander-Vinokourov-to-start-the-new-season-at-the-Tour-of-Langkawi-2012-a129022|publisher=Bettor.com|accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref> the same place that Vinokourov started his pro career with Casino with his 1997 performance with the Kazakhstan national team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cyclingtime.com/en/2553/article/Cyclingtime-interview-with-Alexandre-Vinokourov |title=Cyclingtime interview with Alexandre Vinokourov |publisher=Cyclingtime.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-02}}</ref><ref name="velonation"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Vinokourov says Astana is targeting overall victory|url=http://kazworld.info/?p=19793|publisher=Kazworld.info|accessdate=30 July 2012|date=21 February 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Vinokourov stated that the team was aiming for the "overall title", as opposed to any personal win.<ref name="velonation">{{cite web| last=Stokes|first=Shane |title=Vinokourov says Astana is targeting overall victory in Tour de Langkawi| url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/11189/Vinokourov-says-Astana-is-targeting-overall-victory-in-Tour-de-Langkawi.aspx|publisher=Velonation.com|accessdate=30 July 2012|date=19 February 2012}}</ref> He explained,<br />
<blockquote>"This is my first big race since I crashed at the Tour de France last year and it will be a good start for my season, for me to find my rhythm before heading to Europe for the Classics."<ref name="velonation"/></blockquote><br />
<br />
While he had a quiet spring season of racing, barring accident, illness, or another doping scandal, Vinokourov's spot on Astana's [[Tour de France 2012]] roster was secure owing to his status within the team and the symbolic importance for Kazakhstan of his participation. And while he did not win a stage, Vinokourov featured in several breakaways, including an attack on [[2012 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 20#Stage 18|Stage 18]] that saw him win the [[Combativity award in the Tour de France|Combativity award]] for the day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tour de France: Vinokourov misses out on stage win, gets most aggressive rider award on stage 18|url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/12456/Tour-de-France-Vinokourov-misses-out-on-stage-win-gets-most-aggressive-rider-award-on-stage-18.aspx|publisher=Velonation Press|accessdate=30 July 2012|date=20 July 2012|quote=Vinokourov had to be satisfied with the most aggressive rider award on today’s eighteenth stage of the race.}}</ref><br />
<br />
One week after the conclusion of the Tour, Vinokourov won the gold medal in the [[Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics&nbsp;– Men's road race|Men's Road Race]] at the London 2012 Olympics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18909585|title=Mark Cavendish's Olympic bid fails as Alexandre Vinokourov wins gold|accessdate=28 July 2012}}</ref> Vinokourov and the Colombian [[Rigoberto Urán]] attacked out of a large breakaway group with 8&nbsp;km to go and worked steadily together until the finish. He then drew ahead of Urán in the final three hundred meters, and crossed the line alone, arms-aloft.<ref>{{cite web|last=Benson|first=Daniel|title=Vinokourov wins Olympic gold medal|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/2012-olympic-games/olympic-mens-road-race/results|publisher=Cyclingnews.com|accessdate=31 July 2012|date=28 July 2012}}</ref> Afterward, he said,<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"It's just unbelievable. I finished the Tour de France a little tired, but the Olympics, I must go there.''" About the breakaway group, he continued, "''It was up-down, up-down, too many people. It was very dangerous. I knew that if I was following the group I would have had no chance in the sprint. I finish my career with this victory."<ref name="nbcolympics1">{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/news-blogs/cycling/vinokourov-wins-gold-in-road-race.html|title=Vinokourov of Kazakhstan wins Olympic road race|accessdate=28 July 2012}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
Confirming his retirement after collecting his medal, Vinokourov&nbsp;– the only Olympic medalist in the men's road race from an Asian country&nbsp;– also became the only cyclist to win two medals in the discipline. Before winning gold in 2012, he claimed silver in 2000 (see [[List of Olympic medalists in cycling (men)|Men's Road Race]] for a list of all medalists in this event). Vinokourov's last official competition would be the [[Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics&nbsp;– Men's road time trial|time trial at the Olympics]] the following week. He explained:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"It is nice to finish off my career with a gold medal. I will still race in the time trial on Wednesday, but I will just spin. I have what I have wanted. I have the gold medal and I can envision my retirement."<ref name="nbcolympics1"/></blockquote><br />
<br />
After his win, he released a statement saying that he may "continue in select events in 2012".<br />
<br />
<blockquote>“I just won an Olympic title. It was a dream, so I cannot be sad. This is the last important race of my career, but I might race some other races at the end of this season as an Olympic champion.”<ref>{{cite web|title=Vinokourov may start future races, would like to become sport director|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2012/08/news/vinokourov-may-start-future-races-would-like-to-become-sport-director_232620|publisher=VeloNews|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=1 August 2012|quote="Olympic road race champion Alexander Vinokourov rode what he had planned to be his final race as a professional on Wednesday in the Olympic time trial and said afterward that he may continue in select events in 2012 and would like to work as a sports director."}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==Retirement==<br />
On 16 September 2012, Vinokourov auctioned his Olympic gold-winning Specialized bicycle. It was sold to the Tak Group Company for $243,000. The starting price amounted to $50,000. Vinokourov donated the money from the auction for treatment of five children with serious diseases.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}<br />
<br />
<blockquote>“The bicycle brought good luck to me and I can now support the young citizens of Kazakhstan who are having a difficult time by selling this bicycle. I hope that some of them will become champions, not necessarily in sport, but in their own lives. They should be strong in spirit and fight to the end! And this way they will win,” Vinokourov said at the closure of the auction.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/people/Cycling-Vinokourov-auctioned-his-gold-winning-bicycle-13007/|title=Cycling: Vinokourov auctioned his gold-winning bicycle|work=Tengrinews.kz English|accessdate=18 September 2012}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
In the autumn of 2012, Alexander Vinokourov entered [[L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University]] to work towards a master's degree in Physical Education.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/people/Cycling-Alexandre-Vinokourov-enrolled-at-prestigious-University-12506/|title=Cycling: Alexandre Vinokourov enrolled at prestigious University|work=Tengrinews.kz English|accessdate=4 September 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Two months later the [[Union Cycliste Internationale]] initiated an investigation of Alexandre Vinokourov and Russia's [[Alexandr Kolobnev]] over allegations brought by the Swiss news magazine ''L’lllustre'' and Italian newspaper ''[[Corriere della Sera]]''. They accused Vinokourov of cutting a deal with [[Alexandr Kolobnev]] in 2010 to aid him in winning [[Liège–Bastogne–Liège]]. They alleged 150 thousand euros exchanged hands. The UCI's investigation is still pending.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/sport/Vinokourov-summoned-to-UCI-regarding-his-Liege-Bastogne-Liege-victory-14270/ |title=Vinokourov summoned to UCI regarding his Liege-Bastogne-Liege victory|work=Tengrinews.kz English|accessdate=6 November 2012}}</ref> In August 2014 prosecutors in Liège confirmed that Vinokourov and Kolobnev had been charged with corruption for the alleged deal, with possible penalties including a jail term of between six and 36 months and a fine of between 600 and 300,000 euros.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.skysports.com/cycling/news/15264/9432996/alexandre-vinokourov-faces-up-to-three-years-in-prison-if-found-guilty-of-corruption-charge |title=Alexandre Vinokourov faces up to three years in prison if found guilty of corruption charge |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=21 August 2014 |website=[[skysports.com]] |accessdate=12 September 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career achievements==<br />
===Major results===<br />
{{colbegin|3}}<br />
;1994<br />
: [[1994 Asian Games|Asian Games]]<br />
::1st [[File:Gold medal blank.svg|15px]] [[Cycling at the 1994 Asian Games|Team time trial]]<br />
::2nd [[File:Silver medal blank.svg|15px]] [[Cycling at the 1994 Asian Games|Time trial]]<br />
::2nd [[File:Silver medal blank.svg|15px]] [[Cycling at the 1994 Asian Games|Road race]]<br />
;1998<br />
: 1st [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px]] Overall [[Tour de Picardie]]<br />
::1st Stage 2a<br />
: 1st [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px]] Overall [[Circuit de Lorraine]]<br />
::1st Stage 4<br />
: 1st [[File:Jersey pink.svg|20px]] Overall [[Four Days of Dunkirk]]<br />
: 1st Stage 6 [[Tour de Pologne]]<br />
: 2nd Overall [[Vuelta a Murcia]]<br />
: 2nd [[Grand Prix de la Ville de Lillers]]<br />
;1999<br />
: 1st [[File:Jersey yellow-bluebar.svg|20px]] Overall [[Critérium du Dauphiné|Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré]]<br />
::1st Stage 2<br />
: 1st [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px]] Overall [[Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana]]<br />
::1st Stage 5b<br />
: 1st Stage 3 [[Tour du Limousin]]<br />
: 2nd Overall [[Grand Prix du Midi Libre]]<br />
::1st Stages 2 & 6<br />
;2000<br />
: 1st Stage 18 [[2000 Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]]<br />
: 1st Stage 1 ([[Team Time Trial|TTT]]) [[Tour de Suisse]]<br />
: 2nd [[File:Silver medal olympic.svg|15px]] [[Cycling at the 2000 Summer Olympics&nbsp;– Men's road race|Road race]], [[2000 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]<br />
: 3rd Overall [[Critérium International]]<br />
;2001<br />
: 1st [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px]] Overall [[Deutschland Tour]]<br />
::1st Stage 6<br />
: 1st Stage 4 [[Tour de Suisse]]<br />
;2002<br />
: 1st [[File:Jersey white.svg|20px]] Overall [[Paris–Nice]]<br />
::1st Stage 4<br />
: 1st Stage 3 [[Tour de Suisse]]<br />
: 1st [[File:Silver medal blank.svg|15px]] [[Cycling at the 2002 Asian Games|Road race]], [[2002 Asian Games|Asian Games]]<br />
;2003<br />
: 1st [[File:Jersey white.svg|20px]] Overall [[Paris–Nice]]<br />
::1st Stage 5<br />
: 1st [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px]] Overall [[Tour de Suisse]]<br />
::1st Stage 1<br />
: 1st [[2003 Amstel Gold Race|Amstel Gold Race]]<br />
: 3rd Overall [[2003 Tour de France|Tour de France]]<br />
::1st Stage 9<br />
: 3rd Overall [[Deutschland Tour]]<br />
;2004<br />
: 1st [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px]] Overall [[Regio-Tour]]<br />
::1st Stages 2 & 3<br />
: [[2004 Paris–Nice|Paris–Nice]]<br />
::1st Stages 5, 7 & 8<br />
: 3rd [[File:Bronze medal blank.svg|15px]] [[2004 UCI Road World Championships – Men's time trial|Time trial]], [[2004 UCI Road World Championships|UCI Road World Championships]]<br />
: 3rd [[2004 Liège–Bastogne–Liège|Liège–Bastogne–Liège]]<br />
;2005<br />
: 1st [[File:MaillotKaz.PNG|20px]] [[Kazakhstan National Road Race Championships|Road race]], National Road Championships<br />
: 1st [[2005 Liège–Bastogne–Liège|Liège–Bastogne–Liège]]<br />
: 1st Stage 4 [[2005 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré|Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré]]<br />
: 5th Overall [[2005 Tour de France|Tour de France]]<br />
::1st Stages 11 & 21<br />
;2006<br />
: 1st [[File:Jersey gold.svg|20px]] Overall [[2006 Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]]<br />
::1st [[File:Jersey white.svg|20px]] Combination classification<br />
::1st Stages 8, 9 & 20<br />
: 1st [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px]] Overall [[Vuelta a Castilla y León]]<br />
::1st Stage 5<br />
: 3rd [[File:Bronze medal blank.svg|15px]] [[2006 UCI Road World Championships – Men's time trial|Time trial]], [[2006 UCI Road World Championships|UCI Road World Championships]]<br />
;2007<br />
: [[2007 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré|Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré]]<br />
::1st [[File:Jersey green.svg|20px]] Points classification<br />
::1st Stages 3 & 7<br />
: 3rd Overall [[2007 Tirreno–Adriatico|Tirreno–Adriatico]]<br />
;2009<br />
: [[Asian Cycling Championships]]<br />
::1st [[File:Gold medal blank.svg|15px]] Time trial<br />
::2nd [[File:Silver medal blank.svg|15px]] Road race<br />
: 1st [[Chrono des Nations]]<br />
: 1st Stage 3b [[Tour de l'Ain]]<br />
;2010<br />
: 1st [[File:Jersey red.svg|20px]] Overall [[Giro del Trentino]]<br />
::1st Stage 1 ([[Individual time trial|ITT]])<br />
: 1st [[2010 Liège–Bastogne–Liège|Liège–Bastogne–Liège]]<br />
: 1st Stage 13 [[2010 Tour de France|Tour de France]]<br />
: 2nd [[2010 Clásica de San Sebastián|Clásica de San Sebastián]]<br />
: 6th Overall [[2010 Giro d'Italia|Giro d'Italia]]<br />
;2011<br />
: 3rd Overall [[2011 Tour de Romandie|Tour de Romandie]]<br />
::1st Stage 3<br />
: 3rd Overall [[2011 Critérium du Dauphiné|Critérium du Dauphiné]]<br />
: 4th [[2011 La Flèche Wallonne|La Flèche Wallonne]]<br />
: 8th Overall [[2011 Tour of the Basque Country|Tour of the Basque Country]]<br />
::1st Stage 3<br />
;2012<br />
: 1st [[File:Gold medal olympic.svg|15px]] [[Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics&nbsp;– Men's road race|Road race]], [[2012 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]<br />
: [[File:Jersey red number.svg|20px]] [[Combativity award in the Tour de France|Combativity award]] Stage 18 [[2012 Tour de France|Tour de France]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
===Grand Tour general classification results timeline===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | [[Grand Tour (cycling)|Grand Tour]]<br />
! scope="col" | 1999<br />
! scope="col" | 2000<br />
! scope="col" | 2001<br />
! scope="col" | 2002<br />
! scope="col" | 2003<br />
! scope="col" | 2004<br />
! scope="col" | 2005<br />
! scope="col" | 2006<br />
! scope="col" | 2007<br />
! scope="col" | 2008<br />
! scope="col" | 2009<br />
! scope="col" | 2010<br />
! scope="col" | 2011<br />
! scope="col" | 2012<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="row" | [[File:Jersey pink.svg|20px|link=|alt=A pink jersey]] [[General classification in the Giro d'Italia|Giro d'Italia]]<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddf;"|[[2010 Giro d'Italia|6]]<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="row" | [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=|alt=A yellow jersey]] [[General classification in the Tour de France|Tour de France]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[1999 Tour de France|35]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2000 Tour de France|15]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2001 Tour de France|16]]<br />
|—<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddf;"|'''[[2003 Tour de France|3]]'''<br />
|—<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddf;"|[[2005 Tour de France|5]]<br />
|—<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2007 Tour de France|DNF]]<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2010 Tour de France|15]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2011 Tour de France|DNF]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2012 Tour de France|31]]<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="row" | [[File:Jersey red.svg|20px|link=|alt=A red jersey]] [[General classification in the Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]]<br />
|—<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2000 Vuelta a España|28]]<br />
|—<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2002 Vuelta a España|DNF]]<br />
|—<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2004 Vuelta a España|DNF]]<br />
|—<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|'''[[2006 Vuelta a España|1]]'''<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2009 Vuelta a España|DNF]]<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Legend<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | —<br />
| Did not compete<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Did Not Finish|DNF]]<br />
| Did not finish<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Other==<br />
Vinokourov was awarded the rank of honorary colonel in the Kazakh army in 2000, after he finished second to his then-Telekom teammate [[Jan Ullrich]] in the men's Olympic road race in Sydney. He was again recognized by the state for his sporting prowess in 2003 after finishing third overall in the Tour and received a medal as People’s Hero First Class.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/07/sports/cycling/07iht-bike.html |title=Vinokourov Back After 2-Year Ban for Doping |publisher=New York Times}}</ref> In late-2011 Vino was named as a candidate for parliamentary elections in Kazakhstan despite still being active as a professional cyclist.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/10500/Vinokourov-named-as-a-candidate-for-parliamentary-elections-in-Kazakhstan.aspx#ixzz1em5rLPuP |title=Vinokourov named as a candidate for parliamentary elections in Kazakhstan |publisher=Velonation}}</ref><br />
Alexander Vinokourov opened his own bicycle shop on 5 May 2012 in Almaty.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/show_and_style/Vinokourov-will-open-bicycle-shop-in-Almaty-9523/|title=Vinokourov will open bicycle shop in Almaty|work=Tengrinews.kz English|accessdate=27 April 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of doping cases in cycling]]<br />
* [[List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cycling archives|8128}}<br />
* [http://www.dopeology.org/people/Alexander_Vinokourov/ Dopeology.org&nbsp;– doping history]<br />
* [http://www.tas-cas.org/d2wfiles/document/4761/5048/0/Bulletin01112010.pdf#page=71 Arbitration CAS 2008/A/1458 Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) v. Alexander Vinokourov & Kazakhstan Cycling Federation]<br />
* [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Alexandre-Vinokourov/374951987462 Facebook page]<br />
<br />
{{Footer Olympic Champions Road Cycling Men}}<br />
{{Tour de France combativity award winners}}<br />
{{Vuelta a Espana winners}}<br />
{{Vuelta a España Combination Classification}}<br />
{{Liège–Bastogne–Liège winners}}<br />
{{Astana riders}}<br />
{{commons|Alexander Vinokourov}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vinokourov, Alexander}}<br />
[[Category:1973 births]]<br />
[[Category:Doping cases in cycling]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Petropavl]]<br />
[[Category:Cyclists at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]<br />
[[Category:Cyclists at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]<br />
[[Category:Cyclists at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]<br />
[[Category:Cyclists at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]<br />
[[Category:Kazakhstani male cyclists]]<br />
[[Category:Kazakhstani sportspeople in doping cases]]<br />
[[Category:Olympic cyclists of Kazakhstan]]<br />
[[Category:Olympic silver medalists for Kazakhstan]]<br />
[[Category:Tour de France Champs Elysées stage winners]]<br />
[[Category:Kazakhstani Tour de France stage winners]]<br />
[[Category:Vuelta a España stage winners]]<br />
[[Category:Vuelta a España winners]]<br />
[[Category:Tour de Suisse stage winners]]<br />
[[Category:Olympic medalists in cycling]]<br />
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for Kazakhstan]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in cycling]]<br />
[[Category:Cyclists at the 1994 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Cyclists at the 2002 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Astana Pro Team]]<br />
[[Category:Tour de France cyclists]]<br />
[[Category:2010 Tour de France stage winners]]<br />
[[Category:Vuelta a España cyclists]]<br />
[[Category:Giro d'Italia cyclists]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Kazakhstan]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for Kazakhstan]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games]]</div>Rich Farmbroughhttps://en.encyclopedia.kz/index.php/Andrey_KashechkinAndrey Kashechkin2017-04-26T18:00:46Z<p>Rich Farmbrough: /* Grand Tour general classification results timeline */"col" should be "row" using AWB</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox cyclist<br />
| name = Andrey Kashechkin<br />
| image = Andrey Kashechkin-IMG 1814-001.jpg<br />
| image_size =<br />
| caption = Kashechkin in the [[2011 Tour de Romandie]]<br />
| fullname = Andrey Kashechkin<br />Андрей Кашечкин<br />
| nickname = Kash<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|3|21}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kyzyl-Orda]], Soviet Union<br />
| height = {{convert|1.84|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<br />
| weight = {{convert|72 |kg|lb|abbr=on}}<br />
| currentteam =<br />
| discipline = Road<br />
| role = Rider<br />
| ridertype = All-rounder<br />
| amateuryears1 =<br />
| amateurteam1 =<br />
| proyears1 = 2001–2002<br />
| proteam1 = Domo-Farm Frites<br />
| proyears2 = 2003<br />
| proteam2 = {{ct|QST|2003}}<br />
| proyears3 = 2004–2005<br />
| proteam3 = {{ct|C.A|2004}}<br />
| proyears4 = 2006<br />
| proteam4 = {{ct|ONC|2006a}}<br />
| proyears5 = 2007<br />
| proteam5 = {{ct|AST|2007}}<br />
| proyears6 = 2010–2011<br />
| proteam6 = {{ct|LAM|2010}}<br />
| proyears7 = 2011–2013<br />
| proteam7 = {{ct|AST|2011}}<br />
| majorwins = Vuelta a España, 1 stage <br /> Paris-Nice, 1 stage<br />
| updated = 1 January 2014<br />
}}<br />
'''Andrey Kashechkin''' ({{lang-kz|'''Андрей Кашечкин'''}}, born March 21, 1980) is a [[Kazakhstan]]i [[road racing cyclist]], who last rode for the [[UCI ProTour]] team {{ct|AST|2013}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/astana-plans-to-cause-problems-for-sky-in-2014|first=Alasdair|last=Fotheringham|authorlink=Alasdair Fotheringham|work=[[Cyclingnews.com]]|publisher=[[Future plc]]|date=5 November 2013|accessdate=1 January 2014|title=Astana plans to cause problems for Sky in 2014|quote=One rider who will not be part of the Astana roster - according to Martinelli - is Andrey Kashechkin.}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Kashechkin was born in [[Kyzyl-Orda]], in the former [[Kazakh SSR|Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]].<br />
<br />
After the junior World Championships at [[Valkenburg aan de Geul|Valkenburg]], Kashechkin moved to [[Belgium]], where he turned pro in 2001 with the [[Domo-Farm Frites]] team. In 2003, he moved to {{ct|QST|2003}}, and the following year to French squad {{ct|C.A|2004}}.<br />
<br />
After two seasons in that team, Kashechkin joined {{ct|ONC|2006a}}, where he posted good results throughout the 2006 season.<br />
<br />
Kashechkin was in 8th place in the overall classification after 15 stages of the [[2007 Tour de France]]. However, his Tour was ended when his {{ct|AST|2007}} team withdrew from the event after team leader [[Alexander Vinokourov]] tested positive for blood doping.<br />
<br />
==Doping==<br />
In August 2007, Kashechkin tested positive for blood doping after [[2007 Tour de France]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Thomas|first=Steve|title=Kashechkin tests positive for blood doping|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/kashechkin-tests-positive-for-blood-doping|publisher=Cyclingnews.com|accessdate=24 July 2013|date=August 9, 2007}}</ref> He was fired from Astana on August 31 after his B-sample also tested positive.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kashechkin is fired by Astana team|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/SPORT/08/31/cycling.astana/index.html|publisher=CNN.com|accessdate=24 July 2013|date=31 August 2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kashechkin intended to return to pro cycling in the middle of 2009, but was unable to find a team. In June 2010, it was reported that Kashechkin was in negotiations with {{ct|LAM|2010}},<ref>http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/06/news/lampre-confirms-talks-with-kashechkin_121523</ref> and he later signed with them.<ref>http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/kashechkin-signs-with-lampre-farnese-vini</ref> In the middle of the 2011 season, however, Lampre released him and he re-signed with Astana in order to ride the [[Vuelta a España]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kashechkin return to Astana in Vuelta pending|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/kashechkin-return-to-astana-in-vuelta-pending|publisher=Cyclingnews.com|accessdate=24 July 2013|date=6 August 2011}}</ref> He had some trouble again at Astana in 2012 and was sidelined after refusing to sign an ethical agreement, although eventually the team reinstated him once he complied.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kashechkin reinstated at Astana|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/kashechkin-reinstated-at-astana|publisher=cyclingnews.com|accessdate=24 July 2013|date=31 December 2012}}</ref> Later, in the 2012 USADA Report into doping on the [[US Postal cycling team|US Postal]] team, affidavits revealed he and others went to training camps set up by Dr. Michelle Ferrari.<br />
<br />
==Career achievements==<br />
===Major results===<br />
{{colbegin|2}}<br />
;2001<br />
:1st [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px]] Overall [[Le Triptyque des Monts et Châteaux]]<br />
;2003<br />
:1st Stage 2 [[Tour de Luxembourg]]<br />
;2004<br />
:1st Overall [[Sachsen Tour]]<br />
:1st [[Grand Prix de Fourmies]]<br />
:3rd [[Regio Tour International]]<br />
;2005<br />
:2nd, Young riders classification, [[2005 Tour de France|Tour de France]]<br />
;2006<br />
:{{KAZ}} [[2006 National Cycling Championships|National road race champion]]<br />
:1st Stage 6 [[Paris-Nice 2006|Paris-Nice]]<br />
:3rd Overall [[Vuelta a España 2006|Vuelta a España]]<br />
::1st Stage 18<br />
:3rd Overall [[Deutschland Tour 2006|Deutschland Tour]]<br />
:3rd [[Clásica de San Sebastián 2006|Clásica de San Sebastián]]<br />
;2007<br />
:3rd Overall [[2007 Tour de Romandie|Tour de Romandie]]<br />
:3rd Overall [[Dauphine Libere]]<br />
;2009<br />
:2nd Overall Drei Etappen Rundfahrt Frankfurt<br />
:1st Stage 2<br />
;2010<br />
:1st ZLM Tour<br />
:3rd Overall [[Vuelta a la Independencia Nacional]]<br />
;2012<br />
:1st Stage 4 [[Vuelta a la Independencia Nacional]]<br />
:1st Stage 1 [[Giro della Valle d'Aosta]]<br />
:1st Stage 2 [[Tour of Bulgaria]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
===Grand Tour general classification results timeline===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | [[Grand Tour (cycling)|Grand Tour]]<br />
! scope="col" | 2002<br />
! scope="col" | 2003<br />
! scope="col" | 2004<br />
! scope="col" | 2005<br />
! scope="col" | 2006<br />
! scope="col" | 2007<br />
! scope="col" | 2008<br />
! scope="col" | 2009<br />
! scope="col" | 2010<br />
! scope="col" | 2011<br />
! scope="col" | 2012<br />
! scope="col" | 2013<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="row" | [[File:Jersey pink.svg|20px|link=|alt=A pink jersey]] [[General classification in the Giro d'Italia|Giro d'Italia]]<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="row" | [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=|alt=A yellow jersey]] [[General classification in the Tour de France|Tour de France]]<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2005 Tour de France|19]]<br />
|—<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2007 Tour de France|DNF]]<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2012 Tour de France|78]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2013 Tour de France|DNF]]<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="row" | [[File:Jersey red.svg|20px|link=|alt=A red jersey]] [[General classification in the Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]]<br />
| align="center" |[[2002 Vuelta a España|DNF]]<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
| align="center" style="background:#ddddff;"|[[2006 Vuelta a España|'''3''']]<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
|—<br />
| align="center" |[[2010 Vuelta a España|18]]<br />
| align="center" |[[2011 Vuelta a España|89]]<br />
| align="center" |[[2012 Vuelta a España|34]]<br />
|—<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Legend<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | —<br />
| Did not compete<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | [[Did Not Finish|DNF]]<br />
| Did not finish<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of doping cases in cycling]]<br />
*[[List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offenses]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Andrey Kashechkin}}<br />
*{{official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20060824131824/http://www.andreykashechkin.com:80/}}<br />
*{{trapfriis|kazakhstan.Kashechkin.htm}}<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/6937634.stm Kashechkin tests positive for blood doping]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashechkin, Andrey}}<br />
[[Category:1980 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kyzylorda]]<br />
[[Category:Kazakhstani male cyclists]]<br />
[[Category:Kazakhstani sportspeople in doping cases]]<br />
[[Category:Doping cases in cycling]]<br />
[[Category:Vuelta a España stage winners]]<br />
[[Category:Olympic cyclists of Kazakhstan]]<br />
[[Category:Cyclists at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in cycling]]<br />
[[Category:Cyclists at the 2002 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Cyclists at the 2010 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Tour de France cyclists]]<br />
[[Category:Vuelta a España cyclists]]</div>Rich Farmbroughhttps://en.encyclopedia.kz/index.php/Volga_TatarsVolga Tatars2017-04-16T21:17:01Z<p>Rich Farmbrough: Fix spelling of Encyclopædia Britannica or similar; using AWB</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = Volga Tatars<br />
| image = <br />
| pop = c. 6.8 million<!--see below--><br />
| region1 = {{flag|Russia}} :<br />
*{{flag|Tatarstan}} : 2,012,571<br />
*{{flag|Bashkortostan}} : 1,009,295<br />
*{{flag|Moscow}} : 149,043<br />
| pop1 = 5,310,649<br />
| ref1 = <ref>[http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity] {{ru icon}}</ref><br />
| region2 = {{flag|Uzbekistan}}<br />
| pop2 = 467,829<br />
| ref2 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://ula.uzsci.net/portal/library/atlas/ethnic_minorities.pdf |title=Uzbekistan – Ethnic minorities |publisher= |accessdate=2011-06-03}}</ref><br />
| region3 = {{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br />
| pop3 = 203,371<br />
| ref3 = <ref name="Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на 1 января 2012 года">Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике: [http://www.stat.kz/publishing/2012/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C/12_2011_%D0%91-15-10-%D0%93.rar Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на 1 января 2012 года]</ref><br />
| region4 = {{flag|Ukraine}}<br />
| pop4 = 73,304<br />
| ref4 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/|title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001|work=Ukraine Census 2001|publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=27 September 2012}}</ref><br />
| region5 = {{flag|Turkmenistan}}<br />
| pop5 = 36,355<br />
| ref5 = <ref name="Итоги всеобщей переписи населения Туркменистана по национальному составу в 1995 году.">'''Asgabat.net'''-городской социально-информационный портал :[http://asgabat.net/turkmenistan/itogi-vseobschei-perepisi-naselenija-turkmenistana-po-nacionalnomu-sostavu-v-1995-godu.html Итоги всеобщей переписи населения Туркменистана по национальному составу в 1995 году.]</ref><br />
| region6 = {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br />
| pop6 = 28,334<br />
| ref6 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113151445/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |archivedate=November 13, 2013 }}</ref><br />
| region7 = {{flag|Azerbaijan}}<br />
| pop7 = 25,900<br />
| ref7 = <ref>http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls</ref><br />
| region8 = {{flag|Turkey}}<br />
| pop8 = 25,500<br />
| ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15284/TU|title=Tatar in Turkey|author=Joshua Project|publisher=|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref><br />
| region9 = {{flag|China}}<br />
| pop9 = 5,000<br />
| ref9 = <br />
| region10 = {{flag|Lithuania}}<br />
| pop10 = 4,000<br />
| ref10 =<br />
| region11 = {{flag|Estonia}}<br />
| pop11 = 1,981<br />
| ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.ee/34267|title=Population by ethnic nationality|publisher=[[Statistics Estonia]]|accessdate=30 March 2016}}</ref><br />
| region12 = {{flag|Finland}}<br />
| pop12 = 900<br />
| ref12 = <br />
| languages = [[Tatar language|Tatar]], [[Russian language|Russian]]<br />
| religions = [[Sunni Islam]] Majority<br>[[Kryashens|Orthodox Christian]] Minority<br>[[Irreligion]]<br />
| related = [[Bashkirs]], [[Chuvash people]]<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Vasnetsov Tatary Idut.jpg|thumb|Warriors of the [[Golden Horde]] raid upon Moscow.]]<br />
<br />
The '''Volga Tatars''' are a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] ethnic group, native to the [[Volga-Ural region]], [[Russia]]. <br />
They are in turn subdivided into various subgroups. They compose 53% of the population of [[Tatarstan]]. Volga Tatars are Russia's second-largest ethnicity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interpretermag.com/kazan-tatars-see-no-future-for-themselves-in-putins-russia/ |title=Kazan Tatars See No Future for Themselves in Putin’s Russia |publisher=The Interpreter |date=24 March 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Volga Tatar history==<br />
Tatars inhabiting the Republic of Tatarstan, a federal subject of Russia, constitute one third of all Tatars, while the other two thirds reside outside Tatarstan. The formation of some of the communities residing outside Tatarstan took place before the [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917 due to Tatars being specialized in trading.<ref name="princeton">{{cite web |url=http://www.princeton.edu/~turkish/aatt/tatar.htm |title=TATAR. THE LANGUAGE OF THE LARGEST MINORITY IN RUSSIA |publisher=Princeton University}}</ref><br />
<br />
The emergence of ethnonym "Tatar" is disputed, with two theses trying to explain its origins. Mongol thesis, according to which etymology can be traced back to the Chinese "Ta-Tan" or "Da-Dan", is more widely accepted than Turkic one.<ref name="rorlich"/> Ethnonym "Tatar" first emerged in the fifth century CE/AD.<ref name="brittanica">{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Tatar |title=Tatar |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><br />
<br />
The 14th century saw the spread of [[Sunni Islam]] among the Tatars.<ref name="brittanica"/> Tatars became subjects of Russia after the [[Siege of Kazan]] in 1552.<ref name="gorenburg"/> Since Russians linked Tatars with the Mongol [[Golden Horde]] (that ruled Russia in the 13th century), they began to negatively stereotype the Tatar people. Due to these negative stereotypes, some of which persist in modern Russian society, recently some Tatar intellectuals have been trying to link Tatar heritage with the historic [[Bulgars|Bulgar]] population of today's Tatarstan. Russians were using the Tatar ethnonym during the 18th and 19th centuries to denote all Turkic inhabitants of the Russian Empire, however the Turkic peoples of the Russian Empire before the emergence of the Soviet Union did not usually self-identify as Tatars.<ref name="gorenburg">{{cite web |url=http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no7_ses/chapter04.pdf |title=TATARS AS MESO-NATION |author=DMITRY GORENBURG}}</ref> Up to the end of the 19th century, Volga Tatars mainly identified themselves as Muslims until the rehabilitation of the ethnonym Tatar occurred.<ref name="rorlich">{{cite web |url=http://groznijat.tripod.com/fadlan/rorlich1.html |title=1. The Origins of the Volga Tatars |author=Azade-Ayshe Rorlich |publisher=Stanford University}}</ref> Russian officials used literary Tatar language to interact with the [[Turkic peoples]] of the [[Russian Empire]] before the end of the 19th century. Volga Tatar role in the Muslim national and cultural movements of the Russian Empire before the 1917 Revolution is significant and this situation continued even after 1917.<ref name="princeton"/> Tatar authorities attempted in the 1990s to reverse the [[Russification]] of Tatarstan that took place during the Soviet period.<ref name="gorenburg"/><br />
<br />
===Bulgarism===<br />
"Bulgarism" is a term for the position that the Volga Tatars are significantly descended from the [[Volga Bulgars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.tripod.com/~Groznijat/fadlan/rorlich1.html|title=A. Rorlich - Origin of the Volga Tatars|publisher=|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref><ref>[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]], article on ''Tatarstan''.</ref><ref>Viktor Aleksandrovich Shnirelʹman, Who gets the past?: competition for ancestors among non-Russian intellectuals in Russia, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1996, ISBN 0-8018-5221-8, ISBN 978-0-8018-5221-3. Limited preview at Google Books [https://books.google.com/books?id=4iwHp8amsdEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s] (Chapter ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4iwHp8amsdEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=The%20Rivalry%20for%20the%20Bulgar%20Legacy&f=false The Rivalry for the Bulgar Legacy]'').</ref><br />
<br />
A more accepted position, however, is that the Volga Tatar ethnogenesis was completed upon the arrival of the [[Kipchaks]], [[Cumans]] and [[Mongols]] to the lands inhabited by the Volga Bulgars.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}<br />
<br />
==Volga Tatar subgroups==<br />
===Kazan (Qazan) Tatars===<br />
The majority of Volga Tatars are Kazan Tatars. They form the bulk of the Tatar population of Tatarstan. Traditionally, they inhabit the left bank of [[Volga river]].<ref>Татары (Серия «Народы и культуры» РАН). М.: Наука, 2001. — P.36.</ref><br />
<br />
[[Khazar]] invasions forced Bulgars, Turkic people, to migrate from the [[Azov]] steppes to the Middle Volga and lower [[Kama River|Kama]] region during the first half of the eighth century.<ref name="rorlich"/> In the period of 10th–13th centuries, Turkic peoples, including Kipchaks, migrated from southern [[Siberia]] to Europe. They played a significant role in the [[Mongol invasion of Rus']] in the 13th century. Tatar ethnogenesis took place after Turkic peoples, who were mixed with the Bulgars and other local inhabitants of the Volga River area, kept Kipchak dialect and became Muslims. Several new Tatar states had emerged by the 1500s after the Golden Horde fell.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CquTz6ps5YgC |title=An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires |editor=James S. Olson |year=1994 |pages=624–625}}</ref> These states were [[Khanate of Kazan]], [[Astrakhan Khanate]], [[Khanate of Sibir]] and [[Crimean Khanate]].<ref name="brittanica"/><br />
<br />
Controversy surrounds the origin of the Tatar people, whether they are descended either from Bulgars or Golden Horde.<ref name="princeton"/> According to one theory, [[Kazan]] Tatar heritage can be traced back to Kipchaks of the Golden Horde, yet according to another theory, the Tatars emerged from the Bulgar culture which had survived the Mongol conquest of 1236–1237.<ref name="rorlich"/><br />
<br />
===Mishars===<br />
[[Mishars]] (or Mişär-Tatars) are an ethnographic group of Volga Tatars speaking [[Mishar Tatar dialect|Mishar]] dialect of the [[Tatar language]]. They comprise approximately one third of the Volga Tatar population. They are descendants of Cuman-Kipchak tribes who mixed with the [[Burtas]] in the Middle [[Oka River]] area and Meschiora. Nowadays, they live in [[Chelyabinsk Oblast|Chelyabinsk]], [[Ulyanovsk Oblast|Ulyanovsk]], [[Penza Oblast|Penza]], [[Ryazan Oblast|Ryazan]], [[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Nizhegorodskaya]] oblasts of Russia and in Tatarstan, [[Bashkortostan]] and [[Mordovia]].<br />
<br />
===Qasím Tatars===<br />
The Qasím Tatars have their capital in the town of Qasím ([[Kasimov]] in Russian transcription) in [[Ryazan Oblast]]. See "[[Qasim Khanate]]" for their history. Today, there are 1,100 Qasím Tatars living in Kasimov. There is no reliable information about their number elsewhere.<br />
<br />
===Noqrat Tatars===<br />
Noqrat Tatars live in Russia's Republic of [[Udmurtia]] and [[Kirov Oblast]]. In 1920s their number was around 15,000 people.<br />
<br />
===Perm (Ostyak) Tatars===<br />
Ethnographic subgroup of Kazan Tatars that lives in Russia's [[Perm Krai]]. Some Tatar scholars (as Zakiev) name them ''[[Ostyak]] Tatars''. Their number is (2002) c.130,000 people.<br />
<br />
===Keräşens===<br />
{{main|Kryashens}}<br />
[[File:Korovin kazan.jpg|thumb|[[Ivan the Terrible]] subjugated the [[Tatar]]s and forcibly converted many of them to [[Christianity]].]]<br />
<br />
A policy of Christianization of the Muslim Tatars was enacted by the Russian authorities, beginning in 1552, resulting in the emergence of Keräşens (Christianized Tatars).{{sfn|Brower|2001|p=271}}<br />
<br />
Many Volga Tatars were forcibly Christianized by [[Ivan IV of Russia|Ivan the Terrible]] during the 16th century, and later, during the 18th century.<br />
<br />
Some scientists suppose that the [[Sabir people|Suars]] were ancestors of the Keräşen Tatars, and had been converted to Christianity by [[Armenians]] in the 6th century while they lived in the [[Caucasus]]. Suars, like other tribes which later converted to Islam, became Volga Bulgars, and later the modern [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]] (who are Orthodox Christians) and Kazan Tatars (who are [[Muslims]]).<br />
<br />
Keräşen Tatars live in much of the Volga-Ural area. Today, they tend to be assimilated among the Chuvash and Tatars. Eighty years of [[Atheism|Atheistic]] Soviet rule made Tatars of both faiths not as religious as they once were. Russian names are largely the only remaining difference between Tatars and Keräşen Tatars.<br />
<br />
Some Cuman tribes in the Golden Horde were converted to Christianity in the 13th and 14th centuries ([[Nestorianism]]). Some prayers, written during that time in the ''[[Codex Cumanicus]]'', sound like modern Keräşen prayers, but the connection between Christian Cumans and modern Keräşens is unknown.<br />
<br />
==1921–22 famine in Tatarstan==<br />
{{main|1921–22 famine in Tatarstan}}<br />
The famine deaths of 2 million Volga Tatars in [[Tatar ASSR]] and in Volga-Ural region in 1921–1922 was catastrophic as half of the [[Volga Tatar]] population in [[USSR]] died. This famine is also known as "terror-famine" and "famine-genocide" in Tatarstan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Battle_with_Famine.html?id=UpJEtwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Battle with Famine|publisher=|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref> The Soviets settled ethnic [[Russians]] after the famine in Tatar ASSR and in Volga-Ural region causing the Tatar share of the population to decline to less than 50%.{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}} All-Russian Tatar Social Center (VTOTs) has asked the [[United Nations]] to condemn the 1921 Tatarstan famine as [[Genocide]] of [[Muslim]] Tatars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mariuveren.wordpress.com/2008/11/05/tatar-nationalists-ask-un-to-condemn-1921-famine-as-genocide/|title=Tatar Nationalists Ask UN to Condemn 1921 Famine as Genocide|work=MariUver|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref> The 1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan has been compared to [[Holodomor]] in [[Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukemonde.com/genocide/margolisholocaust.html|title=Seven million died in the 'forgotten' holocaust - Eric Margolis|publisher=|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Traditional culture==<br />
{{refimprove section|date=April 2014}}<br />
<br />
===Festivals===<br />
Historically, the traditional celebrations of Tatars depended largely on the [[agricultural cycle]].<br />
<br />
Spring/summer period<br />
* [[Sabantuy]]<br />
* [[Sowing]]<br />
* Dzhien<br />
<br />
Fall/winter period<br />
* Pomochi<br />
* Nardugan<br />
<br />
===Cuisine===<br />
{{main|Tatar cuisine}}<br />
[[File:Qistibi.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Qistibi]]]]<br />
[[File:Fresh ayran.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Glass mug of fresh ''susurluk [[ayran]]ı'' with a head of froth]]<br />
Tatar cuisine is rich with hot soups (şulpa), dough-based dishes ([[qistibi]], [[pilmän]], [[öçpoçmaq]], [[peremech]], etc.) and sweets (çäkçäk, göbädiä, etc.). Traditional Tatar beverages include [[ayran]], [[katyk]] and [[kumys]].<br />
<br />
==Population figures==<br />
In the 1910s, they numbered about half a million in the area of [[Kazan]]. Nearly 2 million Volga Tatars died in man-made [[1921–22 famine in Tatarstan]] by [[Joseph Stalin]]. Some 15,000 belonging to the same stem had either migrated to [[Ryazan]] in the center of Russia (what is now European Russia) or had been settled as prisoners during the 16th and 17th centuries in [[Lithuania]] ([[Vilnius]], [[Hrodna|Grodno]], and [[Podolia]]). Some 2,000 resided in [[St. Petersburg, Russia|St. Petersburg]].<br />
Volga-Ural Tatars number nearly 7 million, mostly in Russia and the republics of the former [[Soviet Union]]. While the bulk of the population is found in Tatarstan (around 2 million) and neighbouring regions, significant number of Volga-Ural Tatars live in [[Siberia]], Central Asia, and the Caucasus. Outside of Tatarstan, urban Tatars usually speak [[Russian language|Russian]] as their first language (in cities such as [[Moscow]], [[Saint-Petersburg]], [[Nizhniy Novgorod]], [[Ufa]], and cities of the [[Ural (region)|Ural]] and Siberia).<br />
<br />
==Volga Tatar diaspora==<br />
[[File:Ареал расселения татар в России. По данным Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года.png|thumb|Tatar-inhabited areas in Russia according to the [[Russian Census (2010)|Russian Census of 2010]]]]<br />
[[File:C0569-Kstovo-Muslim-cemetery.jpg|thumb|A Tatar [[cemetery]] in [[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]].]]<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2011}}<br />
Places where Volga Tatars live include:<br />
<br />
* [[Ural (region)|Ural]] and Upper [[Kama River|Kama]] (since 15th century) 15th century—colonization, 16th–17th century—re-settled by Russians; 17th–19th—exploring of the Urals, working in the plants<br />
* West Siberia (since 16th century): 16th—from Russian repressions after conquering of Khanate of Kazan by Russians 17th&ndash;19th—exploring of West Siberia; end of 19th—first half of 20th—industrialization, railways constructing; 1930s&ndash;[[Joseph Stalin]]'s repressions; 1970s&ndash;1990s—oil workers<br />
* Moscow (since 17th century): Tatar feudals in the service of Russia, tradesmen, since 18th—Saint-Petersburg<br />
* [[Tatars of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] (since 18th century): 18th&ndash;19th centuries—Russian army officers and soldiers; 1930s&ndash;industrialization, since 1950s—settlers on virgin lands - re-emigration in 1990s<br />
* [[Finnish Tatars|Finland]] (since 1804): (mostly Mişärs) – 19th – Russian military forces officers and soldiers, and others<br />
* Central Asia (since 19th century) ([[Uzbekistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]]; for [[Xinjiang]] see [[Chinese Tatars]]) &ndash; 19th Russian officers and soldiers, tradesmen, religious emigrants, 1920–1930s &ndash; industrialization, Soviet education program for Central Asia peoples, 1948, 1960 &ndash; help for Ashgabat and Tashkent ruined by earthquakes. - re-emigration in 1980s<br />
* Caucasus, especially [[Azerbaijan]] (since 19th century) &ndash; oil workers (1890s), bread tradesmen<br />
* [[Brazil]] (19th century): With the end of the colonial period, after the abolitionist movement, Brazil stimulated the coming of Europeans to the country, mainly Italians, Germans and Slavs. Among these Slavs came Tatars who went mainly to [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]] and [[Rio Grande do Sul]]<br />
* Northern [[Chinese Tatars|China]] (since 1910s) &ndash; railway builders (1910s) - re-emigrated in 1950s<br />
* East Siberia (since 19th century) - resettled farmers (19th), railroad builders (1910s, 1980s), exiled by the Soviet government in 1930s<br />
* Germany and Austria - 1914, 1941 &ndash; prisoners of war, 1990s - emigration<br />
* Turkey, Japan, Iran, [[Chinese Tatars|China]], Egypt (since 1918) &ndash; emigration<br />
* England, USA, Australia, Canada &ndash; (1920s) re-emigration from Germany, Turkey, Japan and [[Chinese Tatars|China]]. 1950s &ndash; prisoners of war from Germany, which did not go back to the USSR, 1990s &ndash; emigration after the breakup of USSR<br />
* Sakhalin, Kaliningrad, Belarus, Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Karelia &ndash; after 1944-45 builders, Soviet military personnel<br />
* Murmansk Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, Northern Poland and Northern Germany (1945–1990) - Soviet military personnel<br />
* Israel &ndash; wives or husbands of Jews (1990s)<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{commons|Tatar people}}<br />
<br />
*[[Tatars]]<br />
*[[Morza|Tatar nobility]]<br />
*[[Chinese Tatars]]<br />
*[[Crimean Tatars]]<br />
*[[Lipka Tatars]]<br />
*[[Finnish Tatars]]<br />
*[[Tatars of Kazakhstan]]<br />
*[[Tartary]]<br />
*[[Little Tartary]]<br />
*[[Idel-Ural State]]<br />
*[[1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
*{{EB1911}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons|Tatar xalıq kiemnäre}}<br />
*[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+su0112) Tatars in Congress Library (1989)]<br />
*[http://members.tripod.com/~Groznijat/fadlan/rorlich1.html The Origins of the Volga Tatars]<br />
*[http://www.tatar.net/ Tatar.Net]<br />
*{{ru icon}} [http://www.tatar.info/]<br />
*{{ru icon}} [http://www.tatarisem.narod.ru/ Tatar Name]<br />
*{{ru icon}} [http://www.tatar-history.narod.ru/ Tatar history]<br />
*{{ru icon}} [http://www.tatarlar.ru/ Tatar world-wide server]<br />
*{{ru icon}} [http://www.tatarimena.ru/ Tatar Names]<br />
*{{ru icon}} [http://www.xacitarxan.narod.ru/antropos.htm Anthropology of Tatars. By R.K. Urazmanova and S.V. Cheshko]<br />
*{{ru icon}} {{tt icon}} [http://kitap.net.ru/ Tatar Electronic Library]<br />
*{{ru icon}} {{tt icon}} [http://www.tatshop.ru/ Tatar music & video catalog]<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{cite book|last=Bukharaev|first=Ravil|title=Islam in Russia: The Four Seasons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vIy3AwAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Routledge}}<br />
* {{cite book|author1=Danier R. Brower|author2=Edward J. Lazzerini|title=Russia's Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700-1917|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJVoeibaNykC|year=2001|publisher=Indiana University Press |ref={{sfnref|Brower|2001}} }}<br />
<br />
{{Tatars}}<br />
{{Turkic peoples}}<br />
{{Ethnic groups of Russia}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tatar topics|*Volga]]<br />
[[Category:Tatar people]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Russia]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]]<br />
[[Category:Khanate of Kazan]]<br />
[[Category:Qasim Khanate]]<br />
[[Category:Volga Tatars| ]]<br />
[[Category:History of Ural]]</div>Rich Farmbroughhttps://en.encyclopedia.kz/index.php/KarakalpaksKarakalpaks2017-04-16T15:08:36Z<p>Rich Farmbrough: Fix spelling of Encyclopædia Britannica or similar; using AWB</p>
<hr />
<div>{{for|the medieval border-guards of the [[Kievan Rus]]|Chorni Klobuky}}<br />
{{distinguish|Qarapapaqs}}<br />
<br />
{{More footnotes|date=January 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
|group = Karakalpaks<br />
| native_name = Qaraqalpaqlar, Қарақалпақлар<br />
|flag=File:Flag of Karakalpakstan.svg<br />
|flag_caption=Flag of [[Karakalpakstan]]<br />
| image = Small race in Takhtakupir.jpg<br />
| image_caption =Karakalpak boys race in [[Taxtako‘pir]]<br />
|pop = approx. 620,000<br />
|region1 = {{flag|Uzbekistan}}<br />
*{{flag|Karakalpakstan}}<br />
|pop1 = 518,301<br />
|region2 = {{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br />
|pop2 = 56,000<br />
|region3 = {{flag|Turkmenistan}}<br />
|pop3 = 5,000<br />
|region4 = {{flag|Russia}}<br />
|pop4 = 4,466<br />
|langs = [[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]]<br />
|rels = [[Sunni Islam]]<br />
|related = {{hlist|[[Kazakhs]]|[[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]]|[[Nogais]]}}<br />
}}<br />
The '''Karakalpaks''' or '''Qaraqalpaqs''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Nl-Karakalpaks.ogg|ˈ|k|ær|ə|l|k|əl|p|ɑː|k|s|,_|-|p|æ|k|s}}; {{lang-kaa|Qaraqalpaqlar, Қарақалпақлар}}) are a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic people]] who primarily live in [[Uzbekistan]]. During the 18th century, they settled in the lower reaches of the [[Amu Darya]] and in the (former) [[river delta|delta]] of Amu Darya on the southern shore of the [[Aral Sea]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Karakalpakstan|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312029/Karakalpakstan#ref154170|website=Britannica.com|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=22 December 2014}}</ref> The name "Karakalpak" comes from two words: "qara" meaning black, and "[[qalpaq]]" meaning hat. The Karakalpaks number nearly 620,000 worldwide, out of which about 500,000 live in the Uzbek [[Karakalpakstan|Republic of Karakalpakstan]].<br />
<br />
== Homeland ==<br />
[[File: Karakalpaki.jpg|thumb|Karakalpak nomads, 1932]]<br />
The Karakalpak population is mainly confined to the central part of [[Karakalpakstan]] that is irrigated by the [[Amu Darya]]. The largest communities live in [[Nukus]], the capital of Karakalpakstan, and the surrounding large towns, such as Khodzheli, Shimbay, Takhtaitash, and Kungrad. Rural Karakalpaks mainly live on former collective or state farms, most of which have been recently privatised. <br />
[[File:Armature dune yourte (Khorezm, Ouzbékistan) (6859416536).jpg|thumb|A frame of traditional Karakalpak [[yurt]] or ''qara u'y''.]]<br />
Many rural Karakalpaks have been seriously affected by the desiccation of the [[Aral Sea]], which has destroyed the local fishing industry along with much of the grazing and agricultural land in the north of the delta. Karakalpaks have nowhere to go. The majority of Karakalpakstan is occupied by desert - the [[Kyzyl Kum]] on the eastern side, the barren Ustyurt plateau to the west, and now the growing Aral Kum to the north, once the bed of the former Aral Sea.<br />
<br />
Although their homeland bears their name, the Karakalpaks are not the largest ethnic group living in Karakalpakstan. They are increasingly being outnumbered by Uzbeks, many of whom are being encouraged to move into the rich agricultural region around [[Turtkul]] and [[Beruni]].<br />
<br />
The [[Kalmyks]] battled the Karakalpaks.<ref>http://www.qaraqalpaq.com/sawkele03.html</ref><br />
<br />
== Language ==<br />
The [[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]] language belongs to the Kipchak-Nogai group of [[Turkic languages]], which also includes [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] and [[Nogai language|Nogai]].<br />
<br />
Spoken Karakalpak has two dialects: Northeastern and Southwestern. Written Karakalpak uses both a modified form of the [[Cyrillic alphabet]] and [[Latin alphabet]], with the former being standard during the [[Soviet Union]] and the latter modelled on Uzbekistan's alphabet reform for [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]. Before the Soviet Union, Karakalpak was rarely written, but when it was it used a modified form of the [[Perso-Arabic alphabet]].<br />
<br />
Due to the geography and history of the Karakalpak people, Karakalpak has been influenced by Uzbek, [[Tajik language|Tajik]], and [[Russian language|Russian]]. A Karakalpak-Uzbek [[pidgin language]] is often spoken by those bilingual in both languages.<br />
<br />
== Origins ==<br />
The word Karakalpak is derived from the Russian Cyrillic spelling of their name and has become the accepted name for these people in the West. The Karakalpaks actually refer to themselves as Qaraqalpaqs, whilst the [[Uzbeks]] call them Qoraqalpogs. The word means "black hat" and has caused much confusion in the past, since historians linked them with other earlier peoples, who have borne the appellation "black hat" in Slavic vernacular. Many accounts continue to link the present day Karakalpaks with the Slavic [[Cherniye Klobuki]] of the 11th century, whose name also means "black hat" in Russian. Cherniye Klobuki were mercenary military troops of the [[Kievan Rus]]. Apart from the fact that their names have the same meaning, there is no archaeological or historical evidence to link these two groups. The [[Karakul (hat)|Qaraqul hat]] is made from the fur of the [[Karakul sheep|Qaraqul]] breed of sheep which originated in Central Asia with archaeological evidence pointing to the breed being raised there continuously since 1400 BCE. The breed is named after Qorako‘l which is a city in Bukhara Province in Uzbekistan.<br />
<br />
Recent archaeological evidence indicates that the Karakalpaks may have formed as a confederation of different tribes at some time in the late 15th or the 16th centuries at some location along the [[Syr Darya]] or its southern [[Zhany Darya]] outlet, in proximity to the [[Kazakhs]] of the [[Jüz|Lesser Horde]]. This would explain why their language, customs and material culture are so similar to that of the Kazakhs.<br />
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== Religion ==<br />
Karakalpaks are primarily followers of the [[Hanafi]] School of [[Sunni]] [[Islam]]. It is probable they adopted Islam between the 10th and 13th centuries, a period when they first appeared as a distinct ethnic group.<br />
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Dervish orders such as the [[Naqshbandi]], [[Kubrawiya]], [[Khoja Akhmet Yassawi|Yasawi]] and [[Qalandar]]i are fairly common in this region. The religious order that established the strongest relation with the people of the region is the Kubrawiya, which has [[Shi'a Islam|Shi'i adherents]].<br />
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Although there were 553 mosques in the year of 1914, there are not so many mosques left today. The mosques that are present are located in Nukus, Törtkül, Hocaeli and Çimbay.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Uzbekistan]]<br />
* [[Uzbeks]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
*Richardson, David; Richardson, Sue (2012), ''Qaraqalpaqs of the Aral Delta'', Prestel Verlag, ISBN 978-3-7913-4738-7. Retrieved 2012-07-27<br />
*MaryLee Knowlton: ''Uzbekistan''. Marshall Cavendish 2005, ISBN 0-7614-2016-9, pp.&nbsp;54–58 ({{Google books|tPv2SFhDpuIC|online copy|page=54}})<br />
*Shirin Akiner: ''Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union'', Taylor & Francis 1983, ISBN 0-7103-0025-5, pp.&nbsp;338–345 ({{Google books|Qa89AAAAIAAJ|online copy|page=338}})<br />
*James Stuart Olson, Nicholas Charles Pappas: ''An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires''. Greenwood Publishing Group 1994, ISBN 0-313-27497-5, pp.&nbsp;343–345 ({{Google books|CquTz6ps5YgC|online copy|page=345}})<br />
*David J. Phillips: ''Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World''. William Carey Library 2001, ISBN 0-87808-352-9, p.&nbsp;304 ({{Google books|54gyRnhIugkC|online copy|page=304}})<br />
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== External links ==<br />
{{commons category|Karakalpak people}}<br />
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Kara-Kalpaks |short=x}}<br />
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{{Turkic peoples}}<br />
{{Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Karakalpak}}<br />
[[Category:Turkic peoples]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkmenistan]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]]<br />
[[Category:Turkic tribes]]<br />
[[Category:Muslim communities in Asia]]</div>Rich Farmbroughhttps://en.encyclopedia.kz/index.php/Ural_MountainsUral Mountains2017-04-15T18:03:11Z<p>Rich Farmbrough: Fix spelling of Encyclopædia Britannica or similar; using AWB</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the land formation|other uses|Ural (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2012}}<br />
{{Infobox mountain range<br />
|name=The Ural Mountains<br />
|photo=<br />
|photo_caption= <br />
|country=Russia<br />
|country1=Kazakhstan<br />
|map=Russia<br />
<!--|region=Bashkortostan<br />
|region1=Sverdlovsk Oblast<br />
|region2=Perm Krai<br />
|region3=Chelyabinsk Oblast<br />
|region4=Kurgan Oblast<br />
|region5=Orenburg Oblast<br />
|region6=Tyumen Oblast<br />
|region7=Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug<br />
|region8=Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug<br />
|region9=West Kazakhstan--><br />
|geology=<br />
|period=Carboniferous<br />
|orogeny=<br />
|highest=[[Mount Narodnaya]]<br />
|length_km=2500<br />
|width_km=150<br />
|elevation_m=1895<br />
}}<br />
The '''Ural Mountains''' ({{lang-rus|Ура́льские го́ры|r=Uralskiye gory|p=ʊˈralʲskʲɪjə ˈgorɨ}}; {{lang-ba|Урал тауҙары, ''Ural tauźarı''}}), or simply '''the Urals''', are a [[mountain range]] that runs approximately from north to south through [[western Russia]], from the coast of the [[Arctic Ocean]] to the [[Ural River]] and northwestern [[Kazakhstan]].<ref name=brit>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619028/Ural-Mountains Ural Mountains], Encyclopædia Britannica on-line</ref><br />
The mountain range forms part of the [[Boundaries between continents|conventional boundary]] between the continents of [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. [[Vaygach Island]] and the islands of [[Novaya Zemlya]] form a further continuation of the chain to the north into the Arctic Ocean.<br />
<br />
The mountains lie within the [[Ural (region)|Ural]] geographical region and significantly overlap with the [[Ural Federal District]] and with the [[Ural economic region]]. They have rich resources, including metal ores, coal, precious and semi-precious stones. Since the 18th century the mountains have contributed significantly to the mineral sector of the [[Economy of Russia|Russian economy]].<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
As attested by [[Sigismund von Herberstein]], in the 16th century Russians called the range by a variety of names derived from the Russian words for rock (stone) and belt. The modern Russian name for the Urals (Урал, ''Ural''), first appearing in the 16th–17th century when the [[Russian conquest of Siberia]] was in its heroic phase, was initially applied to its southern parts and gained currency as the name of the entire range during the 18th century. It might have been a borrowing from either [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] "stone belt"<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tvbz3vaNeBQC Ludmila Koryakova, Andrej Epimakhov. The Urals and Western Si. beria in the Bronze and Iron Ages.] [http://www.cambridge.org/asia/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780511266911&ss=exc Cambridge University Press], 2007, page.338</ref> ([[Bashkir language|Bashkir]], where the same name is used for the range), or [[Ob-Ugric languages|Ob-Ugric]].<ref>[[Max Vasmer|Фасмер, Макс]]. [http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/vasmer/35901/Урал Этимологический словарь русского языка]</ref> From the 13th century, in [[Bashkortostan]] there has been a [[Ural-batyr|legend about a hero named Ural]]. He sacrificed his life for the sake of his people and they poured a stone pile over his grave, which later turned into the Ural Mountains.<ref name=bse/><ref>*{{cite book|title=The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron Ages|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=0-521-82928-3|author1=Koriakova, Ludmila |author2=Epimakhov, Andrei |lastauthoramp=yes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tvbz3vaNeBQC&printsec=frontcover|page=338}}</ref><ref>[http://book-chel.ru/ind.php?what=card&id=3933 Ural, toponym] Chlyabinsk Encyclopedia (in Russian)</ref> Possibilities include Bashkir ''үр'' "elevation; upland"" or Mansi ''ур ала'' "mountain peak, top of the mountain",<ref name="survinat">http://survinat.com/2014/10/what-is-the-urals/</ref> Ostyak urr (chain of mountains).<ref>Volume V27, Page 787 of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> [[w:Vasily Tatishchev|V.N. Tatischev]] believes that this [[Toponymy|oronym]] is set to "belt" and associates it with the Turkic verb oralu- "gird".<ref name="survinat"/> I.G. Dobrodomov suggests a transition from [[w:Aral sea|Aral]] to Ural explained on the basis of ancient [[w:Bulgars|Bulgar]]-[[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] dialects. Geographer E.V. Hawks believes that the name goes back to the Bashkir folklore [[w:Ural-Batyr|Ural-Batyr]].<ref name="survinat"/> Ethnographer E.N. Shumilov suggested a Mongolian origin, Khural Uul, that is, "meeting of the mountains".<ref>Newspaper «Big Cam» for 1978, № 28</ref> The [[Evenki language|Evenk]] geographical term era "mountain" has also been theorized.<ref name="survinat"/> Finno-Ugrist scholars consider Ural deriving from the Mansi word 'urr' meaning a mountain. Turkologists, on the other hand, have achieved majority support for their assertion that 'ural' in Tatar means a belt, and recall that an earlier name for the range was 'stone belt'.<ref>[https://books.google.de/books?id=vAEzBgAAQBAJ Paul Dukes. A History of the Urals: Russia's Crucible from Early Empire to the Post-Soviet Era. Bloomsbury Publishing 2015, p 5.]</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{Main|History of Ural}}<br />
[[File:UralMountains1.png|thumb|upright]]<br />
As Middle-Eastern merchants traded with the [[Bashkirs]] and other people living on the western slopes of the Ural as far north as [[Great Perm]], since at least the 10th century medieval [[Arab geographers|mideastern geographers]] had been aware of the existence of the mountain range in its entirety, stretching as far as to the Arctic Ocean in the north. The first Russian mention of the mountains to the east of the East European Plain is provided by the [[Primary Chronicle]], when it describes the [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorodian]] expedition to the upper reaches of the [[Pechora River|Pechora]] in 1096. During the next few centuries Novgorodians engaged in [[fur trading]] with the local population and collected tribute from [[Yugra]] and Great Perm, slowly expanding southwards. The rivers [[Chusovaya River|Chusovaya]] and [[Belaya River (Kama)|Belaya]] were first mentioned in the chronicles of 1396 and 1468, respectively. In 1430 the town of [[Solikamsk]] (Kama Salt) was founded on the [[Kama River|Kama]] at the foothills of the Ural, where salt was [[Open pan salt making|produced in open pans]]. [[Ivan III of Moscow]] captured Perm, Pechora and Yugra from the declining Novgorod Republic in 1472. With the excursions of 1483 and 1499–1500 across the Ural Moscow managed to subjugate Yugra completely.<br />
<br />
[[File:Herberstein-Moscovia-NE.png|thumb|a fragment of von Herberstein's map]]<br />
Nevertheless, around that time early 16th century Polish geographer [[Maciej of Miechów]] in his influential ''Tractatus de duabus Sarmatiis'' (1517) argued that there were no mountains in Eastern Europe at all, challenging the point of view of some authors of Classical antiquity, popular during the [[Renaissance]]. Only after Sigismund von Herberstein in his [[Notes on Muscovite Affairs]] (1549) had reported, following Russian sources, that there are mountains behind the Pechora and identified them with the Ripheans and Hyperboreans of ancient authors, did the existence of the Ural, or at least of its northern part, become firmly established in the [[Age of Discovery|Western geography]]. The Middle and Southern Ural were still largely unavailable and unknown to the Russian or Western European geographers.<br />
<br />
[[File:Verkhoturye 1910 LOC prok 02108.jpg|thumb|Verkhoturye in 1910]]<br />
In the 1550s, after the [[Tsardom of Russia]] had defeated the [[Khanate of Kazan]] and proceeded to gradually annex the lands of the Bashkirs, the Russians finally reached the southern part of the mountain chain. In 1574 they founded [[Ufa]]. The upper reaches of the Kama and Chusovaya in the Middle Ural, still unexplored, as well as parts of Transuralia still held by the hostile [[Siberian Khanate]], were granted to the [[Stroganovs]] by several decrees of the tsar in 1558–1574. The Stroganovs' land provided the staging ground for [[Yermak Timofeyevich|Yermak]]'s [[Conquest of the Khanate of Sibir|incursion into Siberia]]. Yermak crossed the Ural from the Chusovaya to the [[Tagil River|Tagil]] around 1581. In 1597 Babinov's road was built across the Ural from Solikamsk to the valley of the [[Tura River|Tura]], where the town of [[Verkhoturye]] (Upper Tura) was founded in 1598. Customs was established in Verkhoturye shortly thereafter and the road was made the only legal connection between European Russia and Siberia for a long time. In 1648 the town of [[Kungur]] was founded at the western foothills of the Middle Ural. During the 17th century the first deposits of [[iron ore|iron]] and [[copper ore|copper]] ores, [[mica]], [[gemstone]]s and other minerals were discovered in the Ural.<br />
<br />
Iron and copper [[smelting]] [[manufacture|works]] emerged. They multiplied particularly quickly during the reign of [[Peter I of Russia]]. In 1720–1722 he commissioned [[Vasily Tatishchev]] to oversee and develop the mining and smelting works in the Ural. Tatishchev proposed a new copper smelting factory in [[Yegoshikha]], which would eventually become the core of the city of [[Perm]] and a new iron smelting factory on the [[Iset River|Iset]], which would become the largest in the world at the time of construction and give birth to the city of [[Yekaterinburg]]. Both factories were actually founded by Tatishchev's successor, [[Georg Wilhelm de Gennin]], in 1723. Tatishchev returned to the Ural on the order of [[Anna of Russia|Empress Anna]] to succeed de Gennin in 1734–1737. Transportation of the output of the smelting works to the markets of European Russia necessitated the construction of the [[Siberian Route]] from Yekaterinburg across the Ural to Kungur and Yegoshikha (Perm) and further to Moscow, which was completed in 1763 and rendered Babinov's road obsolete. In 1745 gold was discovered in the Ural at [[Beryozovskoye deposit|Beryozovskoye]] and later at other deposits. It has been mined since 1747.<br />
<br />
The first ample geographic survey of the Ural Mountains was completed in the early 18th century by the Russian historian and geographer Vasily Tatishchev under the orders of Peter I. Earlier, in the 17th century, rich ore deposits were discovered in the mountains and their systematic extraction began in the early 18th century, eventually turning the region into the largest mineral base of Russia.<ref name="brit"/><ref name=bse/><br />
<br />
One of the first scientific descriptions of the mountains was published in 1770–71. Over the next century, the region was studied by scientists from a number of countries, including Russia (geologist [[Alexander Karpinsky]], botanist [[Porfiry Krylov]] and zoologist [[Leonid Pavlovich Sabaneyev|Leonid Sabaneyev]]), England (geologist Sir [[Roderick Murchison]]), France (paleontologist [[Edouard de Verneuil]]), and Germany (naturalist [[Alexander von Humboldt]], geologist [[Alexander Keyserling]]).<ref name=brit/><ref name="London1894">{{cite book|author=Geological Society of London|authorlink=Geological Society of London|title=The Quarterly journal of the Geological Society of London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dy8RAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA53|year=1894|publisher=The Society|page=53}}</ref> In 1845, Murchison, who had according to ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' "compiled the first geologic map of the Ural in 1841",<ref name=brit/> published ''The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains'' with de Verneuil and Keyserling.<ref name="London1894"/><ref name="Murchison1845">cf. {{cite book|last1=Murchison|first1=Roderick Impey|authorlink1=Roderick Impey Murchison|author2=de Verneuil, Edouard |author3=Keyserling, Alexander |title=The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06hAAAAAcAAJ|year=1845|publisher=John Murray|authorlink2=Edouard de Verneuil|authorlink3=Alexander Keyserling}}</ref><br />
<br />
The first railway across the Ural had been built by 1878 and linked Perm to Yekaterinburg via [[Chusovoy]], [[Kushva]] and [[Nizhny Tagil]]. In 1890 a railway linked Ufa and [[Chelyabinsk]] via [[Zlatoust]]. In 1896 this section became a part of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]]. In 1909 yet another railway connecting Perm and Yekaterinburg passed through Kungur by the way of the Siberian Route. It has eventually replaced the Ufa – Chelyabinsk section as the main trunk of the Trans-Siberian railway.<br />
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The highest peak of the Ural, [[Mount Narodnaya]], (elevation 1,895 m (6,217&nbsp;ft)) was identified in 1927.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}<br />
<br />
During the [[Soviet industrialization]] in the 1930s the city of [[Magnitogorsk]] was founded in the South-Eastern Ural as a center of iron smelting and [[steelmaking]]. During the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|German invasion of the Soviet Union]] in 1941–1942, the mountains [[The Ural mountains in Nazi planning|became a key element in Nazi planning]] for the territories which they expected to conquer in the USSR. Faced with the threat of having a significant part of the Soviet territories occupied by the enemy, the government evacuated many of the industrial enterprises of European Russia and Ukraine to the eastern foothills of the Ural, considered a safe place out of reach of the German bombers and troops. Three giant [[List of Soviet tank factories|tank factories]] were established at the [[Uralmash]] in Sverdlovsk (as Yekaterinburg used to be known), [[Uralvagonzavod]] in Nizhny Tagil, and [[Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant]] in Chelyabinsk. After the war, in 1947–1948, Chum – [[Labytnangi]] railway, built with the forced labor of [[Gulag]] inmates, [[Salekhard–Igarka Railway|crossed the Polar Ural]].<br />
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[[Mayak]], 150&nbsp;km southeast of [[Yekaterinburg]], was a center of the Soviet nuclear industry<ref name=brit/><ref name="PodvigBukharin2004" /><ref name=military /><ref name="Society2006" /> and site of the [[Kyshtym disaster]].<ref name=military /><ref name="Inc.1991" /><br />
<br />
==Geography and topography==<br />
The Ural Mountains extend about {{convert|2500|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the [[Kara Sea]] to the [[Kazakh Steppe]] along the northern border of Kazakhstan. Vaygach Island and the island of Novaya Zemlya form a further continuation of the chain on the north. Geographically this range marks the northern part of the border between the continents of Europe and Asia. Its highest peak is Mount Narodnaya, approximately {{convert|1895|m|ft|abbr=on}} in elevation.<ref name=brit/><br />
<br />
[[File:Саблинский хребет.jpg|thumb|[[Yugyd Va National Park]]]]<br />
By topography and other natural features, the Urals are divided, from north to south, into the Polar (or Arctic), Nether-Polar (or Sub-Arctic), Northern, Central and Southern parts. The Polar Urals extend for about {{convert|385|km|mi|sp=us}} from Mount Konstantinov Kamen in the north to the Khulga River in the south; they have an area of about {{convert|25000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and a strongly dissected relief. The maximum height is {{convert|1499|m|ft|abbr=on}} at Payer Mountain and the average height is {{convert|1000|to|1100|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<br />
<br />
===Polar Ural===<br />
The mountains of the Polar Ural have exposed rock with sharp ridges, though flattened or rounded tops are also found.<ref name=brit/><ref name=bse/><br />
<br />
===Nether-polar Ural===<br />
The Nether-Polar Ural are higher, and up to {{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}} wider than the Polar Urals. They include the highest peaks of the range: Mount Narodnaya ({{convert|1895|m|ft|abbr=on}}), [[Mount Karpinsky (Urals)|Mount Karpinsky]] ({{convert|1878|m|ft|abbr=on}}) and [[Manaraga]] ({{convert|1662|m|ft|abbr=on}}). They extend for more than {{convert|225|km|mi|abbr=on}} south to the Shchugor River. The many ridges are sawtooth shaped and dissected by river valleys. Both Polar and Nether-Polar Urals are typically Alpine; they bear traces of [[Pleistocene]] glaciation, along with permafrost and extensive modern glaciation, including 143 extant glaciers.<ref name=brit/><ref name=bse/><br />
<br />
===Northern Ural===<br />
The Northern Ural consist of a series of parallel ridges up to {{convert|1000|–|1200|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height and longitudinal hollows. They are elongated from north to south and stretch for about {{convert|560|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Usa River. Most of the tops are flattened, but those of the highest mountains, such as Telposiz, {{convert|1617|m|ft|abbr=on}} and Konzhakovsky Stone, {{convert|1569|m|ft|abbr=on}} have a dissected topography. Intensive weathering has produced vast areas of eroded stone on the mountain slopes and summits of the northern areas.<ref name=brit/><ref name=bse/><br />
<br />
===Middle Ural===<br />
The Central Ural are the lowest part of the Ural, with smooth mountain tops, the highest mountain being {{convert|994|m|ft|abbr=on}} (Basegi); they extend south from the [[Ufa River]].<ref name=bse/><br />
<br />
===Southern Ural===<br />
{{Main|Southern Ural}}<br />
The relief of the Southern Ural is more complex, with numerous valleys and parallel ridges directed south-west and meridionally. The range includes the [[Ilmensky Mountains]] separated from the main ridges by the [[Miass River]]. The maximum height is {{convert|1640|m|ft|abbr=on}} ([[Mount Yamantau]]) and the width reaches {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Other notable peaks lie along the [[Iremel]] mountain ridge (Bolshoy Iremel and Maly Iremel). The Southern Urals extend some {{convert|550|km|mi|abbr=on}} up to the sharp westward bend of the Ural River and terminate in the wide [[Mughalzhar Hills]].<ref name=brit/><br />
<br />
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
| width="26%" | [[File:Mountain formation near Saranpaul.jpg|200px]]<br />
| width="28%" | [[File:Rochers dans les montagnes de l Oural 448122760 3572eca433 o.jpg|205px]]<br />
| width="25%" | [[File:Mount Iremel.jpg|190px]]<br />
| width="25%" | [[File:Ignateva cave entry.jpg|205px]]<br />
|-<br />
| Mountain formation near Saranpaul, Nether-Polar Urals <br />
| Rocks in a river, Nether-Polar Urals <br />
| Big Iremel Mountain<br />
| Entry to [[Ignateva Cave]], South Urals<br />
|}<br />
</center><br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
==Geology==<br />
[[File:Gorskii 04428u.jpg|thumb|A [[mining|mine]] in the Ural Mountains, early colour photograph by [[Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky]], 1910]]<br />
<br />
The Urals are among the world's oldest extant [[mountain ranges]]. For its age of 250 to 300 million years, the elevation of the mountains is unusually high. They were formed during the [[Uralian orogeny]] due to the [[continental collision|collision]] of the [[Main Uralian Fault|eastern edge]] of the supercontinent [[Laurussia]] with the young and [[Rheology|rheologically]] weak continent of [[Kazakhstania]], which now underlies much of Kazakhstan and West Siberia west of the [[Irtysh]], and intervening [[island arc]]s. The collision lasted nearly 90 million years in the late [[Carboniferous]] – early [[Triassic]].<ref name="brown&echtler">Brown, D. and Echtler, H. (2005) "The Urals". In: R. C. Selley, L. R. M. Cocks & I. R. Plimer (eds.), ''Encyclopedia of Geology'', Vol. 2. Elsevier, pp. 86–95.</ref><ref>Cocks, L. R. M. and Torsvik, T. H. (2006) [http://web.archive.org/web/20090731085326/http://www.geodynamics.no/guest/GeolSoc06.pdf "European geography in a global context from the Vendian to the end of the Palaeozoic"]. In Gee, D. G. & Stephenson, R. A. (eds), ''European Lithosphere Dynamics. Geological Society, London, Memoirs'', 32, 83–95.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1144/SP327.9|url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/249552596_The_evolution_of_the_Uralian_orogen| title = The evolution of the Uralian orogen| journal = Geological Society, London, Special Publications| volume = 327| pages = 161| year = 2009| last1 = Puchkov | first1 = V. N.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.05.001| title = Mountain building processes during continent–continent collision in the Uralides| journal = Earth-Science Reviews| volume = 89| issue = 3–4| pages = 177| year = 2008| last1 = Brown | first1 = D.| last2 = Juhlin | first2 = C.| last3 = Ayala | first3 = C.| last4 = Tryggvason | first4 = A.| last5 = Bea | first5 = F.| last6 = Alvarez-Marron | first6 = J.| last7 = Carbonell | first7 = R.| last8 = Seward | first8 = D.| last9 = Glasmacher | first9 = U.| last10 = Puchkov | first10 = V.| last11 = Perez-Estaun | first11 = A.|url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/236880030_Mountain_building_processes_during_continent-continent_collision_in_the_Uralides}}</ref> Unlike the other major orogens of the [[Paleozoic]] ([[Appalachians]], [[Caledonides]], [[Variscides]]), the Urals have not undergone [[post-orogenic collapse|post-orogenic extensional collapse]] and are unusually well preserved for their age, being underlaid by a pronounced crustal root.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00374-5|url=http://online.sfsu.edu/leech/papers/Leech2001.pdf| title = Arrested orogenic development: Eclogitization, delamination, and tectonic collapse| journal = Earth and Planetary Science Letters| volume = 185| pages = 149| year = 2001| last1 = Leech | first1 = M. L. }}</ref><ref name="jgsl">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1144/0016-764901-147|url=http://hera.ugr.es/doi/15084310.pdf| title = Insights into orogenesis: Getting to the root of a continent-ocean-continent collision, Southern Urals, Russia| journal = Journal of the Geological Society| volume = 159| issue = 6| pages = 659| year = 2002| last1 = Scarrow | first1 = J. H.| last2 = Ayala | first2 = C.| last3 = Kimbell | first3 = G. S.}}</ref> East and south of the Urals much of the orogen is buried beneath later [[Mesozoic]] and [[Cenozoic]] [[sediment]]s.<ref name="brown&echtler"/> The adjacent [[Pay-Khoy]] to the north is not a part of the Uralian orogen and formed later.<br />
<br />
Many deformed and [[Metamorphism|metamorphosed]] rocks, mostly of [[Paleozoic]] age, surface within the Urals. The [[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] and [[volcanic]] layers are [[Fold (geology)|folded]] and [[Fault (geology)|faulted]]. The sediments to the west of the Ural Mountains are formed of [[limestone]], [[dolomite]] and [[sandstone]] left from ancient shallow seas. The eastern side is dominated by [[basalt]]s.<ref name=bse>{{cite web|url=http://slovari.yandex.ru/~%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%20(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87.)/|title=Ural (geographical)|publisher=[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The western slope of the Ural Mountains has predominantly [[karst topography]], especially in the [[Sylva River]] basin, which is a tributary of the [[Chusovaya River]]. It is composed of severely eroded sedimentary rocks (sandstones and limestones) that are about 350 million years old. There are many [[cave]]s, [[sinkhole]]s and underground streams. The karst topography is much less developed on the eastern slopes. The eastern slopes are relatively flat, with some hills and rocky outcrops and contain alternating volcanic and sedimentary layers dated to the middle Paleozoic Era.<ref name=bse/> Most high mountains consist of weather-resistant rocks such as [[quartzite]], [[schist]] and [[gabbro]] that are between 570 and 395 million years old. The river valleys are underlain by limestone.<ref name=brit/><br />
<br />
The Ural Mountains contain about 48 species of economically valuable [[ore]]s and economically valuable minerals. Eastern regions are rich in [[chalcopyrite]], [[nickel oxide]], [[gold]], [[platinum]], [[chromite]] and [[magnetite]] ores, as well as in [[coal]] ([[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]), [[bauxite]], [[talc]], [[fireclay]] and abrasives. The Western Urals contain deposits of coal, oil, natural gas (Ishimbay and Krasnokamsk areas) and [[potassium salt]]s. Both slopes are rich in [[bituminous coal]] and [[lignite]], and the largest deposit of bituminous coal is in the north (Pechora field). The specialty of the Urals is precious and semi-precious stones, such as [[emerald]], [[amethyst]], [[Aquamarine (gemstone)|aquamarine]], [[jasper]], [[rhodonite]], [[malachite]] and [[diamond]]. Some of the deposits, such as the magnetite ores at [[Magnitogorsk]], are already nearly depleted.<ref name=brit/><ref name=bse/><br />
<br />
<center><br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+ Minerals from the Ural Mountains<br />
| width="27%" | [[File:Andradite-23893.jpg|180px]]<br />
| width="27%" | [[File:Beryl-md20a.jpg|200px]]<br />
| width="27%" | [[File:Platinum-41654.jpg|170px]]<br />
| width="19%" | [[File:Quartz-34654.jpg|115px]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Andradite]]<br />
| [[Beryl]]<br />
| Platinum<br />
| [[Quartz]]<br />
|}<br />
</center><br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
==Rivers and lakes==<br />
[[File:Maksimovsky rock Chusovaya river.jpg|thumb|Chusovaya River]]<br />
Many rivers originate in the Ural Mountains. The western slopes south of the border between the Komi Republic and Perm Krai and the eastern slopes south of approximately 54°30'N drain into the [[Caspian Sea]] via the Kama and Ural River basins. The tributaries of the Kama include the [[Vishera River (Perm Krai)|Vishera]], Chusovaya, and Belaya and originate on both the eastern and western slopes. The rest of the Urals drain into the Arctic Ocean, mainly via the Pechora basin in the west, which includes the [[Ilych River|Ilych]], Shchugor, and the [[Usa River (Komi Republic)|Usa]], and via the [[Ob River|Ob]] basin in the east, which includes the [[Tobol River|Tobol]], [[Tavda River|Tavda]], Iset, Tura and [[Northern Sosva River|Severnaya Sosva]]. The rivers are frozen for more than half the year. Generally, the western rivers have higher flow volume than the eastern ones, especially in the Northern and Nether-Polar regions. Rivers are slower in the Southern Urals. This is because of low precipitation and the relatively warm climate resulting in less snow and more evaporation.<ref name=brit/><ref name=bse/><br />
<br />
The mountains contain a number of deep lakes.<ref name="Science1898">{{cite book|last=Davis|first=W.M.|editor=American Association for the Advancement of Science|title=Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cn0CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA563|accessdate=8 July 2010|year=1898|publisher=Moses King|page=563|chapter=The Ural Mountains|editor-link=American Association for the Advancement of Science}}</ref> The eastern slopes of the Southern and Central Urals have most of these, among the largest of which are the Uvildy, Itkul, Turgoyak, and Tavatuy lakes.<ref name=bse/> The lakes found on the western slopes are less numerous and also smaller. Lake Bolshoye Shchuchye, the deepest lake in the Polar Urals, is {{convert|136|m|ft|sp=us}} deep. Other lakes, too, are found in the glacial valleys of this region. Spas and sanatoriums have been built to take advantage of the medicinal muds found in some of the mountain lakes.<ref name=brit/><ref name=bse/><br />
<br />
==Climate==<br />
The climate of the Urals is continental. The mountain ridges, elongated from north to south, effectively absorb sunlight thereby increasing the temperature. The areas west of the Ural Mountains are {{convert|1|–|2|C-change|F-change|abbr=on}} warmer in winter than the eastern regions because the former are warmed by Atlantic winds whereas the eastern slopes are chilled by Siberian air masses. The average January temperatures increase in the western areas from {{convert|-20|C|F|abbr=on}} in the Polar to {{convert|-15|C|F|abbr=on}} in the Southern Urals and the corresponding temperatures in July are {{convert|10|C|F|abbr=on}} and {{convert|20|C|F|abbr=on}}. The western areas also receive more rainfall than the eastern ones by {{convert|150|–|300|mm|in|abbr=on}} per year. This is because the mountains trap clouds from the Atlantic Ocean. The highest precipitation, approximately {{convert|1000|mm|in|abbr=on}}, is in the Northern Urals with up to {{convert|1000|cm|in|abbr=on}} snow. The eastern areas receive from {{convert|500|–|600|mm|in|abbr=on}} in the north to {{convert|300|–|400|mm|in|abbr=on}} in the south. Maximum precipitation occurs in the summer: the winter is dry because of the [[Siberian High]].<ref name=brit/><ref name=bse/><br />
<br />
==Flora==<br />
[[File:Hjortron.jpg|thumb|[[Cloudberry]]]]<br />
The landscapes of the Urals vary with both latitude and longitude and are dominated by forests and steppes. The southern area of the Mughalzhar Hills is a semidesert. Steppes lie mostly in the southern and especially south-eastern Urals. Meadow steppes have developed on the lower parts of mountain slopes and are covered with [[Trifolium medium|zigzag]] and [[Trifolium montanum|mountain clover]]s, ''[[Serratula]] gmelinii'', [[Filipendula vulgaris|dropwort]], [[Poa pratensis|meadow-grass]] and ''[[Bromus inermis]]'', reaching the height of 60–80&nbsp;cm. Much of the land is cultivated. To the south, the meadow steppes become more sparse, dry and low. The steep gravelly slopes of the mountains and hills of the eastern slopes of the Southern Urals are mostly covered with rocky steppes. River valleys contain [[willow]], [[Populus|poplar]] and [[caragana]] shrubs.<ref name=bse/><br />
<br />
Forest landscapes of the Urals are diverse, especially in the southern part. The western areas are dominated by dark coniferous taiga forests which change to mixed and deciduous forests in the south. The eastern mountain slopes have light coniferous taiga forests. The Northern Urals are dominated by conifers, namely [[Siberian fir]], [[Siberian pine]], [[Scots pine]], [[Siberian spruce]], [[Norway spruce]] and [[Siberian larch]], as well as by [[silver birch|silver]] and [[downy birch]]es. The forests are much sparser in the Polar Urals. Whereas in other parts of the Ural Mountains they grow up to an altitude of 1000 m, in the Polar Urals the [[tree line]] is at 250–400 m. The polar forests are low and are mixed with swamps, lichens, bogs and shrubs. [[Betula nana|Dwarf birch]], mosses and berries ([[blueberry]], [[Rubus chamaemorus|cloudberry]], [[Empetrum nigrum|black crowberry]], etc.) are abundant. The forests of the Southern Urals are the most diverse in composition: here, together with coniferous forests are also abundant broadleaf tree species such as [[English oak]], [[Norway maple]] and elm.<ref name=bse/> The [[Virgin Komi Forests]] in the northern Urals are recognized as a [[World Heritage]] site.<br />
<br />
==Fauna==<br />
The Ural forests are inhabited by animals typical of Siberia, such as elk, brown bear, fox, wolf, [[wolverine]], [[lynx]], squirrel, and [[sable]] (north only). Because of the easy accessibility of the mountains there are no specifically mountainous species. In the Middle Urals, one can see a rare mixture of sable and pine marten named kidus. In the Southern Urals, [[European badger|badger]] and [[European polecat|black polecat]] are common. Reptiles and amphibians live mostly in the Southern and Central Ural and are represented by the [[common viper]], lizards and [[Natrix|grass snake]]s. Bird species are represented by [[Western Capercaillie|capercaillie]], [[black grouse]], [[hazel grouse]], [[spotted nutcracker]], and cuckoos. In summers, the South and Middle Urals are visited by songbirds, such as [[nightingale]] and [[redstart]].<ref name=brit/><ref name=bse/><br />
<br />
The steppes of the Southern Urals are dominated by hares and rodents such as [[Gopher (animal)|gophers]], [[Spermophilus|susliks]], and [[jerboa]]. There are many birds of prey such as [[lesser kestrel]] and [[buzzard]]s. The animals of the Polar Urals are few and are characteristic of the [[tundra]]; they include [[Arctic fox]], tundra partridge, [[lemming]], and reindeer. The birds of these areas include [[rough-legged buzzard]], [[snowy owl]], and [[rock ptarmigan]].<ref name=brit/><ref name=bse/><br />
<br />
<center><br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
| width="28%" | [[File:Gulo gulo 2.jpg|225px]]<br />
| width="28%" | [[File:European Polecat (Mustela putorius)-8.jpg|250px]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Wolverine]]<br />
| [[Polecat]]<br />
|}<br />
</center><br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
The continuous and intensive economic development of the last centuries has affected the fauna, and wildlife is much diminished around all industrial centers. During World War II, hundreds of factories were evacuated from Western Russia before the German occupation, flooding the Urals with industry. The conservation measures include establishing national wildlife parks.<ref name=brit/> There are nine [[zapovednik|strict nature reserves]] in the Urals: the [[Ilmen Nature Reserve|Ilmen]], the oldest one, mineralogical reserve founded in 1920 in Chelyabinsk Oblast, [[Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve|Pechora-Ilych]] in the Komi Republic, [[Bashkir Nature Reserve|Bashkir]] and its former branch [[Shulgan-Tash Nature Reserve|Shulgan-Tash]] in Bashkortostan, [[Visim Nature Reserve|Visim]] in Sverdlovsk Oblast, [[Southern Ural]] in Bashkortostan, [[Basegi Nature Reserve|Basegi]] in Perm Krai, [[Vishera Nature Reserve|Vishera]] in Perm Krai and [[Denezhkin Kamen Nature Reserve|Denezhkin Kamen]] in Sverdlovsk Oblast.<br />
<br />
The area has also been severely damaged by the [[plutonium]]-producing facility [[Mayak]] opened in Chelyabinsk-40 (later called Chelyabinsk-65, [[Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast|Ozyorsk]]), in the Southern Ural, after World War II.<ref name=brit/> Its plants went into operation in 1948 and, for the first ten years, dumped unfiltered radioactive waste into the [[Techa River]] and [[Lake Karachay]].<ref name=brit/><ref name="PodvigBukharin2004">{{cite book|last1=Podvig|first1=Pavel|author2=Bukharin, Oleg |author3=von Hippel, Frank |title=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPRVbYDc-7kC&pg=PA70|year=2004|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-66181-2|page=70}}</ref><ref name=military/> In 1990, efforts were underway to contain the radiation in one of the lakes, which was estimated at the time to expose visitors to 500 [[Röntgen equivalent man|millirem]] per day.<ref name=military/> As of 2006, 500 mrem in the natural environment was the upper limit of exposure considered safe for a member of the general public in an entire year (though workplace exposure over a year could exceed that by a factor of 10).<ref name="Society2006">{{cite book|author=American Chemical Society|authorlink=American Chemical Society|title=Chemistry in the Community: ChemCom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYtpGEbAB1cC&pg=PA499|year=2006|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-7167-8919-2|page=499}}</ref> Over {{convert|23000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of land were contaminated in 1957 from a storage tank explosion, only one of several serious accidents that further polluted the region.<ref name=brit/> The [[Kyshtym disaster|1957 accident]] expelled 20 million [[curies]] of radioactive material, 90% of which settled into the land immediately around the facility.<ref name="Inc.1991">{{cite book|author=Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.|title=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAwAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA25|accessdate=8 July 2010|date=May 1991|publisher=Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.|page=25|issn=0096-3402 }}</ref> Although some reactors of Mayak were shut down in 1987 and 1990,<ref name=military>{{cite journal|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TYqTls5lnGYC&pg=PA22&dq=Chelyabinsk-40+plutonium|journal = [[New Scientist]] | title = Military reactors go on show to American visitors | last = Paine | first = Christopher | date= 22 July 1989 | accessdate = 8 July 2010}}</ref> the facility keeps producing plutonium.<ref>[http://obzor.westsib.ru/news/320002 Производство плутония с ПО "Маяк" на Сибирский химкомбинат перенесено не будет] [Plutonium production will not be transferred from Mayak], obzor.westsib.ru, 25 March 2010 (in Russian)</ref><br />
<br />
==Cultural significance==<br />
The Urals have been viewed by Russians as a "treasure box" of mineral resources, which were the basis for its extensive industrial development. In addition to iron and copper the Urals were a source of gold, [[malachite]], [[alexandrite]], and other gems such as those used by the court jeweller [[Peter Carl Fabergé|Fabergé]]. As Russians in other regions gather mushrooms or berries, Uralians gather mineral specimens and gems. [[Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak]] (1852–1912) [[Pavel Bazhov]] (1879–1950), as well as [[Alexei Viktorovich Ivanov|Aleksey Ivanov]] and Olga Slavnikova, post-Soviet writers, have written of the region.<ref name=SageUrals>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1177/2158244013486657| title = Three Hundred Years of Glory and Gloom: The Urals Region of Russia in Art and Reality| journal = SAGE Open| volume = 3| issue = 2| year = 2013| last1 = Givental | first1 = E.}}</ref><br />
<br />
The region served as a military stronghold during [[Peter the Great]]'s [[Great Northern War]] with Sweden, during Stalin's rule when the [[Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works|Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Complex]] was built and Russian industry relocated to the Urals during the Nazi advance at the beginning of World War II, and as the center of the Soviet nuclear industry during the Cold War. Extreme levels of air, water, and radiological contamination and pollution by industrial wastes resulted. Population exodus resulted, and economic depression at the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union, but in post-Soviet times additional mineral exploration, particularly in the northern Urals, has been productive and the region has attracted industrial investment.<ref name=SageUrals /><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Dyatlov Pass incident]]<br />
*[[East Ural Radioactive Trace]]<br />
*[[Idel-Ural State]]<br />
*[[Pangaea]]<br />
*[[Research Range]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Ural Mountains}}<br />
{{Wikivoyage|Urals}}<br />
*[http://www.peakbagger.com/range.aspx?rid=37 Peakbagger.com] page on the Ural Mountains<br />
*[http://welcome-ural.ru/urals/77/ Ural Expeditions & Tours] page on the five parts of the Ural Mountains<br />
<br />
{{Coord|60|00|N|60|00|E|region:RU_type:mountain|display=title}}<br />
{{Russia topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ural Mountains| ]]<br />
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Russia]]<br />
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Kazakhstan]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of Siberia]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of Arkhangelsk Oblast]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of Bashkortostan]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of Chelyabinsk Oblast]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of the Komi Republic]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of Nenets Autonomous Okrug]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of Sverdlovsk Oblast]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of Tyumen Oblast]]<br />
[[Category:Aktobe Region]]<br />
[[Category:Novaya Zemlya]]<br />
[[Category:Geology of Russia]]<br />
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Europe]]<br />
[[Category:Physiographic divisions]]<br />
[[Category:History of Ural]]</div>Rich Farmbroughhttps://en.encyclopedia.kz/index.php/Viktor_PatsayevViktor Patsayev2017-04-14T21:19:40Z<p>Rich Farmbrough: /* top */Fix spelling Encyclopaedia Britannica or similar; using AWB</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox astronaut<br />
| name = Viktor Ivanovich Patsayev<br />
| image = USSR stamp Viktor Patsayev cropped.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = Patsayev on a 1971 Soviet stamp <br />
| type = Cosmonaut<br />
| nationality = [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1933|6|19}}<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1971|6|30|1933|6|19}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Aktyubinsk]], [[Kazakh SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]<br />
| death_place = [[Deaths in space#Spaceflight fatalities|Outer space]]<br />
| occupation = [[Engineer]]<br />
| selection = [[List of astronauts by selection#1968|1968 USSR Civilian Specialist Group 3]]<br />
| time = 23d 18h 21m <br />
| mission = [[Soyuz 11]]<br />
| insignia = <br />
| awards = {{Hero of the Soviet Union}} {{Order of Lenin}}<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
'''Viktor Ivanovich Patsayev''' ({{lang-ru|Ви́ктор Ива́нович Паца́ев}}; 19 June 1933{{spaced ndash}}30 June 1971)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/446790/Viktor-Ivanovich-Patsayev | title=Viktor Ivanovich Patsayev | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica | accessdate=23 March 2014}}</ref> was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[astronaut|cosmonaut]] who flew on the [[Soyuz 11]] mission and had was part of the second crew to die during a [[Human spaceflight|space flight]]. On board the space station [[Salyut 1]] he operated the Orion 1 Space Observatory (see [[Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories]]), he became the first man to operate a telescope outside the Earth’s atmosphere.<br />
<br />
After a normal [[re-entry]], the capsule was opened and the crew was found dead.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://science.time.com/2013/02/01/nasas-astronaut-day-of-remembrance/slide/soyuz-11-georgi-dobrovolski/ | title=Soyuz 11: Georgi Dobrovolski, Victor Patsayev, Vladislav Volkov | publisher=Time magazine | date=31 January 2013 | accessdate=23 March 2014 | author=Kluger, Jeffrey}}</ref> It was discovered that a valve had opened just prior to leaving orbit that had allowed the capsule's atmosphere to [[Space exposure|vent away into space]], suffocating the crew.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/2013/04/28/crew-home-misfortunes-soyuz-11/ | title=The Crew That Never Came Home: The Misfortunes of Soyuz 11 | publisher=Space Safety Magazine | date=28 April 2013 | accessdate=27 March 2014}}</ref> One of Patsayev's hands was found to be bruised, and he may have been trying to shut the valve manually at the time he lost consciousness.<br />
<br />
Patsayev's ashes were inturned in the [[Kremlin Wall Necropolis|Kremlin Wall]] on the [[Red Square]] in Moscow.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbDGMiXvdG0C&lpg=PR3&pg=PA351#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=Salyut – The First Space Station: Triumph and Tragedy | publisher=Springer | author=Ivanovich, Grujica S. | year=2008 | pages=351| isbn=9780387739731 }}</ref> He was posthumously awarded the title of [[Hero of the Soviet Union]], the [[Order of Lenin]] and the title of [[Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR]]. The lunar crater ''[[Patsaev (crater)|Patsaev]]'' and the minor planet [[1791 Patsayev]] are named for him.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.astronautix.com/astros/patsayev.htm#more | title=Patsayev | publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica | accessdate=23 March 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
An account of Patsayev's life and space career appears in the 2003 book ''Fallen Astronauts: Heroes Who Died Reaching for the Moon'' by [[Colin Burgess (author)|Colin Burgess]].<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Patsayev, Viktor}}<br />
[[Category:1933 births]]<br />
[[Category:1971 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Aktobe]]<br />
[[Category:1971 in spaceflight]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths in space]]<br />
[[Category:Heroes of the Soviet Union]]<br />
[[Category:Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis]]<br />
[[Category:Kazakhstani Soviet cosmonauts]]<br />
[[Category:Space program fatalities]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from hypoxia]]<br />
[[Category:Employees of RSC Energia]]<br />
[[Category:Honorary citizens of Baikonur]]</div>Rich Farmbroughhttps://en.encyclopedia.kz/index.php/DzungariaDzungaria2017-04-13T22:18:01Z<p>Rich Farmbrough: Fix spelling Encyclopaedia Britannica or similar; using AWB</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chinese<br />
|pic=Xinjiang regions simplified.png<br />
|picsize=200px<br />
|piccap={{legend|red|Dzungaria}} {{legend|blue|[[Tarim Basin]]}}<br />
|s=准噶尔<br />
|t=準噶爾<br />
|p=Zhǔngá'ěr<br />
|w=Chun<sup>3</sup>-ka<sup>2</sup>'-erh<sup>3</sup><br />
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|zh|un|3|g|a|2|er|3}}<br />
|11=[[Dzungar people|Zunghar]]<br />
|c2=北疆<br />
|altname=Beijiang<br />
|p2=Běijiāng<br />
|w2=Pei<sup>3</sup>-chiang<sup>1</sup><br />
|mi2={{IPAc-cmn|b|ei|3|j|iang|1}}<br />
|l2=Northern [[Xinjiang]]<br />
|rus=Джунгария<br />
|rusr=''Dzhungariya''<br />
|mon=Зүүнгарын нутаг<br />
|uig=جوڭغار (Junghariyä<ref name="Brophy2016">{{cite book|author=David Brophy|title=Uyghur Nation: Reform and Revolution on the Russia-China Frontier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=84bPCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT319&dq=qilghan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiupcrw3v3LAhWLthoKHdwgBDs4ChDoAQggMAE#v=onepage&q=qilghan&f=false|date=4 April 2016|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-97046-5|pages=319–}}</ref>)<br />
|uly=Jongghar<br />
|uyy=Jongƣar<br />
|usy=Җоңғар<br />
}}<br />
[[File:River-ili-2.jpg|thumb|[[Ili River]]]]<br />
[[File:Tianshan tianchi.jpg|thumb|[[Heaven Lake of Tian Shan]]]]<br />
[[File:MoonBay IMG 0921.jpg|thumb|[[Kanas Lake]]]]<br />
[[File:Bayanbulak grassland.jpg|thumb|[[Hejing County]], [[Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture]]]]<br />
<br />
'''Dzungaria''' (also spelled '''Zungharia''') is a [[geographical region]] in [[northwest China]] corresponding to the northern half of [[Xinjiang]], also known as '''Beijiang''' ({{zh |c = 北疆 |p = Běijiāng |l = Northern Xinjiang}}).<ref name="Starr2004">{{cite book|author=S. Frederick Starr|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA30&dq#v=onepage&q=zungharia%20and%20altishahr&f=false|date=15 March 2004|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-3192-3|pages=30–}}</ref> Bounded by the [[Tian Shan]] mountain range to the south and the [[Altai Mountains]] to the north, it covers approximately {{convert|777000|km2|abbr=on}}, extending into western [[Mongolia]] and eastern [[Kazakhstan]]. Formerly the term could cover a wider area, conterminous with the [[Dzungar Khanate]], a state led by the native [[Oirats]] in the 18th century which was based in the area.<br />
<br />
Although geographically, historically, and ethnically distinct from the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]-speaking [[Tarim Basin]] area, the [[Qing dynasty]] and subsequent Chinese governments integrated both areas into one province, Xinjiang. As the center of Xinjiang's heavy industry, generator of most of Xinjiang's GDP, as well as containing its political capital [[Ürümqi]] ("beautiful pasture" in Mongolian), northern Xinjiang continues to attract intraprovincial and interprovincial migration to its cities. In comparison to southern Xinjiang (''Nanjiang'', or the Tarim Basin), Dzungaria is relatively well-integrated with the rest of China by rail and trade links.<ref name="Stahle">{{cite web|url=http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/assetserver/controller/item/etd-Stahle-2942.pdf|title=Ethnic Resistance and State Environmental Policy: Uyghurs and Mongols|first=Laura N|last=Stahle|date=August 2009|publisher=University of southern California}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The name Dzungaria or Zungharia is a corruption of the [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] term "Zűn Gar" or "Jüün Gar" depending on the dialect of Mongolian used. "Zűn"/"Jüün" means "left" and "Gar" means "hand". The name originates from the notion that the Western Mongols are on the left hand side when the Mongol Empire began its division into East and West Mongols. After this fragmentation, the western Mongolian nation was called "Zuun Gar".<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
[[File:Xinjiang regions simplified.png|thumb|right|Dzungaria (red) and the Tarim Basin (blue)]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Xinjiang regions.png|thumb|left|Northern Xinjiang - Dzungharian Basin (yellow), Eastern Xinjiang - [[Turpan Depression]] ([[Turpan Prefecture]] and [[Hami Prefecture]]) (red), Southern Xinjiang - Tarim Basin (blue)]]<br />
<br />
[[Xinjiang]] consists of two main geographically, historically, and ethnically distinct regions, Dzungaria north of the Tianshan Mountains and the [[Tarim Basin]] south of the Tianshan Mountains, before [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]] unified them into one political entity called [[Xinjiang]] province in 1884. At the time of the Qing conquest in 1759, Dzungaria was inhabited by steppe dwelling, nomadic [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] [[Dzungar people]], while the Tarim Basin was inhabited by sedentary, oasis dwelling, [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] [[Muslim]] farmers, now known as the [[Uyghur people]].<br />
<br />
The Qing dynasty was well aware of the differences between the former Buddhist Mongol area to the north of the Tianshan and Turkic Muslim south of the Tianshan, and ruled them in separate administrative units at first.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q&f=false Liu & Faure 1996], p. 69.</ref> However, Qing people began to think of both areas as part of one distinct region called Xinjiang .<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70#v=onepage&q&f=false Liu & Faure 1996], p. 70.</ref> The very concept of Xinjiang as one distinct geographic identity was created by the Qing and it was originally not the native inhabitants who viewed it that way, but rather it was the Chinese who held that point of view.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67#v=onepage&q&f=false Liu & Faure 1996], p. 67.</ref> During the Qing rule, no sense of "regional identity" was held by ordinary Xinjiang people; rather, Xinjiang's distinct identity was given to the region by the Qing, since it had distinct geography, history and culture, while at the same time it was created by the Chinese, multicultural, settled by Han and Hui, and separated from Central Asia for over a century and a half.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA77#v=onepage&q&f=false Liu & Faure 1996], p. 77.</ref><br />
<br />
In the late 19th century, it was still being proposed by some people that two separate parts be created out of Xinjiang, the area north of the Tianshan and the area south of the Tianshan, while it was being argued over whether to turn Xinjiang into a province.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false Liu & Faure 1996], p. 78.</ref><br />
<br />
==Dzungarian Basin==<br />
[[File:Altai,Tienschan-Orte.png|thumb|250px|Right|Physical map showing the separation of Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin (Taklamakan) by the Tien Shan Mountains]]<br />
<br />
The core of Dzungaria is the triangular Dzungarian Basin, also known as '''Jungar Basin''', or in Chinese as {{zh<br />
|s=准噶尔盆地<br />
|t=準噶爾盆地<br />
|p=Zhǔngá'ěr Péndì}}, with its central [[Gurbantünggüt Desert]].<br />
It is bounded by the [[Tian Shan]] to the south, the [[Altai Mountains]] to the northeast and the [[Tarbagatai Mountains]] to the northwest.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|author=<br />
|year=<br />
|url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9031692/Jungar-Basin<br />
|title=Jungar Basin<br />
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica<br />
|accessdate=2008-02-13<br />
}}<br />
</ref> The three corners are relatively open. The northern corner is the valley of the upper [[Irtysh River]]. The western corner is the [[Dzungarian Gate]], a historically important gateway between Dzungaria and the Kazakh Steppe; presently, a highway and a [[Lanxin Railway|railway]] (opened in 1990) run through it, connecting China with Kazakhstan. The eastern corner of the basin leads to [[Gansu]] and the rest of China. In the south an easy pass leads from [[Ürümqi]] to the [[Turfan Depression]]. In the southwest the tall [[Borohoro Mountains]] branch of the [[Tian Shan]] separates the basin from the upper [[Ili River]].<br />
<br />
The basin is similar to the larger [[Tarim Basin]] on the southern side of the Tian Shan Range. Only a gap in the mountains to the north allows moist air masses to provide the basin lands with enough moisture to remain semi-desert rather than becoming a true desert like most of the Tarim Basin, and allows a thin layer of vegetation to grow. This is enough to sustain populations of wild [[Bactrian camel|camel]]s, [[jerboa]]s, and other wild species.<ref name=nationalgeo>{{NatGeo ecoregion<br />
|id=pa1317<br />
|name=Junggar Basin semi-desert<br />
|accessdate=2008-02-13<br />
}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
The Dzungarian Basin is a structural basin with thick sequences of Paleozoic-Pleistocene rocks with large estimated oil reserves.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|author=<br />
|year=1997<br />
|url=http://aapgbull.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/81/11/1926<br />
|title=Geochemistry of oils from the Junggar Basin, Northwest China<br />
|publisher=AAPG Bulletin, GeoScience World<br />
|accessdate=2008-02-13<br />
}}<br />
</ref> The [[Gurbantunggut Desert]], China’s second largest, is in the center of the basin.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion<br />
|id=pa1317<br />
|name=Junggar Basin semi-desert<br />
|accessdate=2008-02-13<br />
}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
The Dzungarian basin does not have a single [[drainage basin|catchment]] center. The northernmost section of Dzungaria is part of the basin of the [[Irtysh River]], which ultimately drains into the [[Arctic Ocean]]. The rest of the region is split into a number of [[endorheic basins]]. In particular, south of the Irtysh, the [[Ulungur River]] ends up in the (presently) [[endorheic]] [[Lake Ulungur]]. The Southwestern part of the Dzungarian basin drains into the <br />
[[Aibi Lake]]. In the west-central part of the region, streams flow into (or toward) a group of endorheic lakes that include [[Lake Manas]] and [[Lake Ailik]]. During the region's geological past, a much larger lake (the "Old Manas Lake") was located in the area of today's Manas Lake; it was fed not only by the streams that presently flow toward it, but also by the Irtysh and Ulungur, which too were flowing toward the Old Manas Lake at the time.<ref name=arid>{{citation|journal=Journal of Arid Land|year=2010|volume=2|issue=3|pages=167–173|title=Tectonic geomorphological characteristics for evolution of the Manas Lake<br />
|first=Yonghui|last=Yao|first2=Huiguo|last2=Li<br />
|url=http://jal.xjegi.com/EN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=51}}</ref><br />
<br />
The cold climate of nearby Siberia influences the climate of the Dzungarian Basin, making the temperature colder—as low as {{convert|-4|°F}}—and providing more precipitation, ranging from {{convert|3|to|10|in}}, compared to the warmer, drier basins to the south. Runoff from the surrounding mountains into the basin supplies several lakes. The ecologically rich habitats traditionally included meadows, marshlands, and rivers. However most of the land is now used for agriculture.<ref name=nationalgeo/><br />
<br />
It is a largely [[steppe]] and semi-desert basin surrounded by high mountains: the [[Tian Shan]] (ancient [[Mount Imeon]]) in the south and the [[Altai Mountains|Altai]] in the north. Geologically it is an extension of the Paleozoic [[Kazakhstan Block]] and was once part of an independent continent before the Altai mountains formed in the late Paleozoic. It does not contain the abundant minerals of Kazakhstan and may have been a pre-existing continental block before the Kazakhstan Block was formed.<br />
<br />
[[Ürümqi]], [[Yining (city)|Yining]] and [[Karamai]] are the main cities; other smaller [[oasis]] towns dot the piedmont areas.<br />
<br />
===Paleontology===<br />
Dzungaria and its derivatives are used to name a number of pre-historic animals<ref>''Nature'', Nature Publishing Group, Norman Lockyer, 1869</ref> hailing from the rocky outcrops located in the Dzungar Basin:<br />
*''[[Dsungaripterus]] weii'' ([[pterosaur]])<br />
*''[[Junggarsuchus]] sloani'' ([[crocodylomorph]])<br />
<br />
A recent notable find, in February 2006, is the oldest [[tyrannosaur]] fossil unearthed by a team of scientists from [[George Washington University]] who were conducting a study in the Dzungarian Basin. The species, named ''[[Guanlong]]'', lived 160 million years ago, more than 90 million years before the famed ''[[Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus rex]]''.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Dzungaria is home to a semi-desert [[steppe]] [[ecoregion]] known as the '''Dzungarian Basin semi-desert'''. The vegetation consists mostly of low scrub of ''[[Anabasis brevifolia]]''. Taller shrublands of [[Haloxylon ammodendron|saxaul]] bush ''(Haloxylon ammodendron)'' and ''[[Ephedra przewalskii]]'' can be found near the margins of the basin. Streams descending from the Tian Shan and Altai ranges support stands of [[Populus|poplar]] ''(Populus diversifolia)'' together with ''Nitraria roborovsky, N. sibirica, [[Achnatherum splendens]],'' [[tamarisk]] ''(Tamarix sibirimosissima)'', and [[willow]] ''([[Salix ledebouriana]])''.<br />
<br />
The northeastern portion of the Dzungarian Basin semi-desert lies within [[Great Gobi National Park]], and is home to herds of [[Onager]]s ''(Equus hemionus)'', [[goitered gazelle]]s ''(Gazella subgutturosa)'' and [[Wild Bactrian camel]]s ''(Camelus ferus)''.<br />
<br />
The basin was one of the last [[habitat]]s of [[Przewalski's horse]] ''(Equus przewalskii)'', also known as Dzungarian horse, which was once [[extinct]] in the wild, though it has since been reintroduced in areas of Mongolia and China.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{Main|History of Xinjiang}}<br />
[[File:Renat map.jpg|thumb|A map of the Dzungar Khanate, by a [[Johan Gustaf Renat|Swedish officer]] in captivity there in 1716-1733, which include the region known today as [[Zhetysu]]]]<br />
Before the 21st century, all or part of the region has been ruled or controlled by the [[Xiongnu Empire]], [[Han dynasty]], [[Xianbei state]], [[Rouran Khaganate]], [[Turkic Khaganate]], [[Tang Dynasty]], [[Uyghur Khaganate]], [[Liao dynasty]], [[Kara-Khitan Khanate]], [[Mongol Empire]], [[Yuan Dynasty]], [[Chagatai Khanate]], [[Moghulistan]], [[Qara Del]], [[Northern Yuan Dynasty|Northern Yuan]], [[Four Oirat]], [[Dzungar Khanate]], [[Qing Dynasty]], the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]] and, since 1950, the [[People's Republic of China]].<br />
<br />
One of the earliest mentions of the Dzungaria region occurs when the [[Han dynasty]] dispatched an explorer to investigate lands to the west, using the northernmost [[Silk Road]] trackway of about {{convert|2600|km}} in length, which connected the ancient Chinese capital of [[Xi'an]] to the west over the [[Wushao Ling Pass]] to [[Wuwei, Gansu|Wuwei]] and emerged in [[Kashgar]].<ref>[http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18006 ''Silk Road, North China'', C.Michael Hogan, the Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham]</ref><br />
<br />
[[Istämi]] of the [[Göktürks]] received the lands of Dzungaria as an inheritance after the death of his father in the latter half of the sixth century [[AD]].<ref>''The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia'', By René Grousset</ref><br />
<br />
Dzungaria is named after a [[Mongols|Mongolian]] kingdom which existed in [[Central Asia]] during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It derived its name from the [[Dzungars]], who were so called because they formed the left wing (''züün'', left; ''gar'', hand) of the Mongolian army, self-named [[Oirats]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Dzungaria|volume=8|page=787}}</ref> Dzungar power reached its height in the second half of the 17th century, when [[Kaldan]] (also known as Galdan Boshigtu Khan) repeatedly intervened in the affairs of the [[Kazakhs]] to the west, but it was completely destroyed by the [[Kazakhs]] about 1757–1759. It has played an important part in the history of [[Mongolia]] and the great migrations of Mongolian stems westward. Its widest limit included [[Kashgar]], [[Yarkant County|Yarkand]], [[Khotan]], the whole region of the [[Tian Shan]], and the greater proportion of that part of Central Asia which extends from 35° to 50° N and from 72° to 97° E.<ref name="EB1911"/><br />
<br />
After 1761, its territory fell mostly to the [[Qing dynasty]] during [[Ten Great Campaigns|the campaign against the Dzungars]] ([[Xinjiang]] and north-western Mongolia) and partly to [[Russian Turkestan]] (the earlier Kazakh state provinces of [[Semirechye]]- Jetysu and Irtysh river).<br />
<br />
After the [[Dzungar genocide]], the Qing subsequently began to repopulate the area with Han and Hui people from China Proper.<br />
<br />
The population in the 21st century consists of [[Kazakhs]], [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], [[Mongols]], [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] and [[Han Chinese]]. Since 1953, northern Xinjiang has attracted skilled workers from all over China—who have mostly been [[Han Chinese]]—to work on water conservation and industrial projects, especially the [[Karamay]] oil fields. Intraprovincial migration has mostly been directed towards Dzungaria also, with immigrants from the poor Uyghur areas of southern Xinjiang flooding to the provincial capital of [[Ürümqi]] to find work.<br />
<br />
As a political or geographical term ''Dzungaria'' has practically disappeared from the map; but the range of mountains stretching north-east along the southern frontier of the [[Zhetysu|Jeti-su]], as the district to the south-east of [[Lake Balkhash]] preserves the name of [[Dzungarian Alatau]].<ref name="EB1911"/> It also gave name to [[Phodopus sungorus|Dzungarian Hamster]]s.<br />
<br />
===Dzungaria and the Silk Road===<br />
A traveler going west from China must go either north of the Tian Shan mountains through Dzungaria or south of the mountains through the Tarim Basin. Trade usually took the south side and migrations the north. This is most likely because the Tarim leads to the Ferghana Valley and Iran, while Dzungaria leads only to the open steppe. The difficulty with south side was the high mountains between the Tarim and Ferghana. There is also another reason. The Taklamakan is too dry to support much grass, and therefore nomads when they are not robbing caravans. Its inhabitants live mostly in oases formed where rivers run out of the mountains into the desert. These are inhabited by peasants who are unwarlike and merchants who have an interest in keeping trade running smoothly. Dzungaria has a fair amount of grass, few towns to base soldiers in and no significant mountain barriers to the west. Therefore, trade went south and migrations north.<ref>Grosset, 'The Empire of the Steppes', p xxii,</ref> Today most trade is north of the mountains ([[Dzungarian Gate]] and [[Khorgas]] in the Ili valley) to avoid the mountains west of the Tarim and because Russia is currently more developed.<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
[[Wheat]], [[barley]], [[oat]]s, and [[sugar beet]]s are grown, and [[cattle]], [[sheep]], and [[horse]]s are raised. The fields are irrigated with melted snow from the permanently white-capped mountains.<br />
<br />
Dzungaria has deposits of [[coal]], [[iron]], and [[gold]], as well as large [[oil field]]s.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
=== Sources===<br />
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* {{citation|title=Migration, Modernisation and Ethnic Estrangement: Uyghur migration to Urumqi, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, PRC|first=Ben|last=Hopper|first2=Michael|last2=Webber|series=Inner Asia|volume=11|year=2009|pages=173–203|publisher=Global Oriental Ltd|ref=harv}}<br />
* {{citation|title=Is Xinjiang an Internal Colony?|first=Barry|last=Sautman|journal=Inner Asia|volume=2|year=2000|pages=239–271|issue=33, number 2 |publisher=Brill|ref=harv}}<br />
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*{{cite web|author=Victor C. Falkenheim |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/546118/Xinjiang/71454/Climate |title=Xinjiang - Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com | page =2 |date= |accessdate=16 April 2014}}<br />
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*{{cite web |url= http://dambijantsan.doncroner.com/JaLama-Chapter1.pdf |title=False Lama - The Life and Death of Dambijantsan |last1= Croner|first1=Don |last2= |first2= |date= 2009|website= dambijantsan.doncroner.com |location=Ulaan Baatar|publisher= Don Crone|chapter=1|accessdate=29 August 2014}}<br />
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*{{cite book|title=China's Minorities: Ethnic-religious Separatism in Xinjiang|first=Mahesh Ranjan|last=Debata|others=Central Asian Studies Programme|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2007|publisher=Pentagon Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=7Xe8CUZ0_r4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=8182743257|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
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*{{cite book|title=The Empire And the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand C.1760-1860|first=L. J.|last=Newby|volume=Volume 16 of Brill's Inner Asian Library|edition=illustrated|year=2005|publisher=BRILL|url=https://books.google.com/?id=KTmO416hNQ8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9004145508|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Great Britain and Chinese, Russian and Japanese interests in Sinkiang, 1918-1934|first=Lars-Erik|last=Nyman|volume=Volume 8 of Lund studies in international history|edition=|year=1977|publisher=Esselte studium|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JNlwAAAAMAAJ&q=Turki+(or+officially+Uighur+since+1921)+population+considers+Kashgaria+as+their+homeland,+but+a+migration+has+been+in+progress+to+Dzungaria+since+the+18th+century&dq=Turki+(or+officially+Uighur+since+1921)+population+considers+Kashgaria+as+their+homeland,+but+a+migration+has+been+in+progress+to+Dzungaria+since+the+18th+century|isbn=9124272876|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier|first=S. C. M.|last=Paine|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=1996|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|url=https://books.google.com/?id=zMrx5Rw5n0AC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1563247240|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=The Bloody White Baron: The Extraordinary Story of the Russian Nobleman Who Became the Last Khan of Mongolia|issue=|first=James|last=Palmer|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=reprint|year=2011|publisher=Basic Books|url=https://books.google.com/?id=t_2oJYvNHAQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0465022073|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref=harv }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Global Interactions in the Early Modern Age, 1400–1800|first=Charles H.|last=Parker|volume=|edition=|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=SKgs8-pj4_YC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1139491415|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Mongolian Music, Dance, & Oral Narrative: Performing Diverse Identities, Volume 1|first=Carole|last=Pegg|edition=illustrated|year=2001|publisher=University of Washington Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=uxEGTwiCvd8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false9|isbn=0295980303|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia|first=Peter C|last=Perdue|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2005|publisher=Harvard University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=4Zm_Bj6zc7EC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=067401684X|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia|first=Peter C|last=Perdue|volume=|edition=reprint|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0674042026|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite journal|jstor=312949|journal=Modern Asian Studies|title=Military Mobilization in Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century China, Russia, and Mongolia|last=Perdue|first=Peter C.|volume= 30|number=No. 4 Special Issue: War in Modern China|date=October 1996|pages=757–793|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/s0026749x00016796}}<br />
*{{cite book|title=State Capitalism, Contentious Politics and Large-Scale Social Change|editor-first=Vincent|editor-last=Pollard|volume=Volume 29 of Studies in Critical Social Sciences|edition=illustrated|year=2011|publisher=BRILL|url=https://books.google.com/?id=5p_rjMLgj_8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9004194452|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Tibet|first1=John|last1=Powers|first2=David|last2=Templeman|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2012|publisher=Scarecrow Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LVlyX6iSDEQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0810879840|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=The modern approach to history|first=Buddha|last=Prakash|volume=|edition=|year=1963|publisher=University Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-1HAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=March of Central Asia|first=Ram|last=Rahul|volume=|edition=|year=2000|publisher=Indus Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/?id=tI77bC989PoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=8173871094|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat|first1=J. Todd|last1=Reed|first2=Diana|last2=Raschke|last=|volume=|edition=|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|url=https://books.google.com/?id=5I2b_hrJO8sC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0313365407|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=A History of China|first=John A.G.|last=Roberts|volume=|edition=revised|year=2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|url=https://books.google.com/?id=GZNiAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0230344119|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Bones in the Sand: The Struggle to Create Uighur Nationalist Ideologies in Xinjiang, China|first1=Justin Jon|last1=Rudelson|first2=Justin Ben-Adam|last2=Rudelson|volume=|edition=reprint|year=1992|publisher=Harvard University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=905wAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road|first1=Justin Jon|last1=Rudelson|first2=Justin Ben-Adam|last2=Rudelson|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=DMU8Ue0HECcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0231107870|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road|first1=Justin Jon|last1=Rudelson|first2=Justin Ben-Adam|last2=Rudelson|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=MT2D_0_eBPQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0231107862|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite news |last=RYAN |first= WILLIAM L.|date= Jan 2, 1969|title= Russians Back Revolution in Province Inside China |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19690102&id=ylsgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UGQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4665,144363 |newspaper= The Lewiston Daily Sun |page=3|location= |publisher= |accessdate= 12 May 2014}}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Notes on the Central Asiatic Question|editor=M. Romanovski|chapter=Eastern Turkestan and Dzungaria, and the rebellion of the Tungans and Taranchis, 1862 to 1866 by Robert Michell|volume=|year=1870|publisher=Office of Superintendent of Government Printing|location=Calcutta|url=https://books.google.com/?id=reBFF3fWjPAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Mongolia|volume=Volume 74 of Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East|issue=|first=Alan J. K.|last=Sanders|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=3, illustrated|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=5JN83EDDLl4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0810874520|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of genocide and crimes against humanity, Volume 3|first=Dinah C|last=Shelton|editor-first=Dinah|editor-last=Sheltonvolume=|edition=illustrated|year=2005|publisher=Macmillan Reference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-8YAAAAIAAJ|isbn=0028658507|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Aspects of Altaic Civilization III: Proceedings of the Thirtieth Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, June 19-25, 1987|volume=3|editor-first=Denis|editor-last=Sinor|edition=|year=1990|publisher=Psychology Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wWbAbwxMZXEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0700703802|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland|editor-first=S. Frederick|editor-last=Starr|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2004|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|url=https://books.google.com/?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0765613182|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=New Ghosts, Old Ghosts: Prisons and Labor Reform Camps in China|series=Socialism and Social Movements Series|first1=James D.|last1=Seymour|first2=Richard|last2=Anderson|others=Contributor Sidong Fan|volume=|edition=illustrated, reprint|year=1999|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|url=https://books.google.com/?id=HHwkn9pnjSwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0765605104|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=The Horse that Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road, and the Rise of Modern China|first=Eric|last=Tamm|volume=|edition=|year=2013|publisher=Counterpoint|url=https://books.google.com/?id=kbpG8QEguXEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1582438765|page=|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771–1776)|first=Ulrich|last=Theobald|volume=|edition=|year=2013|publisher=BRILL|url=https://books.google.com/?id=DUodAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9004255672|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite news |last= Tinibai|first=Kenjali |date=May 28, 2010 |title=China and Kazakhstan: A Two-Way Street |url= http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/may2010/gb20100528_168520.htm |newspaper= Bloomberg Businessweek |page=1 |location= |publisher= |accessdate=12 May 2014 }}<br />
*{{cite news |last= Tinibai|first=Kenjali |date=2010-05-28 |title= Kazakhstan and China: A Two-Way Street |url= http://engnews.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=308213 |newspaper= Gazeta.kz |page=|location= |publisher= |accessdate=12 May 2014 }}<br />
*{{cite news |last= Tinibai|first=Kenjali |date=27 May 2010 |title= Kazakhstan and China: A Two-Way Street |url= http://www.tol.org/client/article/21490-kazakhstan-and-china-a-two-way-street.html |newspaper= Transitions Online |page=|location= |publisher= |accessdate=12 May 2014 }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang|first=Christian|last=Tyler|volume=|edition=illustrated, reprint|year=2004|publisher=Rutgers University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C&printsec=frontcover&vq=Merchant+jahangir#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0813535336|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Asiatische Forschungen, Volumes 73-75|issue=|author=Universität Bonn. Ostasiatische Seminar|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=|year=1982|publisher=O. Harrassowitz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbILAAAAIAAJ|isbn=344702237X|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Eurasian Corridors of Interconnection: From the South China to the Caspian Sea|editor1-first=Susan M.|editor1-last=Walcott|editor2-first=Corey|editor2-last=Johnson|volume=|edition=|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/?id=OkAVAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1135078750|accessdate=13 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=China and the New International Order|editor1-first=Gungwu|editor1-last=Wang|editor2-first=Yongnian|editor2-last=Zheng|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|url=https://books.google.com/?id=mXXnd81uoMoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0203932269|accessdate=9 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=China's War on Terrorism: Counter-Insurgency, Politics and Internal Security|first=Martin I.|last=Wayne|volume=|edition=|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/?id=2ybmWJXjxUYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1134106238|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=China's Post-Jiang Leadership Succession: Problems and Perspectives|editor1-first=John|editor1-last=Wong|editor2-first=Yongnian|editor2-last=Zheng|volume=|edition=|year=2002|publisher=World Scientific|url=https://books.google.com/?id=cEdQ1IuJFH4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=981270650X|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750|first=Odd Arne|last=Westad|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2012|publisher=Basic Books|url=https://books.google.com/?id=uL8NoXZtyxMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0465029361|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=China's Post-Jiang Leadership Succession: Problems and Perspectives|editor1-first=John|editor1-last=Wong|editor2-first=Yongnian|editor2-last=Zheng|volume=|edition=|year=2002|publisher=World Scientific|url=https://books.google.com/?id=cEdQ1IuJFH4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=981270650X|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite journal|url=http://mcx.sagepub.com/content/32/1/3.abstract |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325231543/https://webspace.utexas.edu/hl4958/perspectives/Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf |archivedate=2014-03-25 |jstor=20062627 |doi=10.1177/0097700405282349 |title=Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century |journal=Modern China |last1=Zhao |first1=Gang |last2= |first2= |volume=32 |pages=3 |number=Number 1 |date=January 2006 |website= |publisher=Sage Publications |deadurl=yes |accessdate=17 April 2014 |df= }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia|issue=|first=Andrei|last=Znamenski|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=illustrated|year=2011|publisher=Quest Books|url=https://books.google.com/?id=6J6T2uz1KSoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0835608913|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}<br />
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*{{cite book|title=Mongolia Society Bulletin, Volumes 9-12|author=Mongolia Society|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=|year=1970|publisher=Mongolia Society.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IuVVAAAAYAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Bulletin de la Section de géographie, Volume 10|first=|last=|author=France. Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques. Section de géographie|volume=|edition=|year=1895|location=PARIS|publisher=IMPRIMERIE NATIONALE|url=https://books.google.com/?id=6MysOTiETbsC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=|page=|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Inner Asia, Volume 4, Issues 1-2|first=|last=|others=Contributor University of Cambridge. Mongolia & Inner Asia Studies Unit|volume=|edition=|year=2002|publisher=The White Horse Press for the Mongolia and Inner Asia Studies Unit at the University of Cambridge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1RuAAAAMAAJ|isbn=0804729336|page=|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}<br />
*{{cite news |author= UPI |date=September 22, 1981 |title=Radio war aims at China Moslems |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19810922&id=3oAxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9KQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5348,448513 |newspaper= The Montreal Gazette |page=11|location= |publisher= |accessdate=12 May 2014 }}<br />
<br />
{{Commons category|Zungharia}}<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
{{Paleartic deserts and xeric shrublands}}<br />
{{Xinjiang topics}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|45|00|N|85|00|E|region:CN_type:adm1st_source:kolossus-zhwiki|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Deserts and xeric shrublands]]<br />
[[Category:Ecoregions of China]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Mongolia]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Xinjiang]]<br />
[[Category:Flora of Xinjiang| ]]<br />
[[Category:Deserts of China]]<br />
[[Category:Deserts of Mongolia]]<br />
[[Category:Environment of Mongolia]]<br />
[[Category:Altai Mountains]]<br />
[[Category:Sites along the Silk Road]]<br />
[[Category:Palearctic ecozone]]</div>Rich Farmbroughhttps://en.encyclopedia.kz/index.php/Timeline_of_AlmatyTimeline of Almaty2017-03-25T23:26:06Z<p>Rich Farmbrough: Fix spelling Encyclopaedia Britannica or similar; using AWB</p>
<hr />
<div>The following is a '''timeline of the [[Almaty#History|history]] of the city of [[Almaty]]''', [[Almaty Province]], [[Kazakhstan]].<br />
{{Dynamic list}}<br />
{{TOC right}}<br />
<br />
==19th century==<br />
{{History of Kazakhstan}}<br />
* 1854 - [[Russian Empire|Russian]] Verny Fort built.<ref>{{Citation |publisher = UNESCO |title = History of Civilizations of Central Asia |volume=6 |publication-date = 2005 |location=Paris }}</ref><br />
* 1870s - Panfilov Park laid out.<ref name=planet>{{cite web |url= http://www.lonelyplanet.com/kazakhstan/almaty |title=Almaty |work=Kazakhstan |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref><br />
* 1871 - Population: 12,000.<ref>{{cite journal |year=1878 |location=St. Petersburg |journal=[[Russische Revue]] |volume=13 |language=German |title= Zur Literatur uber Russisch-Turkestan |author=Alexander Petzholdt |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=raIKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA256 |quote=Wernoje |oclc=15861931 }}</ref><br />
* 1884 - Synagogue established.<ref>{{Citation |publisher = ABC-CLIO |publication-date = 2008 |publication-place = Santa Barbara, California |title = Encyclopedia of the Jewish diaspora |isbn=9781851098736 }}</ref><br />
* 1887 - 9 June: Earthquake.<ref name=brit1910 /><br />
<br />
==20th century==<br />
{{Expand section|date=April 2013}}<br />
* 1907 - [[Ascension Cathedral, Almaty|Ascension Cathedral]] built.<br />
* 1910 - Population: 24,798.<ref name=brit1910>{{Citation |publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica Co. |publication-place = New York |title = Encyclopædia Britannica |publication-date = 1910 |oclc = 14782424 |edition=11th |chapterurl = https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabri28chisrich#page/222/mode/2up |chapter =Vyernyi }}</ref><br />
* 1911 - Earthquake.<br />
* 1914 - Population: 36,000.<ref>{{Citation |publisher = Karl Baedeker |publication-place = Leipzig |title = Russia |url = https://archive.org/stream/russiawithtehera00baed#page/522/mode/1up |publication-date = 1914 |oclc = 1328163 |quote=Vyerni }}</ref><br />
* 1918 - Soviets in power; city becomes part of the [[Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]].<br />
* 1921 - City renamed "Alma-Ata."<ref>{{Citation |publisher = McFarland |publication-place = Jefferson, NC |title = Placenames of the World |author = Adrian Room |publication-date = 2006 |edition=2nd }}</ref><br />
* 1927 - Capital of the [[Kazak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic]] relocates to Alma-Ata from [[Kyzylorda]].<br />
* 1928 - Kazakh State Theatre relocates to Alma-Ata.<ref name=rubin2001 /><br />
* 1930 - [[Turkestan-Siberia Railway]] begins operating.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}<br />
* 1931 - [[Central State Museum of Kazakhstan]]<ref name=bates2010 /> and [[National Library of Kazakhstan]] established.<ref name=saur2011>{{Citation |publisher = De Gruyter Saur |isbn = 9783110230710 |title = World Guide to Libraries |edition=25th |publication-date = 2011 }}</ref><br />
* 1934<br />
** [[Abay Opera House]] and [[Al-Farabi University|Kazakh State University]] open.<br />
** Alma-Ata Documentary Film Studio established.<ref name=rollbert2009>{{Citation |publisher = [[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn = 9780810860728 |publication-place = Lanham, Maryland |title = Historical dictionary of Russian and Soviet cinema |author = Peter Rollberg |publication-date = 2009 }}</ref><br />
** Uighur Music and Drama theatre group founded.<ref name=rubin2001>{{Citation |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 9780415260879 |title = World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia/Pacific |editor = Don Rubin |display-editors=etal |publication-date = 2001 |chapter=Kazakhstan |author= Natasha Rapoport }}</ref><br />
* 1935<br />
** [[Almaty International Airport|Almaty Airport]] built.<br />
** National Art Gallery opens.<ref name=bates2010 /><br />
* 1936<br />
** City becomes capital of the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]].<br />
** [[Almaty Zoo]] opens.<br />
* 1939 - Population: 230,528.<ref name=webster1960>{{Citation |publisher = G. & C. Merriam Co. |publication-place = Springfield, Mass., USA |title = Webster's Geographical Dictionary |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL5812502M/Webster's_geographical_dictionary. |publication-date = 1960 |ol=5812502M }}</ref><br />
* 1941 - Central United Film Studio established.<ref name=rollbert2009 /><br />
* 1944 - [[Kazakhfilm|Alma-Ata Studio for Feature and Documentary Films]] established.<ref name=rollbert2009 /><br />
* 1946 - [[Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly|Kurmangazy]] Conservatory established.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}<br />
* 1949 - Almaty District Library established.<ref name=saur2011 /><br />
* 1951 - [[Medeo]] skating rink opens.<br />
* 1954 - [[FC Kairat|Lokomotiv Almaty]] football club formed.<br />
* 1958 - [[Almaty Central Stadium]] opens.<br />
* 1960 - Republican Scientific-Technical Library established.<ref name=bates2010>{{Citation |publisher = CRC Press |publication-place = Boca Raton, Florida |editor = Marcia J. Bates |title = Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences |publication-date = 2010 |isbn=9780849397127 |chapter=Kazakhstan: Libraries, Archives and Museums |author=Leslie Champeny }}</ref><br />
* 1963 - Korean Theatre relocates to Almaty.<ref>{{Citation |publisher = RoutledgeCurzon |isbn = 9780700715862 |title = Diasporas and Interculturalism in Asian Performing Arts |publication-date = 2005 |editor = Hae-Kyung Um }}</ref><br />
* 1967 - [[Kok Tobe]] cable car begins operating.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}<br />
* 1970 - [[Hotel Kazakhstan]] built.<br />
* 1972 - [[Medeu Dam]] built.<br />
* 1978<br />
** Republican Book Museum opens.<ref name=bates2010 /><br />
** September: [[Alma Ata Declaration|International Conference on Primary Health Care]] held.<br />
* 1979 - Population: 975,000.<ref name="Morton1984">{{cite book|editor1=Henry W. Morton |editor2=Robert C. Stuart |title=The Contemporary Soviet City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79haNx8rZBQC&pg=PA4 |year=1984|publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location=New York |isbn=978-0-87332-248-5 }}</ref><br />
* 1980 - [[Kazakhstan National Museum of Instruments]] founded.<ref name=bates2010 /><br />
* 1983 - [[Almaty Tower]] built.<br />
* 1986 - December: [[Jeltoqsan]] protests against Soviet regime.<ref name=bbc-timeline /><br />
* 1989 - [[Voice of Asia]] [[lip synching]] contest begins.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}<br />
* 1991<br />
** 21 December: [[Alma-Ata Protocol]] signed, establishing the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]].<br />
** City becomes capital of independent [[Republic of Kazakhstan]].<br />
* 1992<br />
** ''Karavan'' begins publication.<ref name=worldcat /><br />
** Central State Archives of Recent History headquartered in city.<ref name=bates2010 /><br />
** [[Akhmetzhan Yesimov]] becomes head of Alma-Ata regional government.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.almaty.kz/page.php?page_id=425&lang=2 |title=Akim |publisher= Almaty City |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref><br />
* 1993<br />
** City renamed "Almaty."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.almaty.kz/page.php?page_id=425&lang=2 |title=History of Almaty |publisher= Almaty City |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref><br />
** [[Kazakhstan Stock Exchange|Kazakh Interbank Currency Exchange]] headquartered in Almaty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kase.kz/en/general_info |title= Kazakhstan Stock Exchange |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref><br />
** ''[[Kazakhskaya Pravda]]'' in publication.<ref name=worldcat>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=su%3AKazakhstan+Périodiques.&qt=hot_subject |title=WorldCat |publisher=[[Online Computer Library Center]] |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref><br />
** Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies founded.<ref name=fpri /><br />
* 1995 - [[Katelco]] established.<br />
* 1997<br />
** State capital relocates from Almaty to [[Astana]].<ref name=bbc-timeline>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15483497 |title=Kazakhstan Profile: Timeline |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref><br />
** [[Zamanbek Nurkadilov]] becomes governor of the Almaty region.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}<br />
* 1998 - [[Mukhtar Auezov]] Museum-House built.<ref name=archnet>{{cite web |author=ArchNet.org |publisher=MIT School of Architecture and Planning |location= Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA |url= http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=2429 |title=Almaty |accessdate=9 April 2013 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==21st century==<br />
{{Expand section|date=April 2013}}<br />
* 2000<br />
** ''[[Respublika (Kazakh newspaper)]]'' begins publication.<br />
** [[FC Almaty|Football Club Tsesna]] formed.<br />
* 2001 - Public Policy Research Center, and Center for Foreign Policy and Analysis founded.<ref name=fpri>{{cite web |url=http://thinktanks.fpri.org/ |title=Think Tank Directory |location=Philadelphia |publisher=[[Foreign Policy Research Institute]] |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref><br />
* 2003 - International Institute for Modern Politics founded.<ref name=fpri /><br />
* 2006 - Protest.<ref>{{cite book |title=Urban Life in Post-Soviet Asia |year=2007 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=UK |author=Catherine Alexander |chapter=Almaty: Rethinking the Public Sector |editor=Catharine Alexander |editor2=Victor Buchli |editor3=Caroline Humphrey }}</ref><br />
* 2007 - [[Almaty Cup]] tennis tournament begins.<br />
* 2008<br />
** [[Haileybury Almaty]] school founded.<br />
** [[Akhmetzhan Yessimov]] becomes mayor.<br />
* 2009 - Population: 1,365,105.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2011.htm |work=Demographic Yearbook 2011 |year=2012 |publisher=[[United Nations Statistics Division]] |title=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants }}</ref><br />
* 2011<br />
** [[Almaty Metro]] begins operating.<br />
** [[2011 Asian Winter Games]] held.<br />
* 2012 - Population: 1,472,866.<br />
* 2013<br />
** January: Airplane crash near city.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21243203 |title=Passenger plane crashes near Kazakh city of Almaty |date= 29 January 2013 |publisher= BBC News |accessdate=9 April 2013 }}</ref><br />
** City hosts [[P5+1]]-[[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran]] meetings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/08/world/asia/negotiators-find-in-kazakhstan-the-perfect-place-to-disagree.html |title= Negotiators Find in Kazakhstan the Perfect Place to Disagree |author=David M. Herszenhorn |date= 7 April 2013 |work=New York Times |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref><br />
* 2014 - Economic protest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://globalvoicesonline.org/2014/03/04/kazakhstan-devaluation-demonstrations-and-lacy-underwear/ |title= Kazakhstan: Devaluation, Demonstrations, and Lacy Underwear |date= 4 March 2014 |work=[[Global Voices Online|Global Voices]] }}</ref><br />
* 2015 - Baibek Bauyrzhan becomes mayor.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Almaty#History|Almaty history]]<br />
* [[:de:Almaty#B.C3.BCrgermeister|List of mayors of Almaty]] (in German)<br />
* [[List of universities in Kazakhstan|List of universities in Almaty]]<br />
* [[List of Asian city names in different languages#A|Other names of Almaty]]<br />
* [[History of Kazakhstan]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{Expand section|date=April 2015}}<br />
* {{Cite book |publisher = [[Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington]] |publication-place = London |title = Russian Central Asia, including Kuldja, Bokhara, Khiva and Merv |first1 = Henry|last1=Lansdell|author1-link=Henry Lansdell |publication-date = 1885 |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/russiancentralas01lansuoft#page/266/mode/2up |chapter= From Altyn-Immel to Vierny }}<br />
* {{Citation |publisher = W. Heinemann |publication-place = London |title = Innermost Asia |author = Ralph Patteson Cobbold |authorlink=Ralph Cobbold |publication-date = 1900 |oclc = 2398669 |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/innermostasiatra00cobbiala#page/108/mode/2up |chapter= Vierny to Balkash|ref=none}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Almaty}}<br />
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/publicresourceorg/sets/72157603870148645 Photos of market in Almaty], 1995, by [[Carl Malamud]]<br />
<br />
{{Provinces of Kazakhstan}}<br />
{{Cities of Kazakhstan}}<br />
{{Years in Kazakhstan}}<br />
{{coord|43.2775|76.895833|type:city|display=title}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Years in Kazakhstan|almaty]]<br />
[[Category:History of Kazakhstan|Almaty]]<br />
[[Category:City timelines|Almaty]]<br />
[[Category:Almaty|*]]<br />
[[Category:Kazakhstan-related lists|Almaty]]</div>Rich Farmbroughhttps://en.encyclopedia.kz/index.php/Alash_OrdaAlash Orda2017-03-18T00:17:47Z<p>Rich Farmbrough: Fix spelling Encyclopaedia Britannica or similar; using AWB</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Merge from|Alash Autonomy |discuss=Talk:Alash Orda |date=March 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox Former Country<br />
|image_flag = Flag of the Alash Autonomy.svg<br />
|conventional_long_name = Alash Orda<br />
|native_name = Алаш Орда<br>''Alaş Orda''<br />
|common_languages = [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]<br />
|common_name = Alash Orda<br />
|continent = Asia|capital = [[Semey]]<br />
|government_type = Republic<br />
|title_leader = Chairman of Alash Orda<br />
|year_start = 13 December 1917<br />
|year_end = 26 August 1920<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Alash Orda''' ({{lang-kz|Алаш Орда, ''Alaş Orda''}}, "[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] [[Orda (organization)|Horde]]") was the name of the provisional [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] [[government]] between 13 December 1917 and 26 August 1920.<br />
<br />
The [[Alash (party)|Alash Party]] proclaimed the autonomy of the Kazakh people in December 1917. The provisional government consisted of 25 members (10 positions reserved for non-Kazakhs) and 15 member candidates. They formed a special educational commission and established militia regiments as their armed forces. They issued a number of legislative resolutions. The first one of 11–24 June 1918 is the following: "Agreed to invalidate all decrees issued by the Soviet authorities on the territory of the autonomous Alash. Chairman of Alash-Orda: [[Alikhan Bukeikhanov|Bokeikhanov]], Members: [[Tynyshpaev, Mukhamedzhan Tynyshpaevich|Tynyshpaev]], Gabbasov."<br />
<br />
On 26 August 1920, the [[History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)|Soviet governmen]]t established the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which in 1925 changed its name to the [[Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] and then to the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]] in 1936.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Alash Autonomy]]<br />
* [[Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus]]<br />
<br />
== Films ==<br />
# 1994 «Алаш туралы сөз» "[[The Word of Alash]]" "Алаш туралы сөз" - "Алаш туралы сөз" (documentary) «[[Kazakhtelefilm]]» film director [[Kalila Umarov]].<br />
# 2009 «Алашорда» "[[Alashorda]]" "Алашорда" - "Алашорда" (documentary) «[[Kazakhfilm]]» film director [[Kalila Umarov]].<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-12250 Alash Orda Encyclopædia Britannica search]<br />
<br />
[[Category:History of Kazakhstan]]<br />
[[Category:Provisional governments]]<br />
<br />
[[ru:Алаш Орда]]</div>Rich Farmbroughhttps://en.encyclopedia.kz/index.php/Yevgeni_Safonov_(Uzbekistani_footballer)Yevgeni Safonov (Uzbekistani footballer)2016-11-26T13:15:56Z<p>Rich Farmbrough: Cat by position. using AWB</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox football biography<br />
| name = Yevgeni Safonov<br />
| fullname = Yevgeni Aleksandrovich Safonov<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|07|06|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Toshkent]], [[Soviet Union]]<br />
| height = {{convert|1.99|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<br />
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]]<br />
| currentclub =<br />
| clubnumber =<br />
| years1 = 1996–1997 | years2 = 1998–1999 | years3 = 2000–2006 | years4 = 2007 | years5 = 2008 | years6 =2008<br />
| clubs1 = [[Dustlik Toshkent]] | clubs2 = [[FK Samarqand-Dinamo]] | clubs3 = [[FC Shinnik Yaroslavl]] | clubs4 = [[FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast]] | clubs5 = [[FC Ryazan]] | clubs6 =[[FC Megasport]]<br />
| caps1 = | goals1 = | caps2 = | goals2 = | caps3 = 74 | goals3 = 0 | caps4 = 8 | goals4 = 0 | caps5 = 19 | goals5 = 0 | caps6 = 6 | goals6 = 0<br />
| nationalyears1= 1999–2006<br />
| nationalteam1= [[Uzbekistan national football team|Uzbekistan]]<br />
| nationalcaps1= 26 | nationalgoals1 = 0<br />
| pcupdate = 15 August 2008<br />
| ntupdate = 22 June 2008<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Yevgeni Safonov''' (born 6 July 1977 in [[Toshkent]]) is a former [[Uzbekistan]]i professional [[football (soccer)|football]] goalkeeper.<br />
<br />
He is a member of the [[Uzbekistan national football team|national team]], and has played 26 matches since his debut in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uzbekistan - Record International Players|publisher=''RSSSF''|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/oez-recintlp.html|accessdate=2008-09-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
Safonov is 1.99&nbsp;m (6&nbsp;ft 6{{frac|1|2}}&nbsp;in) tall and weighs 96&nbsp;kg (15&nbsp;st 1&nbsp;lb).<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<!--added above External links/Sources by script-assisted edit--><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{NFT player|pid=7162|Yevgeni Safonov}}<br />
{{Uzbekistan Squad 2004 AFC Asian Cup}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2011}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Safonov, Evgeni}}<br />
[[Category:1977 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Uzbekistani footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Uzbekistan international footballers]]<br />
[[Category:2004 AFC Asian Cup players]]<br />
[[Category:FC Shinnik Yaroslavl players]]<br />
[[Category:Russian Premier League players]]<br />
[[Category:Uzbekistani expatriate footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Russia]]<br />
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan]]<br />
[[Category:FC Ural Yekaterinburg players]]<br />
[[Category:Uzbekistani expatriates in Kazakhstan]]<br />
[[Category:FK Dinamo Samarqand players]]<br />
[[Category:Uzbekistani people of Russian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Association football goalkeepers]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Uzbekistan-footy-bio-stub}}</div>Rich Farmbroughhttps://en.encyclopedia.kz/index.php/Igor_ChislenkoIgor Chislenko2016-11-26T12:46:33Z<p>Rich Farmbrough: Cat by position. using AWB</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox football biography<br />
| name = Igor Chislenko<br />
| image =Igor Chislenko.jpg<br />
| fullname = Igor Leonidovich Chislenko<br />
| height = {{height|m=1.71}}<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1939|1|4|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1994|9|22|1939|1|4|df=yes}}<br />
| death_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]<br />
| position = [[Striker (association football)|Striker]]<br />
| youthyears1 =<br />
| youthclubs1 =<br />
| years1 = 1957<br />
| years2 = 1957–1970<br />
| years3 = 1971<br />
| clubs1 = [[FShM Moscow]]<br />
| clubs2 = [[FC Dynamo Moscow]]<br />
| clubs3 = [[FC Astana-64|FC Dynamo Tselinograd]]<br />
| caps1 =<br />
| caps2 = 229<br />
| caps3 = ?<br />
| goals1 =<br />
| goals2 = 68<br />
| goals3 = 3<br />
| nationalyears1 = 1959–1968<br />
| nationalteam1 = [[USSR national football team|USSR]]<br />
| nationalcaps1 = 53<br />
| nationalgoals1 = 20<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Igor Leonidovich Chislenko''' ({{lang-ru|Игорь Леонидович Численко}}, 4 January 1939 — 22 September 1994) was a Soviet [[association football]] player. He played over 200 league games for [[FC Dinamo Moscow]], winning two [[Soviet Top League|Soviet league]] titles and the [[Soviet Cup]] on one occasion. He also played for the [[USSR national football team]], appearing 53 times, and scoring 20 goals. He was on the 1962 and 1966 World Cup teams.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://rsssf.com/miscellaneous/chislenko-intlg.html | title = Igor Leonidovich Chislenko - Goals in International Matches | first = Matthias | last = Arnhold | date = 1 October 2015 | accessdate = 16 October 2015 | publisher = Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Igor Chislenko}}<br />
* {{ru icon}} [http://www.rusteam.permian.ru/players/chislenko.html RussiaTeam biography]<br />
* {{NFT player|pid=19058}}<br />
<br />
{{USSR Squad 1962 World Cup}}<br />
{{USSR Squad 1964 European Nations' Cup}}<br />
{{USSR Squad 1966 World Cup}}<br />
{{USSR Squad 1968 UEFA Euro}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chislenko, Igor}}<br />
[[Category:1939 births]]<br />
[[Category:1994 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Soviet footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Soviet bandy players]]<br />
[[Category:Russian footballers]]<br />
[[Category:1962 FIFA World Cup players]]<br />
[[Category:1964 European Nations' Cup players]]<br />
[[Category:1966 FIFA World Cup players]]<br />
[[Category:UEFA Euro 1968 players]]<br />
[[Category:FC Dynamo Moscow players]]<br />
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan]]<br />
[[Category:FC Zhenis Astana players]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Moscow]]<br />
[[Category:Soviet Union international footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Russian expatriates in Kazakhstan]]<br />
[[Category:Association football forwards]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{USSR-footy-bio-stub}}<br />
{{Russia-footy-forward-1930s-stub}}</div>Rich Farmbroughhttps://en.encyclopedia.kz/index.php/Andrey_TikhonovAndrey Tikhonov2016-11-26T12:10:54Z<p>Rich Farmbrough: Cat by position. using AWB</p>
<hr />
<div>{{about| the football player| the mathematician|Andrey Nikolayevich Tikhonov}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}<br />
{{Infobox football biography<br />
|image=Andrei Tikhonov 2011.jpg<br />
| caption = With [[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak]] in 2011<br />
|name=Andrey Tikhonov<br />
|fullname=Andrey Valeryevich Tikhonov<br />
|height={{height|m=1.79}}<br />
|birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1970|10|16|df=y}}<br />
|birth_place=[[Korolyov (city)|Korolyov]], [[Soviet Union]]<br />
|currentclub=[[FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk]] (manager)<br />
|position=[[Midfielder]]<br />
| years1 = 1991 | clubs1 = [[FC Vympel Korolyov|Vympel Korolyov]] | caps1 = | goals1 =<br />
| years2 = 1992 | clubs2 = [[FC Titan Klin|Titan Reutov]] | caps2 = 15 | goals2 = 8<br />
| years3 = 1992–2000 | clubs3 = [[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak Moscow]] | caps3 = 191 | goals3 = 68<br />
| years4 = 2000 | clubs4 = [[Maccabi Tel-Aviv FC|Maccabi Tel-Aviv]] | caps4 = 8 | goals4 = 1<br />
| years5 = 2001–2004 | clubs5 = [[FC Krylia Sovetov Samara|Krylia Sovetov Samara]] | caps5 = 98 | goals5 = 19<br />
| years6 = 2005–2007 | clubs6 = [[FC Khimki|Khimki]] | caps6 = 110 | goals6 = 41<br />
| years7 = 2008 | clubs7 = [[FC Krylia Sovetov Samara|Krylia Sovetov Samara]] | caps7 = 28 | goals7 = 7<br />
| years8 = 2009 | clubs8 = [[Lokomotiv Astana]] | caps8 = 25 | goals8 = 12<br />
| years9 = 2010 | clubs9 = [[FC Khimki|Khimki]] | caps9 = 29 | goals9 = 2<br />
| years10 = 2011 | clubs10 = [[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak Moscow]] | caps10 = 1 | goals10 = 0<br />
| nationalyears1 = 1996–2000 |nationalteam1 = [[Russia national football team|Russia]] | nationalcaps1 = 29 | nationalgoals1 = 1<br />
| manageryears1 = 2008 | managerclubs1 = [[FC Krylia Sovetov Samara|Krylia Sovetov Samara]] (assistant)<br />
| manageryears2 = 2011–2012 | managerclubs2 = [[FC Spartak Moscow]] (assistant)<br />
| manageryears3 = 2012–2013 | managerclubs3 = [[FC Sparta Shchyolkovo]]<br />
| manageryears4 = 2013–2014 | managerclubs4 = [[FC Spartak Moscow]] (assistant)<br />
| manageryears5 = 2014–2016 | managerclubs5 = [[FC Krasnodar]] (assistant)<br />
| manageryears6 = 2016– | managerclubs6 = [[FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Andrey Valeryevich Tikhonov''' ({{lang-ru|Андре́й Вале́рьевич Ти́хонов}}; born 16 October 1970 in [[Korolyov (city)|Korolyov]], [[Moscow Oblast]], [[Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]) is a [[Russians|Russian]] association football manager and a former [[midfielder]]. He is the manager of [[FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk]]. Tikhonov is well known as [[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak Moscow]] and [[Russia national football team]] player.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Tikhonov was spotted by the then-Spartak manager [[Oleg Romantsev]], while playing for Titan Reutov, in a game against Spartak Moscow reserves. Tikhonov quickly broke into the starting line-up at his new club, becoming a key player at Spartak soon afterwards.<ref>[http://www.kc-camapa.ru/cgi-bin/pls.cgi?n=5824&t=bio "Крылья Советов" (Самара) – Официальный сайт профессионального футбольного клуба<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Tikhonov won a total of eight [[Russian Premier League|Russian League]] titles with Spartak, before falling out with [[Oleg Romantsev]]. He then had a short loan spell in [[Israel]], before signing a contract with [[FC Krylia Sovetov Samara|Krylia Sovetov Samara]]. In February 2001, Tikhonov was training with [[Southampton F.C.|Southampton]], even featuring in one friendly for the club, but no deal was reached, mainly because the player already had a running one-year contract with Krylia Sovetov at the time.<ref>[http://www.sports.ru/blog/tihonov/3505119.html Дневники футболиста / Sports.ru<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
<br />
An icon among Spartak fans, Tikhonov is often viewed as an underachiever on the international stage. He made his international debut in 1996, in a friendly against [[Malta national football team|Malta]].<br />
<br />
In early 2011, he announced that he would be returning to [[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak Moscow]] but it was initially unconfirmed whether the 40-year-old midfielder would get playing time or whether he would simply be a coach. Later however, it was confirmed that he would be part of the squad.<ref>[http://www.eurosport.ru/football/russian-football-premier-league/2010/story_sto2687845.shtml Тихонов может сыграть за «Спартак»<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
<br />
He then started for the red-and-whites in a cup quarter-final game against [[FC Krasnodar]] on 20 April 2011. He got a warm reception from the home fans and was substituted off in the second half. On 18 September 2011, Tikonov has played his farewell match as Spartak defeated his former team, Krylya Sovetov, 3–0. Tikhonov made an assist and participated in another attack that ended with a goal before being substituted just before the end of the first half.<ref>[http://lenta.ru/news/2011/09/18/farewell/ Spartak crushed Krylya Sovetov in Tikhonov's farewell match] {{ru icon}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Records and honours==<br />
*Scored 8 goals in one game for [[FC Spartak-d Moscow]] in a 1993 [[Russian Second League]] 8–0 victory over [[FC Rekord Aleksandrov]]. That was a Russian professional football record for most goals in one game he shared with [[Sergey Maslov (footballer, born 1975)|Sergey Maslov]] and [[Gennady Korkin]] until [[Igor Kiselyov]] scored 10 goals in one game in 2001.<ref name="8goals">[http://www.sport-express.ru/newspaper/1999-10-04/7_3/ МАСЛОВ ПОВТОРЯЕТ ГОЛЕВОЙ РЕКОРД ТИХОНОВА]</ref><ref name="10goals">[http://www.sport-express.ru/newspaper/2001-05-22/4_4/ Игорь КИСЕЛЕВ: ВТОРОЙ РАЗ В ЖИЗНИ ЗАБИЛ ДЕСЯТЬ МЯЧЕЙ ЗА ИГРУ]</ref><br />
*[[Russian First Division]] best player: 2005, 2010.<ref name=prize2010>[http://www.pfl.ru/DESIGN.2001/FFFF/prize2010.htm Лауреаты сезона 2010–го года] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217204741/http://www.pfl.ru/DESIGN.2001/FFFF/prize2010.htm |date=17 December 2010 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal==<br />
His son [[Mikhail Tikhonov (footballer)|Mikhail Tikhonov]] is now a professional footballer.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.kc-camapa.ru/cgi-bin/pls.cgi?n=5824&t=bio Biography at Krylia Sovetov's website] {{Ru icon}}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080102062944/http://www.sports.ru:80/blog/tihonov/ Andrey Tikhonov's blog] {{Ru icon}}<br />
*[http://www.eurosport.ru/football/russian-football-premier-league/2010/story_sto2687845.shtml Tikhonov might play for Spartak] {{Ru icon}}<br />
<br />
{{FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk}}<br />
{{Russian Footballer of the Year}}<br />
{{Club Loyalty Award}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tikhonov, Andrey}}<br />
[[Category:1970 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Korolyov, Moscow Oblast]]<br />
[[Category:Russian footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Russia international footballers]]<br />
[[Category:FC Spartak Moscow players]]<br />
[[Category:Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C. players]]<br />
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Israel]]<br />
[[Category:FC Krylia Sovetov Samara players]]<br />
[[Category:Russian expatriate footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Russian Premier League players]]<br />
[[Category:Kazakhstan Premier League players]]<br />
[[Category:FC Khimki players]]<br />
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan]]<br />
[[Category:Russian expatriates in Kazakhstan]]<br />
[[Category:FC Astana players]]<br />
[[Category:Russian football managers]]<br />
[[Category:FK Yenisey Krasnoyarsk managers]]<br />
[[Category:Association football midfielders]]</div>Rich Farmbroughhttps://en.encyclopedia.kz/index.php/Mehmedalija_%C4%8Covi%C4%87Mehmedalija Čović2016-11-26T10:38:20Z<p>Rich Farmbrough: Cat by position. using AWB</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox football biography<br />
| name = Mehmedalija Čović<br />
| fullname = Mehmedalija Čović<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|3|16}}<br />
| birth_place = [[SFR Yugoslavia]]<br />
| height = {{convert|1.90|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]<br />
| currentclub = [[TSG Neustrelitz]]<br />
| clubnumber =<br />
| youthyears1 =<br />
| youthclubs1 =<br />
| years1 = 2004–2007<br />
| clubs1 = [[FK Sloboda Tuzla|Sloboda Tuzla]]<br />
| caps1 = 49<br />
| goals1 = 3<br />
| years2 = 2005–2006<br />
| clubs2 = →[[FK Budućnost Banovići|Budućnost]] (loan)<br />
| caps2 = 11<br />
| goals2 = 0<br />
| years3 = 2007–2009<br />
| clubs3 = [[K.A.A. Gent|AA Gent]]<br />
| caps3 = 2<br />
| goals3 = 0<br />
| years4 = 2008<br />
| clubs4 = → [[KSV Roeselare|Roeselare]] (loan)<br />
| caps4 = 8<br />
| goals4 = 0<br />
| years5 = 2008–2009<br />
| clubs5 = → [[Interblock Ljubljana]] (loan)<br />
| caps5 = 13<br />
| goals5 = 1<br />
| years6 = 2012–2013<br />
| clubs6 = [[NK Čelik Zenica]]<br />
| caps6 = 19<br />
| goals6 = 1<br />
| years7 = 2013–2014<br />
| clubs7 = [[FC Zhetysu|FC Zhetysu Taldykorgan]]<br />
| caps7 = 0<br />
| goals7 = 0<br />
| years8 = 2014<br />
| clubs8 = [[NK Čelik Zenica]]<br />
| caps8 = 7<br />
| goals8 = 1<br />
| years9 = 2014–2015<br />
| clubs9 = [[NK Zvijezda Gradačac]]<br />
| caps9 = 22<br />
| goals9 = 0<br />
| years10 = 2015–2016<br />
| clubs10 = [[FK Mladost Doboj Kakanj|Mladost Doboj Kakanj]]<br />
| caps10 = 19<br />
| goals10 = 1<br />
| years11 = 2016–<br />
| clubs11 = [[TSG Neustrelitz]]<br />
| caps11 = 0<br />
| goals11 = 0<br />
| nationalyears1 = 2007–2008<br />
| nationalteam1 = [[Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team|Bosnia-Herzegovina U21]]<br />
| nationalcaps1 = 1<br />
| nationalgoals1 = 0<br />
| nationalyears2 = 2008–<br />
| nationalteam2 = [[Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]<br />
| nationalcaps2 = 1<br />
| nationalgoals2 = 0<br />
| ntupdate =<br />
| pcupdate = 25 February 2014<br />
}}<br />
'''Mehmedalija Čović''' (born March 16, 1986) is a [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]]n [[association football]] player who plays for [[TSG Neustrelitz]].<br />
<br />
This tall defender also played for [[FK Sloboda Tuzla]] in the [[Bosnian Premier League]]. His career began in the same club, but he also played for [[NK Zrinjski Mostar|NK Zrinjski]].<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.weltfussball.de/spieler_profil/mehmedalija-covic/ Profile at weltfussball] {{de-icon}}<br />
* {{NFT player|pid=22664}}<br />
* [http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/regionalliga/rlno/regionalliga-nordost-2012/2016-17/tsg-neustrelitz-5599/49351/spieler_mehmedalija-covic.html Mehmedalija Čović] at Kicker<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Covic, Mehmedalija}}<br />
[[Category:1986 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina international footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina under-21 international footballers]]<br />
[[Category:HŠK Zrinjski Mostar players]]<br />
[[Category:K.A.A. Gent players]]<br />
[[Category:K.S.V. Roeselare players]]<br />
[[Category:NK Interblock Ljubljana players]]<br />
[[Category:NK Čelik Zenica players]]<br />
[[Category:FC Zhetysu players]]<br />
[[Category:TSG Neustrelitz players]]<br />
[[Category:Belgian First Division A players]]<br />
[[Category:Slovenian PrvaLiga players]]<br />
[[Category:Kazakhstan Premier League players]]<br />
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Belgium]]<br />
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Slovenia]]<br />
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan]]<br />
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Germany]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Association football defenders]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{BosniaHerzegovina-footy-bio-stub}}</div>Rich Farmbroughhttps://en.encyclopedia.kz/index.php/Serghei_CovalciucSerghei Covalciuc2016-11-26T10:38:16Z<p>Rich Farmbrough: Cat by position. using AWB</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Other people|Sergey Kovalchuk}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2013}}<br />
{{Infobox football biography<br />
| name = Serghei Covalciuc<br />
| fullname = Serghei Sergiu Covalciuc<br />
| image = Serghei_Covalciuc.jpg<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| caption =<br />
| height = {{height|m=1.82}}<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|01|20}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Odessa]], Ukraine<br />
| currentclub =<br />
| clubnumber =<br />
| position = [[Midfielder]]<br />
| years1 = 1998–2002<br />
| years2 = 2002–2004<br />
| years3 = 2004–2009<br />
| years4 = 2010<br />
| years5 = 2011<br />
| years6 = 2011–2012<br />
| years7 = 2012–2013<br />
| clubs1 = [[Tiligul Tiraspol]]<br />
| clubs2 = [[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]<br />
| clubs3 = [[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak Moscow]]<br />
| clubs4 = [[FC Tom Tomsk|Tom Tomsk]]<br />
| clubs5 = [[FC Zhemchuzhina-Sochi|Zhemchuzhina-Sochi]]<br />
| clubs6 = [[FC Chornomorets Odessa|Chornomorets]]<br />
| clubs7 = [[FC Aktobe|Aktobe]]<br />
| caps1 = 77<br />
| caps2 = 72<br />
| caps3 = 90<br />
| caps4 = 25<br />
| caps5 = 13<br />
| caps6 = 11<br />
| caps7 = 24<br />
| goals1 = 7<br />
| goals2 = 4<br />
| goals3 = 2<br />
| goals4 = 0<br />
| goals5 = 0<br />
| goals6 = 0<br />
| goals7 = 2<br />
| nationalyears1 = 2001–2012<br />
| nationalteam1 = [[Moldova national football team|Moldova]]<br />
| nationalcaps1 = 41<ref name = EU3914>{{cite web|title=National teams: appearances of Serghei Covalciuc|url=http://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=3914|publisher=eu-football.info|accessdate=19 November 2013}}</ref><br />
| nationalgoals1 = 2<br />
| pcupdate = 12 May 2015 (UTC)<br />
| ntupdate = February 4, 2012<br />
}}<br />
'''Serghei Covalciuc''' ({{lang-uk|Сергій Ковальчук}}, born January 20, 1982 in [[Odessa]]) is a Moldovan-Ukrainian [[association football|footballer]] who last played for [[Kazakhstan Premier League]] side [[FC Aktobe]].<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
He spent six seasons playing for [[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak Moscow]] in the [[Russian Premier League]]. Previously he played for [[Tiligul Tiraspol]] in Moldovan championship, having joined them in the 1999 pre-season. His contract with Spartak ended in 2009.<ref name="Spartak2">[http://rus.spartak.com/usr/news/item.asp?id=62525 «СПАРТАК» ГОВОРИТ СПАСИБО КОВАЛЬЧУКУ, ДЕДУРЕ И НИЗАМУТДИНОВУ] {{ru icon}}</ref><br />
<br />
An [[Odessa]] native, Serghei Covalciuc previously had [[Moldova]]n and [[Transnistria]]n (''de facto'' nation) citizenships, but, in 2007, he renounced them to receive [[Romania]]n citizenship and be able to play more often for Spartak.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://rus.spartak.com/usr/news/item.asp?id=57459<br />
|title=Covalciuk received Russian passport<br />
|author=FC Spartak Moscow website<br />
|date=March 22, 2007<br />
|accessdate=March 22, 2007<br />
|language=ru}}</ref> On February 23, 2010, Tom Tomsk signed Covalciuc on a free transfer and on a two-year deal.<ref>[http://football.tomsk.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15830&Itemid=1 Сергей Ковальчук подписал двухлетний контракт с "Томью"]</ref><br />
<br />
After playing for half-a-season for [[FC Zhemchuzhina-Sochi]] in the [[Russian First Division]] in 2011, Covalciuc transferred to his home-city team [[FC Chornomorets Odessa|Chornomorets Odessa]] in the [[Ukrainian Premier League]] on August 29, 2011.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.chernomorets.odessa.ua/club/news/5091/<br />
|script-title=ru:Сергей Ковальчук тоже стал "моряком"<br />
|publisher=Official web-site of "FC Chornomorets Odessa"<br />
|date=August 29, 2011<br />
|accessdate = August 30, 2011 |language=ru}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Position===<br />
He is a versatile player being able to play as an attacking midfielder (main position), second striker, defensive midfielder, winger, or full-back.<br />
<br />
==International career==<br />
Covalciuc made 41 appearances for the [[Moldova national football team|Moldovan senior squad]],<ref name = EU3914/> including three games in [[UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying]]. He also played eight games in [[2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)]] and was a member of [[2002 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2002 edition]].<ref>{{FIFA player|186033}}</ref><br />
<br />
He played his last official match against [[Turkey national football team|Turkey]] on October 11, 2006 before [[denaturalization]] of his Moldovan nationality. In 2012, he was recalled to the national team, making a further seven appearances.<ref name = EU3914/><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
His brother [[Chiril Covalciuc]] is also a professional footballer and also plays for [[FC Chornomorets Odessa|Chornomorets]]. Prior to that, they were together in [[FC Tom Tomsk|Tom Tomsk]] as well.<ref>[http://fcolimpia.md/en/articles/15-02-2010/4103/ serghei_covalciuc_may_play_in_the_same_club_with_his_brother/ Serghei Covalciuc may play in the same club with his brother]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://eng.spartak.com/usr/club/calendar.asp?id=76 Serghei Covalciuk's profile] on Spartak Moscow website<br />
*[http://www.ffu.org.ua/ukr/tournaments/first_liga/prof/49504/ Profile at FFU website]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Covalciuc, Serghei}}<br />
[[Category:1982 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Moldovan footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Moldovan expatriate footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Moldova international footballers]]<br />
[[Category:FC Karpaty Lviv players]]<br />
[[Category:FC Spartak Moscow players]]<br />
[[Category:FC Chornomorets Odessa players]]<br />
[[Category:Russian Premier League players]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian Premier League players]]<br />
[[Category:Kazakhstan Premier League players]]<br />
[[Category:Moldovan people of Ukrainian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Russia]]<br />
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Ukraine]]<br />
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan]]<br />
[[Category:FC Tom Tomsk players]]<br />
[[Category:FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi players]]<br />
[[Category:FC Aktobe players]]<br />
[[Category:Ukrainian people of Romanian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Association football midfielders]]</div>Rich Farmbroughhttps://en.encyclopedia.kz/index.php/Arailym_AbdikhamitArailym Abdikhamit2016-08-22T21:39:18Z<p>Rich Farmbrough: /* References */Authority control, and general fixes, using AWB</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox handball biography<br />
| name = Arailym Abdikhamit<br />
| image = <br />
| nationality = Kazakhstani<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|3|3|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| height = {{height|m=1.92|precision=0}}<br />
| position = Pivot<br />
| currentclub = [[Almaty Handball]]<br />
| clubnumber = <br />
| years = <br />
| clubs = <br />
| nationalyears = <br />
| nationalteam = [[Kazakhstan women's national handball team|Kazakhstan]]<br />
| nationalcaps(goals) = '''4''' (42)<br />
}}<br />
'''Arailym Abdikhamit''' (born 3 March 1999) is a Kazakhstani [[handball]] player. She plays for the club [[Almaty Handball]] and is member of the [[Kazakhstan women's national handball team|Kazakhstani national team]]. She competed at the [[2015 World Women's Handball Championship]] in Denmark.<ref>{{cite web |title=XXII Women's World Championships 2015, Denmark. Team Roster Kazakhstan |url=http://ihf.info/files/CompetitionData/1a09fa5c-ab1f-4b5b-b0c0-5eee5435d1d4/pdf/KAZ.pdf |publisher=[[International Handball Federation]] |accessdate=8 December 2015 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kazakhstan squad 2015 World Women's Handball Championship}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdikhamit, Arailym}}<br />
[[Category:1999 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Kazakhstani female handball players]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Kazakhstan-sport-bio-stub}}</div>Rich Farmbroughhttps://en.encyclopedia.kz/index.php/Category:Subdivisions_of_AstanaCategory:Subdivisions of Astana2015-12-29T21:44:20Z<p>Rich Farmbrough: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Commons category|Subdivisions of Astana}}<br />
{{Main|List of districts of Astana}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Geography of Astana| ]]<br />
[[Category:Astana]]</div>Rich Farmbrough