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First Geneva Convention

2017-03-14T22:45:59Z

Perudotes: Confusion between convention and conference. It is very uncommon to refer to the updates of the 1906 and 1929 conferences as Second and Third Conventions—which usually denote the different conventions of the 1949 conference (see history section).

{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
[[Image:Original Geneva Conventions.jpg|thumb|The first-ever Geneva Convention governing the sick and wounded members of armed forces was signed in [[Geneva]] in 1864.]]

The '''First Geneva Convention''' for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, held in 1864, is the first of four [[treaties]] of the [[Geneva Conventions]]. It defines "the basis on which rest the rules of international law for the protection of the victims of armed conflicts."<ref name=pictet>{{Citation | last = Pictet | first = Jean S. | title = The New Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims | journal = The American Journal of International Law | year = 1951 | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 462–475 | doi=10.2307/2194544}}</ref> After the first treaty was adopted in 1864, it was significantly revised and replaced in 1906, 1929, and finally 1949. It is inextricably linked to the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]], which is both the instigator for the inception and enforcer of the articles in these conventions.

==History==
[[File:Henry Dunant-young.jpg|thumb|120px|left|[[Henry Dunant]]]]

The 1864 Geneva Convention was instituted at a critical period in European political and military history. Elsewhere, the [[American Civil War]] had been raging since 1861 (starting with the [[Battle of Fort Sumter]]), and would ultimately claim between 750,000–900,000 lives. Between the fall of the first [[Napoleon]] at the [[Battle of Waterloo]] in 1815 and the rise of his [[Napoleon III|nephew]] in the [[Second Italian War of Independence|Italian campaign of 1859]], the powers had maintained peace in western Europe.<ref name=davis>{{Citation | last = Davis | first = George B. | title = The Geneva Convention of 1906 | journal = The American Journal of International Law | year = 1907 | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | page= 400+}}</ref> Yet, with the 1853–1856 [[Crimean War|conflict in the Crimea]], war had returned to Europe, and while those troubles were "in a distant and inaccessible region" northern Italy was "so accessible from all parts of western Europe that it instantly filled with curious observers;" while the bloodshed was not excessive the sight of it was unfamiliar and shocking.<ref name=davis/> Despite its intent of ameliorating the ravages of war, the inception of the 1864 Geneva Convention inaugurated "a renewal of military activity on a large scale, to which the people of western Europe…had not been accustomed since the first Napoleon had been eliminated."<ref name=davis/>

The movement for an international set of laws governing the treatment and care for the wounded and [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] began when relief activist [[Henri Dunant]] witnessed the [[Battle of Solferino]] in 1859, fought between French-[[Kingdom of Sardinia|Piedmontese]] and [[Habsburg Empire|Austrian]] armies in Northern Italy.<ref>{{Citation | last = Baxter | first = Richard | title = Human Rights in War | journal = Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences | year = 1977 | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | page= 5}}</ref> The subsequent suffering of 40,000 wounded soldiers left on the field due to lack of facilities, personnel, and truces to give them medical aid moved Dunant into action. Upon return to [[Geneva]], Dunant published his account ''Un Souvenir de Solferino''<ref>See {{Citation |last=Dunant |first=Henri |year=1862 |title= Un Souvenir de Solferino |publisher= Jules Fick |place= Geneve |edition = 1 |url= https://archive.org/stream/unsouvenirdesol00dunagoog#page/n7/mode/2up |pages= }}</ref> and, through his membership in the [[Geneva Society for Public Welfare]], he urged the calling together of an international conference and soon helped found the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1863.<ref>{{Citation | last = Sperry | first = C.S. | title = The Revision of the Geneva Convention, 1906 | journal = Proceedings of the American Political Science Association | year = 1906 |volume = 3 | page= 33 | doi=10.2307/3038537}}</ref>

The International Committee of the Red Cross, while recognising that it is "primarily the duty and responsibility of a nation to safeguard the health and physical well-being of its own people", knew there would always, especially in times of war, be a "need for voluntary agencies to supplement…the official agencies charged with these responsibilities in every country."<ref>{{Citation | last = Anderson | first = Chandler P. | title = The International Red Cross Organization | journal = The American Journal of International Law | year = 1920 |volume = 14 | issue = 1 | page= 210 | doi=10.2307/2187844}}</ref> To ensure that its mission was widely accepted, it required a body of rules to govern its own activities and those of the involved belligerent parties.

On 22 August 1864, several European states congregated in [[Geneva, Switzerland]] and signed the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field:
[[Image:signing of the first geneva convention.jpg|thumb|390px|The signing of the first-ever Geneva Convention by some of the major European powers in 1864.]]
# [[Grand Duchy of Baden]] (now Germany)
# [[Kingdom of Belgium]]
# [[Kingdom of Denmark]]
# [[French Empire (1852–1870)|French Empire]]
# [[Grand Duchy of Hesse]] (now Germany)
# [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]]
# [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]]
# [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
# [[Kingdom of Prussia]] (now Germany)
# [[History of Spain (1814-1873)|Kingdom of Spain]]
# [[Swiss Confederation]]
# [[Kingdom of Württemberg]] (now Germany)

[[United Kingdom of Norway and Sweden|Norway–Sweden]] signed in December.

It "derived its obligatory force from the implied consent of the states which accepted and applied them in the conduct of their military operations."<ref name=davis/> Despite its basic mandates, listed below, it was successful in effecting significant and rapid reforms. This first effort provided only for:<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, s.v. "Geneva Conventions", http://search.eb.com/ (accessed 10 March 2009).</ref>
# the immunity from capture and destruction of all establishments for the treatment of wounded and sick soldiers,
# the impartial reception and treatment of all combatants,
# the protection of civilians providing aid to the wounded, and
# the recognition of the Red Cross symbol as a means of identifying persons and equipment covered by the agreement.

Due to significant ambiguities in the articles with certain terms and concepts and even more so to the rapidly developing nature of war and military technology, the original articles had to be revised and expanded, largely at the Second Geneva Conference in 1906 and [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907]] which extended the articles to [[maritime warfare]].<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, "Geneva Conventions".</ref> The 1906 version was [[Geneva Convention for the amelioration of the condition of the wounded and sick in armies in the field (1929)|updated and replaced by the 1929 version]] when minor modifications were made to it. It was again updated and replaced by the 1949 version, better known as the First Geneva Convention.<ref name="First">[http://cil.nus.edu.sg/1949/1949-geneva-convention-i-for-the-amelioration-of-the-condition-of-the-wounded-and-sick-in-armed-forces-in-the-field/ 1949 Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field]</ref> However, as [[Jean Pictet|Jean S. Pictet]], Director of the International Committee of the Red Cross, noted in 1951, "the law, however, always lags behind charity; it is tardy in conforming with life's realities and the needs of humankind", as such it is the duty of the Red Cross "to assist in the widening the scope of law, on the assumption that…law will retain its value", principally through the revision and expansion of these basic principles of the original Geneva Convention.<ref name=pictet/>

==Summary of provisions==
[[Image:Parties to the Geneva Conventions.svg|500px|thumb|
{|
|-
|{{legend|#008000|Parties to GC I–IV and P I–III}} || {{legend|#0000FF|Parties to GC I–IV and P I–II}}
|-
|{{legend|purple|Parties to GC I–IV and P I and III}} || {{legend|#EEEE00|Parties to GC I–IV and P I}}
|-
|{{legend|orange|Parties to GC I–IV and P III}} || {{legend|#FF1111|Parties to GC I–IV and no P}}
|}]]

The original ten articles of the 1864 treaty<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/120?OpenDocument | title = Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 22 August 1864 | publisher = The American National Red Cross | accessdate=20 November 2009}}</ref> have been expanded to the current 64 articles. This lengthy treaty protects soldiers that are [[hors de combat]] (out of the battle due to sickness or injury), as well as medical and religious personnel, and civilians in the zone of battle. Among its principal provisions:
* Article 12 mandates that wounded and sick soldiers who are out of the battle should be humanely treated, and in particular should not be killed, injured, tortured, or subjected to biological experimentation. This article is the keystone of the treaty, and defines the principles from which most of the treaty is derived,<ref name=commentary/> including the obligation to respect medical units and establishments (Chapter III), the personnel entrusted with the care of the wounded (Chapter IV), buildings and material (Chapter V), medical transports (Chapter VI), and the [[protective sign]] (Chapter VII).
* Article 15 mandates that wounded and sick soldiers should be collected, cared for, and protected, though they may also become prisoners of war.
* Article 16 mandates that parties to the conflict should record the identity of the dead and wounded, and transmit this information to the opposing party.
* Article 9 allows the [[International Red Cross]] "or any other impartial humanitarian organization" to provide protection and relief of wounded and sick soldiers, as well as medical and religious personnel.

For a detailed discussion of each article of the treaty, see the original text<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/365?OpenDocument | title = Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. Geneva, 12 August 1949. | publisher = The American National Red Cross | accessdate=20 November 2009}}</ref> and the commentary.<ref name=commentary>{{cite book | last = Pictet | first = Jean | title = Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949: Commentary | publisher = International Committee of the Red Cross | year = 1958 | url = http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Geneva_conventions-1949.html | accessdate = 20 November 2009}}</ref> There are currently 196 countries party to the 1949 [[Geneva Conventions]], including this first treaty but also including the other three.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/party_main_treaties | title = States party to the main treaties | publisher = The American National Red Cross | accessdate=5 December 2009}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Geneva Conventions]]
*[[International Committee of the Red Cross]]
*[[International humanitarian law]]
*[[List of parties to the Geneva Conventions]]
*[[Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* Chandler P. Anderson, "International Red Cross Organization", ''The American Journal of International Law'', 1920
* Richard Baxter, "Human Rights in War", ''Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences'', 1977
* George B. Davis, "The Geneva Convention", ''The American Journal of International Law'', 1907
* Jean S. Pictet, "The New Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims", ''The American Journal of International Law'', 1951
* [[Francis Lieber]], "[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/lieber.asp INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE FIELD]", Lincoln General Orders, 24 April 1863.

==External links==
{{Wikisource}}
*[http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/treaty/geneva-convention-1864.htm Facsimile of the original document]
*[http://www.icrc.org/150years 150 years of the 1864 Geneva Convention – 150 years of humanitarian action]

{{Geneva Conventions}}

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Third Geneva Convention

2017-03-14T22:38:40Z

Perudotes: The Fourth Geneva Convention is on the prot. of civilians in times of war. The Fourth – conference – held in 1949 yielded (among others) this convention.

{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
[[Image:POW Packages in 1942.jpg|thumb|Red Cross workers preparing food packages for prisoners of war]]

The '''Third Geneva Convention''', relative to the treatment of [[prisoners of war]], is one of the four [[treaties]] of the [[Geneva Conventions]]. The [[Geneva Convention (1929)|Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War]] was first adopted in 1929, but significantly revised at the 1949 conference. It defines humanitarian protections for prisoners of war. There are 196 state parties to the Convention.

==Part I: General provisions ==
[[Image:Parties to the Geneva Conventions.svg|500px|thumb|
{|
|-
|{{legend|#008000|Parties to GC I–IV and P I–III}} || {{legend|#0000FF|Parties to GC I–IV and P I–II}}
|-
|{{legend|purple|Parties to GC I–IV and P I and III}} || {{legend|#EEEE00|Parties to GC I–IV and P I}}
|-
|{{legend|orange|Parties to GC I–IV and P III}} || {{legend|#FF1111|Parties to GC I–IV and no P}}
|}]]

This part sets out the overall parameters for GCIII:

* Articles 1 and 2 cover which parties are bound by GCIII
* Article 2 specifies when the parties are bound by GCIII
** That any armed conflict between two or more "High Contracting Parties" is covered by GCIII;
** That it applies to occupations of a "High Contracting Party";
** That the relationship between the "High Contracting Parties" and a non-signatory, the party will remain bound until the non-signatory no longer acts under the strictures of the convention. "...Although one of the Powers in conflict may not be a party to the present Convention, the Powers who are parties thereto shall remain bound by it in their mutual relations. They shall furthermore be bound by the Convention in relation to the said Power, if the latter accepts and applies the provisions thereof."
* Article 3 has been called a "Convention in miniature." It is the only article of the Geneva Conventions that applies in [[civil war|non-international conflicts]].<ref>[http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/COM/375-590006?OpenDocument Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War– Commentary] 12 August 1949</ref> It describes minimal protections which must be adhered to by all individuals within a signatory's territory during an ''armed conflict not of an international character'' (regardless of citizenship or lack thereof): [[Non-combatants]], members of [[armed forces]] who have laid down their arms, and [[combatants]] who are ''[[hors de combat]]'' (out of the fight) due to wounds, detention, or any other cause ''shall in all circumstances be treated humanely'', including prohibition of ''outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment.'' The passing of sentences must also be ''pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the [[judicial]] [[guarantee]]s which are recognised as indispensable by civilised peoples.'' Article 3's protections exist even if one is not classified as a ''prisoner of war''. Article 3 also states that parties to the internal conflict should ''endeavour to bring into force, by means of special agreements, all or part of the other provisions of'' GCIII.
* Article 4 defines '''prisoners of war''' to include:
**4.1.1 Members of the armed forces of a Party to the conflict and members of [[militias]] of such armed forces
**4.1.2 Members of other militias and members of other [[Military volunteer|volunteer corps]], including those of organised [[resistance movements]], provided that they fulfill all of the following conditions:
*** that of being commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates;
*** that of having a fixed distinctive sign recognisable at a distance (there are limited exceptions to this among countries who observe the 1977 [[Protocol I]]);
*** that of carrying arms openly;
*** that of conducting their operations in accordance with the [[Law of war|laws and customs of war]].
**4.1.3 Members of regular armed forces who profess allegiance to a government or an authority not recognised by the [[Detaining Power]].
**4.1.4 Civilians who have non-combat support roles with the military and who carry a valid identity card issued by the military they support.
**4.1.5 Merchant marine and the crews of civil aircraft of the Parties to the conflict, who do not benefit by more favourable treatment under any other provisions of international law.
**4.1.6 Inhabitants of a non-occupied territory, who on the approach of the enemy spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forces, without having had time to form themselves into regular armed units, provided they carry arms openly and respect the laws and customs of war.
** 4.3 makes explicit that Article 33 takes precedence for the treatment of medical personnel of the enemy and chaplains of the enemy.
* Article 5 specifies that prisoners of war (as defined in article 4) are protected from the time of their capture until their final repatriation. It also specifies that when there is any doubt whether a combatant belongs to the categories in article 4, they should be treated as such until their status has been determined by a competent tribunal.

==Part II: General Protection of Prisoners of War==

This part of the convention covers the status of prisoners of war.

Article 12 states that prisoners of war are the responsibility of the state, not the persons who capture them, and that they may not be transferred to a state that is not party to the Convention.

Articles 13 to 16 state that prisoners of war must be treated humanely without any adverse discrimination and that their medical needs must be met.

==Part III: Captivity==
This part is divided into several sections:

Section 1 covers the beginning of captivity (Articles 17–20). It dictates what information a prisoner must give and interrogation methods that the detaining power may use: "No physical or mental torture, nor any other form of coercion". It dictates what private property a prisoner of war may keep and that the prisoner of war must be evacuated from the combat zone as soon as possible.

Section 2 covers the internment of prisoners of war and is broken down into 8 chapters which cover:
#General observations (Articles 21–24)
#Quarters, food and clothing (Articles 25–28)
#Hygiene and medical attention (Articles 29–32)
#The treatment of enemy medical personnel and chaplains retained to assist prisoners of war (Article 33)
#Religious, intellectual and physical activities (Articles 34–38)
#Discipline (Articles 39–42)
#Military rank (Articles 43–45)
#Transfer of prisoners of war after their arrival in a camp (Articles 46–48)

Section 3 (Articles 49–57) covers the type of labour that a prisoner of war may be compelled to do, taking such factors as rank, age, and sex into consideration, and that which because it is unhealthy or dangerous can only be done by prisoners of war who volunteer for such work. It goes into details about such things as the accommodation, medical facilities, and that even if the prisoner of war works for a private person the military authority remains responsible for them. Rates of pay for work done are covered by Article 62 in the next section.

Section 4 (Articles 58–68) covers the financial resources of prisoners of war.

Section 5 (Articles 69–74) covers the relations of prisoners of war with the exterior. This covers the frequency of which a prisoner of war can send and receive post, including parcels. The Detaining power has the right to censor all mail, but must do so as quickly as possible.

Section 6 covers the relations between prisoners of war and the detaining authorities: it is broken down into three chapters.
#Complaints of prisoners of war respecting the conditions of captivity(Article 78)
#Prisoner of war representatives (Articles 79–81). Where there is no senior officer available in a camp the section stipulates that "prisoners shall freely elect by secret ballot, [a representative] every six months". The representative, whether the senior officer or an elected person, acts as a conduit between the authorities of the detaining power and the prisoners.
#The sub-section on "Penal and disciplinary sanctions" is subdivided into three parts:
##General provisions (Articles 82–88)
##Disciplinary sanctions (Articles 89–98)
##Juridical proceedings (Articles 99–108)

==Part IV: Termination of Captivity==
This part is divided into several sections:

Section 1 (Articles 109–117) covers the direct repatriation and accommodation in neutral countries.

Section 2 (Articles 118–119) covers the release and repatriation of prisoners of war at the close of hostilities.

Section 3 (Articles 120–121) covers the death of a prisoner of war.

==Part V: Information Bureau and Relief Societies for Prisoners of War==

The Information Bureau is an organisation that must be set up by the Detaining Power to facilitate the sharing of information by the parties to conflict and neutral powers as required by the various provisions of the Third Geneva Convention. It will correspond freely with "A Central Prisoners of War Information Agency ... created in a neutral country" to act as a conduit with the Power to which the prisoners of war owe their allegiance. The provisions of this part are contained in Articles 122 to 125.

The central prisoners of war information agency was created within the [[Red Cross]].

==Part VI: Execution of the Convention==
Consists of two sections.

Section 1 (Articles 126–132) General provisions.

Section 2 (Articles 133–143) Final provisions.

== See also ==
* [[Code of the United States Fighting Force]]
* [[Command responsibility]]
* [[List of parties to the Geneva Conventions]]
* [[Unlawful combatant]]
* [[War crime]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikisource|Geneva Convention/Third Geneva Convention|Geneva Convention}}
* [[International Committee of the Red Cross|ICRC]] [//www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebList?ReadForm&id=375&t=com Commentaries on the Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War]
* [//www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebSign?ReadForm&id=375&ps=P List of countries that have ratified the Third Geneva Convention]
* [//www.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/375 Text of the Third Geneva Convention]

{{Geneva Conventions}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geneva Convention, 3}}
[[Category:Geneva Conventions|3]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1949]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1950]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Algeria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Andorra]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola]]
[[Category:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda]]
[[Category:Treaties of Argentina]]
[[Category:Treaties of Armenia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Australia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Austria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Bahamas]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bahrain]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Treaties of Barbados]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Belgium]]
[[Category:Treaties of Belize]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of Dahomey]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Treaties of Botswana]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Second Brazilian Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Brunei]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Burkina Faso]]
[[Category:Treaties of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Treaties of Burundi]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–70)]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cameroon]]
[[Category:Treaties of Canada]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cape Verde]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Central African Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Chad]]
[[Category:Treaties of Chile]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Treaties of Colombia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Comoros]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1964–71)]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Cook Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties of Costa Rica]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Treaties of Croatia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cuba]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cyprus]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Denmark]]
[[Category:Treaties of Djibouti]]
[[Category:Treaties of Dominica]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of East Timor]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ecuador]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Egypt]]
[[Category:Treaties of El Salvador]]
[[Category:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Eritrea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Estonia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Ethiopian Empire]]
[[Category:Treaties of Fiji]]
[[Category:Treaties of Finland]]
[[Category:Treaties of the French Fourth Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Gabon]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Gambia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Treaties of West Germany]]
[[Category:Treaties of East Germany]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ghana]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece]]
[[Category:Treaties of Grenada]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guatemala]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guinea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guyana]]
[[Category:Treaties of Haiti]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Holy See]]
[[Category:Treaties of Honduras]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Iceland]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Dominion of India]]
[[Category:Treaties of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Pahlavi dynasty]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Iraq]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ireland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Israel]]
[[Category:Treaties of Italy]]
[[Category:Treaties of Jamaica]]
[[Category:Treaties of Japan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Jordan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kenya]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kiribati]]
[[Category:Treaties of North Korea]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Korea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kuwait]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Laos]]
[[Category:Treaties of Latvia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Lebanon]]
[[Category:Treaties of Lesotho]]
[[Category:Treaties of Liberia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Libya]]
[[Category:Treaties of Liechtenstein]]
[[Category:Treaties of Lithuania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Luxembourg]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of Macedonia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Madagascar]]
[[Category:Treaties of Malawi]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Federation of Malaya]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Maldives]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mali]]
[[Category:Treaties of Malta]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Marshall Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mauritania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mauritius]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mexico]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Moldova]]
[[Category:Treaties of Monaco]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Mongolian People's Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Montenegro]]
[[Category:Treaties of Morocco]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of Mozambique]]
[[Category:Treaties of Namibia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nauru]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nepal]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Treaties of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nicaragua]]
[[Category:Treaties of Niger]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Norway]]
[[Category:Treaties of Oman]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Dominion of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Palau]]
[[Category:Treaties of Palestine]]
[[Category:Treaties of Panama]]
[[Category:Treaties of Papua New Guinea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Paraguay]]
[[Category:Treaties of Peru]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Polish People's Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Estado Novo (Portugal)]]
[[Category:Treaties of Qatar]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Rwanda]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Lucia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
[[Category:Treaties of Samoa]]
[[Category:Treaties of San Marino]]
[[Category:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Senegal]]
[[Category:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro]]
[[Category:Treaties of Seychelles]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:Treaties of Singapore]]
[[Category:Treaties of Slovakia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Solomon Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Somali Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Union of South Africa]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Sudan]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Treaties of Francoist Spain]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Dominion of Ceylon]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1956–69)]]
[[Category:Treaties of Suriname]]
[[Category:Treaties of Swaziland]]
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[[Category:Treaties of the Syrian Republic (1930–58)]]
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[[Category:Treaties of Turkmenistan]]
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[[Category:Treaties of North Vietnam]]
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[[Category:Treaties of the Yemen Arab Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Yugoslavia]]
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[[Category:Treaties extended to the Belgian Congo]]
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[[Category:Treaties extended to the Colony of Fiji]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Gambia Colony and Protectorate]]
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[[Category:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands]]
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[[Category:Treaties extended to British Mauritius]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Qatar (protectorate)]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Colony of Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the British Solomon Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Tanganyika (territory)]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Kingdom of Tonga (1900–70)]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Trucial States]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to West Berlin]]

[[ru:Конвенция об обращении с военнопленными 1929]]

Second Geneva Convention

2017-03-05T23:34:29Z

Perudotes: Red.

{{Distinguish|Geneva II Conference on Syria}}
{{Redirect|GCII|the roller coaster company|Great Coasters International|GC "two"|GC2 (disambiguation){{!}}GC2}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2013}}
[[File:USNS Mercy T-AH-19.jpg|thumb|250px|Hospital ship [[USNS Mercy (T-AH-19)|USNS ''Mercy'']] of the [[United States Navy]]]]

The '''Second Geneva Convention''' for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea is one of the four [[treaties]] of the [[Geneva Conventions]]. The Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea was first adopted in 1949, it replaced the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907|Hague Convention]] (X) of 1907.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Treaty.xsp?documentId=2F5AA9B07AB61934C12563CD002D6B25&action=openDocument |title=Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea. Geneva, 12 August 1949 |author=ICRC |access-date=5 March 2017 |quote=The undersigned Plenipotentiaries of the Governments represented at the Diplomatic Conference held at Geneva from April 21 to August 12, 1949, for the purpose of revising the Xth Hague Convention of October 18, 1907 for the Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of the Principles of the Geneva Convention of 1906 [...]}}</ref> It adapts the main protective regime of the [[First Geneva Convention]] to combat at sea.<ref>{{cite book | last = Fleck | first = Dietrich | title = The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | year = 2013 | |isbn=978-0-19-872928-0 | accessdate = 5 March 2017 | page = 322}}</ref>

==Summary of Provisions==
[[File:Parties to the Geneva Conventions.svg|thumb|500px|
{|
|-
|{{legend|#008000|Parties to GC I–IV and P I–III}} || {{legend|#0000FF|Parties to GC I–IV and P I–II}}
|-
|{{legend|purple|Parties to GC I–IV and P I and III}} || {{legend|#EEEE00|Parties to GC I–IV and P I}}
|-
|{{legend|orange|Parties to GC I–IV and P III}} || {{legend|#FF1111|Parties to GC I–IV and no P}}
|}]]

The treaty is a lengthy document consisting of 63 articles. The most essential provisions of the treaty are:
*Articles 12 and 18 requires all parties to protect and care for the wounded, sick, and [[shipwreck]]ed.
*Article 21 allows appeals to be made to neutral vessels to help collect and care for the wounded, sick, and shipwrecked. The neutral vessels cannot be captured.
*Articles 36 and 37 protect religious and medical personnel serving on a combat ship.
*Article 22 states that [[hospital ship]]s cannot be used for any military purpose, and owing to their humanitarian mission, they cannot be attacked or captured.
*Article 14 clarifies that although a warship cannot capture a hospital ship's medical staff, it can hold the wounded, sick, and shipwrecked as [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]].

For a detailed discussion of each article of the treaty, see the original text<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/7c4d08d9b287a42141256739003e636b/44072487ec4c2131c125641e004a9977?OpenDocument | title = Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea. Geneva, 12 August 1949. | publisher = The American National Red Cross | accessdate=20 November 2009}}</ref> and the commentary.<ref name=commentary>{{cite book | last = Pictet | first = Jean | title = Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949: Commentary | publisher = International Committee of the Red Cross | year = 1958 | url = http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Geneva_conventions-1949.html | accessdate = 20 November 2009}}</ref> There are currently 196 countries party to the 1949 [[Geneva Conventions]], including this second treaty but also including the other three.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/party_main_treaties | title = States party to the main treaties | publisher = The American National Red Cross | accessdate=5 December 2009}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of parties to the Geneva Conventions]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource}}
*[http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/385ec082b509e76c41256739003e636d/4360cf9a132f97d7c125641e00372ed1?OpenDocument Final Act of the Second Peace Conference, The Hague], 18 October 1907

{{Geneva Conventions}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geneva Convention, 2}}
[[Category:Geneva Conventions|2]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1906]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1949]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1950]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Algeria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Andorra]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola]]
[[Category:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda]]
[[Category:Treaties of Argentina]]
[[Category:Treaties of Armenia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Australia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Austria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Bahamas]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bahrain]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Treaties of Barbados]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Belgium]]
[[Category:Treaties of Belize]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of Dahomey]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Treaties of Botswana]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Second Brazilian Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Brunei]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Burkina Faso]]
[[Category:Treaties of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Treaties of Burundi]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–70)]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cameroon]]
[[Category:Treaties of Canada]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cape Verde]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Central African Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Chad]]
[[Category:Treaties of Chile]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Treaties of Colombia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Comoros]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1964–71)]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Cook Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties of Costa Rica]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Treaties of Croatia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cuba]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cyprus]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Denmark]]
[[Category:Treaties of Djibouti]]
[[Category:Treaties of Dominica]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of East Timor]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ecuador]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Egypt]]
[[Category:Treaties of El Salvador]]
[[Category:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Eritrea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Estonia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Ethiopian Empire]]
[[Category:Treaties of Fiji]]
[[Category:Treaties of Finland]]
[[Category:Treaties of the French Fourth Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Gabon]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Gambia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Treaties of West Germany]]
[[Category:Treaties of East Germany]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ghana]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece]]
[[Category:Treaties of Grenada]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guatemala]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guinea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guyana]]
[[Category:Treaties of Haiti]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Holy See]]
[[Category:Treaties of Honduras]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Iceland]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Dominion of India]]
[[Category:Treaties of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Pahlavi dynasty]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Iraq]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ireland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Israel]]
[[Category:Treaties of Italy]]
[[Category:Treaties of Jamaica]]
[[Category:Treaties of Japan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Jordan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kenya]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kiribati]]
[[Category:Treaties of North Korea]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Korea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kuwait]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Laos]]
[[Category:Treaties of Latvia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Lebanon]]
[[Category:Treaties of Lesotho]]
[[Category:Treaties of Liberia]]
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[[Category:Treaties of Luxembourg]]
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[[Category:Treaties of the Maldives]]
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[[Category:Treaties of Mauritania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mauritius]]
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[[Category:Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Moldova]]
[[Category:Treaties of Monaco]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Mongolian People's Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Montenegro]]
[[Category:Treaties of Morocco]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of Mozambique]]
[[Category:Treaties of Namibia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nauru]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nepal]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Treaties of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nicaragua]]
[[Category:Treaties of Niger]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Norway]]
[[Category:Treaties of Oman]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Dominion of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Palau]]
[[Category:Treaties of Palestine]]
[[Category:Treaties of Panama]]
[[Category:Treaties of Papua New Guinea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Paraguay]]
[[Category:Treaties of Peru]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Polish People's Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Estado Novo (Portugal)]]
[[Category:Treaties of Qatar]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Rwanda]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Lucia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
[[Category:Treaties of Samoa]]
[[Category:Treaties of San Marino]]
[[Category:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Senegal]]
[[Category:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro]]
[[Category:Treaties of Seychelles]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:Treaties of Singapore]]
[[Category:Treaties of Slovakia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Solomon Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Somali Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Union of South Africa]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Sudan]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Treaties of Francoist Spain]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Dominion of Ceylon]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1956–69)]]
[[Category:Treaties of Suriname]]
[[Category:Treaties of Swaziland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sweden]]
[[Category:Treaties of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Syrian Republic (1930–58)]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tanganyika]]
[[Category:Treaties of Thailand]]
[[Category:Treaties of Togo]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tonga]]
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[[Category:Treaties of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Turkey]]
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[[Category:Treaties of Zimbabwe]]
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[[Category:Treaties extended to the Territory of Papua and New Guinea]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Belgian Congo]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Ruanda-Urundi]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to French Somaliland]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Surinam (Dutch colony)]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the West Indies Federation]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Colony of the Bahamas]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Bahrain (protectorate)]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Bermuda]]
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[[Category:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands]]
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[[Category:Treaties extended to the Gambia Colony and Protectorate]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Gibraltar]]
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[[Category:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Sheikhdom of Kuwait]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Basutoland]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Malta]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to British Mauritius]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Qatar (protectorate)]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Colony of Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the British Solomon Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Tanganyika (territory)]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Kingdom of Tonga (1900–70)]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Trucial States]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to West Berlin]]