Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Yevgeny Ostashev

2017-04-19T10:56:39Z

Omnipaedista: see MOS:SECTIONORDER

{{More footnotes|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| birthname = Evgeny Ilyich Ostashev
| image = OstashevEI-1-.jpg
| caption =
| residence = [[Soviet Union]]
| birth_date = 22 March 1924
| birth_place = [[Elektrougli|village Maly Vasilyev]], [[Noginsky District]], [[Moscow Oblast]], [[USSR]]
|serviceyears= 1942—1960
| death_date = {{death date and age|1960|10|24|1924|03|22|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Baikonur]], [[Kazakhstan]], USSR
| nationality = [[Russia]]n}}

'''Yevgeny Ilyich Ostashev''' ({{lang-ru|Евгений Ильич Осташев}}), 22 March 1924 – 24 October 1960, was the test pilot of [[rocket]] and space complexes, participant in the launch of the first artificial [[Earth]] [[Sputnik 1|satellite]], head of the 1st control [[Spaceport|polygon]] NIIP-5 ([[Baikonur]]), [[Lenin prize|Lenin prize winner]], [[Kandidat|Candidate of Technical Sciences]], [[engineer]]-[[podpolkovnik]].

==Biography==
Born 22 March 1924 in the [[Elektrougli|village Maly Vasilyev]], [[Noginsky District]], [[Moscow Oblast]], [[USSR]]. Mother - [http://www.nasledie-rus.ru/podshivka/pics/9712-pictures.php?picture=971209 Ostasheva (nee Гирусова) Serafima Vasilievna], 1888 birth. Father - [http://www.nasledie-rus.ru/podshivka/pics/9712-pictures.php?picture=971208 Ostashev Ilya Vasilevich], 1881 birth. In 1941 he entered the [[Moscow Aviation Institute|MAI them. S. Ordzhonikidze]], evacuated together with the Institute in [[Almaty|Alma-Ata]] refused. Got a turner at one of the [[Moscow]] factories. The [[army]] was called in the spring of 1942, became a [[cadet]] of the [[Leningrad]] artillery school. Released after six months of study in the rank of [[Unterleutnant]], is aimed at [[Stalingrad Front|Stalingrad front]] commander of a [[platoon]] of communication in a [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]] [[regiment]].

He fought as part of the unit which was part of the [[1st Ukrainian Front|1st Ukrainian front]] under the command of the Century [[Vasily Chuikov|V.I. Chuikov]]. The commander of the mortar platoon took part in the [[Battle of the Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket|Korsun-Shevchenko operation]], in the [[Battle|battles]] on the [[Dniester]], near [[Vitebsk]] was part of the [[1st Belorussian Front|1st Belorussian front]]. In the [[Battle of Berlin|operation]] to take [[Berlin]] participated as a commander of a mortar company. At the end of the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|war]] remained in the [[Group of Soviet Forces in Germany|occupation]] of [[Germany]].
In 1949 he entered the 6th Department of the [[Frunze Military Academy#Peter the Great Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Troops|Artillery Academy named after F. E. Dzerzhinsky]] on a speciality «[[missiles]]». In the spring of 1955 graduated with honors, from the proposals remain in the [[Postgraduate education|graduate]] refused. Was appointed Deputy chief of the Department of complex tests of rockets R-7 (11-th Department) to the landfill NIIP-5 of the [[Ministry of Defence (Russia)|Ministry of defense]] of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]].

He passed [[training]] at the industrial enterprises and [[Kapustin Yar|4 STP]], the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|NIIP-5]] arrived trained specialist. In 11-th division headed the Department of tests management system (SU), automatics missiles knew not worse developers from [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|OKB-1]] and NII-885. Since the launch of the first satellite, was the «firing» of the military test polygon. In March 1960 he was appointed the first chief formed the 1st control NIIP-5 (military unit 44275) for testing and operation of rockets [[R-7 Semyorka|R-7]], [[R-9 Desna|R-9]] on [[Liquid-propellant rocket|low-boiling propellant components]].

==Death==
{{main article|Nedelin catastrophe}}
[[File:Почётный гражданин.jpg|thumb|Honorary citizen of the city of Baikonur]]
[[File:Могила братьев Осташевых.jpg|thumb|The grave brothers Ostashevich]]
Ostashev died on [[Nedelin catastrophe|24 October 1960]] in [[Baikonur]] at explosion of the [[Intercontinental ballistic missile|missile]] [[R-16 (missile)|R-16]] during its preparation for the test launch on [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41|41 site]] [http://www.leninsk.ru/gallery/displayimage.php?album=379&pos=30] landfill. Tests of the [[R-16 (missile)|R-16]] engaged in the 2nd control NIIP-5, and Yevgeny Ilyich established in connection with failure of the rocket situation tried to provide assistance to their colleagues. Total killed 78 people. The incident was strictly classified (only in 1995 materials about the tragedy became available to all), it was officially announced about the death of only [[Chief Marshal]] of [[Artillery]] [[Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedelin|Nedelin]], in a [[Aviation accidents and incidents|plane crash]]. From the memoirs younger [[brother]] [[Arkady Ostashev|Ostasheva the Arcadia Ilyich]]:
<blockquote>
"...10 days before the death of Yevgeny I was at head of the polygon, the commander of the NIIP-5 [[Konstantin Vasilyevich Gerchik]]. He informed me that the order came on early assignment Eugene next rank of [[Colonel]]. Decided to tell him about it at the solemn meeting in honor of the [[November 7|7 November]]. And before that, Eugene announced that he was appointed Deputy Director of NIIP-5 on scientific work instead A.I. Nosova, serving on service in [[Moscow]]..." ([[Russian state archive for scientific-technical documentation|RGANTD]]. F. 33 op. 1 deeds 338 )
</blockquote>
Buried in Baikonur in a mass grave of victims of explosion of an Intercontinental [[ballistic missile]] [[R-16 (missile)|R-16]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://space-memorial.narod.ru/24.10.1960/24-10-10-2.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=July 7, 2014 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060558/http://space-memorial.narod.ru/24.10.1960/24-10-10-2.html |archivedate=October 23, 2013 }}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[File:Lenin_Prize_Medal.JPG|60px]] [[Lenin Prize]]
* [[File:Order_gpw1_rib.png|60px]] [[Order of the Patriotic War|Order of the Patriotic War 1st class]]
* [[File:Order_gpw2_rib.png|60px]] [[Order of the Patriotic War|Order of the Patriotic War 2nd class]]
* [[File:Order redstar rib.png|60px]] [[Order of the Red Star]]
* [[File:CombatRibbon.png|CombatRibbon|59px]] [[Medal for Battle Merit]]
* [[File:OrderStGeorge4cl rib.png|60px]][[Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]]
* [[File:Caputureberlin_rib.png|60px]] [[Medal "For the Capture of Berlin"]]
* [[File:Ribbon Medal For The Liberation Of Warsaw.png|60px]][[Medal "For the Liberation of Warsaw"]]
* [[File:30_years_saf_rib.png|60px]] [[Jubilee Medal "30 Years of the Soviet Army and Navy"]]
* [[File:40_years_saf_rib.png|60px]] [[Jubilee Medal "40 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"]]
* [[File:Orden of Courage.png|60px]] [[Order of Courage|order of courage]] (posthumous)
* Other medals.

==Memory==
Name Ostasheva is one of the streets [http://wikimapia.org/street/15686994/ru/%D1%83%D0%BB-%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0|streets] of [[Baikonur]]. The decree of the Head of the city administration, [[Baikonur]] (city) № 183 of 30 May 2001 E. I. Ostashevu awarded the title of «Honorary citizen of the city of Baikonur» [http://www.baikonuradm.ru/index.php?mod=180]. In Elektrougli Noginsk district of Moscow region in the regional Museum there is a booth dedicated to the brothers Осташевым. On the house [http://www.sm.evg-rumjantsev.ru/ostashev-ma/ostashev-derevnja-vasiljevo.html number 17 ] in the village of Small Vasilyev, where they lived in childhood brothers Осташевы, a [[Commemorative plaque|memorial plaque]]. In the city Park city Elektrougli a [[memorial]] plate to the head of test management Baikonur - Ostashev E. I. In the Museum of the [[Strategic Missile Troops|strategic missile forces]] in [[Vlasikha, Moscow Oblast|Vlasikha]], Moscow hosted the [[exhibition]] is devoted to E. I. Ostaszewo in the sections on [[Eastern Front (World War II)|world war II]] and the development of [[Space industry of Russia|space industry]] in the country.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Literature ==
[[File:Памятная доска в городском парке г. Электроугли руководителю Управления космодрома Байконур - Осташеву Е.И..jpg|300px|thumb|A memorial plaque in the Park, Elektrougli the head of test management Baikonur - Ostaszewo E. I.]]
* J. K. Golovanov, M., "Korolev: Facts and myths", [[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]], 1994, ISBN 5-02-000822-2
* [http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/chertok/kniga-1/01.html "Rockets and people"] – [[Boris Chertok|B. E. Chertok]], M: "mechanical engineering", 1999. ISBN 5-217-02942-0 {{ref-ru}};
* «A breakthrough in space» - [[Konstantin Vasilyevich Gerchik]], M: LLC "Veles", 1994, ISBN 5-87955-001-X
* «At risk,» - A. A. Toul, [[Kaluga]], "the Golden path", 2001, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|5-7111-0333-1}}
* "People duty and honor" – A. A. Shmelev, the second book. M: Editorial Board "Moscow journal", 1998.
* "Testing of rocket and space technology - the business of my life" Events and facts - [[Arkady Ostashev|A.I. Ostashev]], [[Korolyov, Moscow Oblast|Korolyov]], 2001.[http://cosmosravelin.narod.ru/r-space/bibliografia.html]
* "Baikonur. Korolev. Yangel." - M. I. Kuznetsk, [[Voronezh]]: IPF "Voronezh", 1997, ISBN 5-89981-117-X
* [[Arkady Ostashev|A.I. Ostashev]], ''Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov - The Genius of the 20th Century'' — 2010 M. of Public Educational Institution of Higher Professional Training MGUL ISBN 978-5-8135-0510-2.
* "Look back and look ahead. Notes of a military engineer" - Rjazhsky A. A., 2004, SC. first, the publishing house of the "Heroes of the Fatherland" ISBN 5-91017-018-X.
* "Unknown Baikonur" - edited by B. I. Posysaeva, M.: "globe", 2001. ISBN 5-8155-0051-8
* "Rocket and space feat Baikonur" - Vladimir Порошков, the "Patriot" publishers 2007. ISBN 5-7030-0969-3
* "Bank of the Universe" - edited by Boltenko A. C., [[Kiev]], 2014., publishing house "Phoenix", ISBN 978-966-136-169-9
* "Nesterenko" series Lives of great people - Authors: Gregory Sukhina A., Ivkin, Vladimir Ivanovich, [[Molodaya Gvardiya (publisher)|publishing house "Young guard"]] in 2015, ISBN 978-5-235-03801-1
* "To stand on the way to space" - Author: [[Valentin Lebedev]], M: publisher ITRK in 2016, ISBN 978-5-88010-400-0

== External links ==
* Bondarev Yu. F. [http://www.roscosmos.ru/2506/ Memories of service at Baikonur] (Rus.). Of. the website of Roskosmos. [http://www.webcitation.org/6AaF5NifU Archived].
* [http://www.brim.ru/ds/ The Baikonur cosmodrome] (Rus.). The Site "Baikonur-Info". [http://www.webcitation.org/6AaF6FQam Archived].
* A. Zheleznyakov. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195606/http://www.cosmoworld.ru/spaceencyclopedia/index.shtml?bay24.html Baikonurskaya tragedy]. [http://www.webcitation.org/61FnXgBOZ Archived]. [http://www.webcitation.org/61FnXgBOZ Archived].
* Harford, James. ''Korolev – How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon''. [[John Wiley & Sons]], Inc., New York, 1997. pp 119–120. ISBN 0-471-14853-9
* "Red Moon Rising: Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries that Ignited the Space Age", - Matthew Brzezinski, [[Henry Holt and Company]], 2008 г. ISBN 080508858X
* [http://sm.evg-rumjantsev.ru/24.10.1960/ostashev-e.htm Ostashev E.I. on page «Cosmic memorial»] {{ref-ru}}
* [http://rvsn.info/history/hist_memo.html Strategic rocket forces. Reference. History.] {{ref-ru}}
* [http://elugli.info/gazeta/?ELEMENT_ID=9410 Electronic newspaper Elektrougli]
* [http://www.cosmoworld.ru/spaceencyclopedia/thisday/index.shtml?03-22.html Calendar Encyclopedia of cosmonautics] A. Zheleznyakov.{{ref-ru}}
* [http://www.mosoblpress.ru/regions/18/mass_media/3/93/item26457/ Brothers Ostashev from Elektrougli] // "news Agency suburbs" {{ref-ru}}
* [http://www.baikonuradm.ru/index.php?mod=180 the official website of the city administration Baikonur - Honorary citizens of Baikonur]
* {{YouTube|dqT90VmYgEU|Day when not start missiles. Part one}}
* {{YouTube|pvHfdDrenaA|Day when not start missiles. Part two}}
* [http://astronaut.ru/bookcase/books/chert2/text/43.htm?reload_coolmenus Photo of pokoritelya space]
* [http://kik-sssr.narod.ru/download/A.A._Rjazhskih._Bajkonur_v_pervye_gody..pdf Look back and look ahead]
* {{YouTube|ErI0Wm6ZOlA|Open Space. 2 series}}
* [http://www.famhist.ru/famhist/chertok/00094ef9.htm#003802ba.htm Yevgeny Ostashev ]//Family history {{ref-ru}}
* [http://pomnipro.ru/memorypage21896/biography E. I. Ostashev electronic memorial]
* [http://www.russianspaceweb.com/r16_disaster.html Nedelin Disaster] // RussianSpaceWeb.com {{ref-en}}
* [http://www.videocosmos.com/r16.shtm Video Cosmos] {{ref-en}}
* [http://oficery.ru/holidays/3171 Information and law portal-OFFICERS of RUSSIA]//Memorial day missile {{ref-ru}}
* [http://encyclopedia.mil.ru/encyclopedia/dictionary/details.htm?id=13777@morfDictionary The website of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation]//Yevgeny Ostashev {{ref-ru}}
* [http://www.mk.ru/incident/2015/10/29/katastrofa-na-baykonure-pochemu-pogibli-124-cheloveka-vo-glave-s-marshalom.html The newspaper Moskovsky Komsomolets ] // The disaster at Baikonur {{ref-ru}}
* [http://pobeda70.lenta.ru/?story=713 Lenta.ru] // Spetsproekt Win.
* [http://soyuzveteranov.ru/?q=content/delegaciya-rossiyskogo-soyuza-veteranov-pochtila-pamyat-ispytateley-pogibshih-pri-ispolnenii The Russian Union Of Veterans] // Day of memory and grief.{{ref-ru}}
* [http://www.baikonuradm.ru/index.php?mod=all/news&ID=4004 The official website of the city administration Baikonur] // Baikonur commemorated a test rocket and space technology.{{ref-ru}}
* [http://www.elugli.info/gazeta/articles.php?ELEMENT_ID=9410 Space feat Eugene Ostasheva]//Newspaper "ELEKTROUGLI DAY by DAY" 12/04/2011.{{ref-ru}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ostashev, Evgeny}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:Soviet people of World War II]]
[[Category:Soviet engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century engineers]]
[[Category:Russian military engineers]]
[[Category:Lenin Prize winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Star]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Courage]]
[[Category:Baikonur Cosmodrome]]
[[Category:Russian aerospace engineers]]
[[Category:Honorary citizens of Baikonur]]

Vladimir Shatalov

2017-04-18T17:05:03Z

Omnipaedista: fix typo

{{BLP sources|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox astronaut
| name =Vladimir Aleksandrovich Shatalov
| type =Cosmonaut
|image =
| nationality =[[Soviet Union|Soviet]]
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1927|12|8}}
| birth_place =[[Petropavl]]ovsk, [[Kazakh SSR]]
| occupation =[[Aviator|Pilot]]
| rank =[[Lieutenant General]], [[Soviet Air Force]]
| selection =[[List of astronauts by selection#1963|Air Force Group 2]]
| time =9d 21h 55m
| mission =[[Soyuz 4]], [[Soyuz 8]], [[Soyuz 10]]
| insignia =[[Image:Soyuz-4-patch.png|30px]][[Image:Soyuz-8-patch.png|30px]]
|}}
'''Vladimir Aleksandrovich Shatalov''' ({{lang-ru|Владимир Александрович Шаталов}}; born December 8, 1927 in [[Petropavl]]ovsk) is a former [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[astronaut|cosmonaut]] who flew three [[manned space mission|space missions]] of the [[Soyuz programme]]: [[Soyuz 4]], [[Soyuz 8]], and [[Soyuz 10]].<ref>[http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/cosmonauts/english/shatalov_vladimir.htm Spacefacts]. Spacefacts.de. Retrieved on 2012-08-04.</ref>

==Biography==

[[File:Dmitry Medvedev 12 April 2011-12.jpeg|thumb|300px|Russian president [[Dmitri Medvedev]] awards Shatalov with the [[Order of Friendship]] on 12 April 2011 ([[Cosmonautics Day]])]]
From 1971 to 1987, he was Commander of Cosmonaut Training, and Director of the Cosmonaut Training Centre from then until 1991.

Quote: "When we look into the sky it seems to us to be endless. We breathe without thinking about it, as is natural... and then you sit aboard a spacecraft, you tear away from Earth, and within ten minutes you have been carried straight through the layer of air, and beyond there is nothing! The 'boundless' blue sky, the ocean which gives us breath and protects us from endless black and death, is but an infinitesimally thin film. How dangerous it is to threaten even the smallest part of this gossamer covering, this conserver of life."<ref>{{cite book|author=James Bruges |title=The Little Earth Book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MM_AnJI5c4C&pg=PA28 |accessdate=4 August 2012 |date=1 April 2004 |publisher=The Disinformation Company |isbn=978-0-9729529-2-7 |pages=28–}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==
*Twice [[Hero of the Soviet Union]]
*[[Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR]]
*[[Order For Merit to the Fatherland]] 4th class
*[[Order of Friendship]]
*Three [[Order of Lenin|Orders of Lenin]]
*[[Order of the October Revolution]]
*[[Order for Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR]] 3rd class
*[[Medal for Battle Merit]]
*[[Medal "For the Defence of Leningrad"]]
*[[Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]]
*[[Medal "For the Development of Virgin Lands"]]
*[[Medal "For Strengthening Military Cooperation"]]

Foreign awards:
*Hero of Socialist Labour (Socialist Republic of Vietnam)
*Order of Ho Chi Minh (Socialist Republic of Vietnam)
*[[Order of Karl Marx]] (GDR)
*Order of the Polar Star (Mongolia)
*Order "Madara Horseman" (Bulgaria)
*Order of the Banner of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
*Medal "Brotherhood in Arms" (Poland)
*Medal "Brotherhood in Arms" (GDR)
*Medal "100 years of Bulgaria's Liberation from Ottoman Slavery"

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* J. K. Golovanov, "Korolev: Facts and myths", [[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]], 1994, ISBN 5-02-000822-2;
* «Rockets and people» - [[Boris Chertok|B. E. Chertok]], M: "mechanical engineering", 1999, - ISBN 5-217-02942-0;
* "Bank of the Universe" - edited by Boltenko A. C., Kiev, 2014., publishing house "Phoenix", ISBN 978-966-136-169-9
*[http://www.baikonuradm.ru/index.php?mod=180 The official website of the city administration Baikonur - Honorary citizens of Baikonur]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shatalov, Vladimir}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:1971 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani Soviet cosmonauts]]
[[Category:Heroes of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Soviet Air Force generals]]
[[Category:Soviet lieutenant generals]]
[[Category:Russian people of Kazakhstani descent]]
[[Category:Honorary citizens of Baikonur]]

[[nds:Wladimir Alexandrowitsch Schatalow]]

Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31

2017-04-18T17:04:57Z

Omnipaedista: fix typo

{{Infobox launch pad
|name = Site 31/6
|image=Soyuz 2 metop.jpg
|imsize=250
|caption=A [[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-2]] rocket at LC-31/6.
|site = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]]
|location =
|operator = [[RVSN]], [[VKS]], [[Russian Federal Space Agency|RKA]]
|tlaunches = TBC
|inclination = 49° – 99°
|pads = 1
|short = LC-31/6
|paddetails = {{Infobox launch pad/pad
|status = Active
|launches =TBC
|first = [[R-7A Semyorka|R-7A]], 14 January 1961
|last =
|rockets = [[R-7A Semyorka|R-7A]] [[Vostok (rocket)|Vostok]] [[Voskhod (rocket)|Voskhod]] [[Polyot (rocket)|Polyot]] [[Molniya (rocket)|Molniya]] [[Soyuz (rocket)|Soyuz]] [[Soyuz-L]] [[Soyuz-U]] (current) [[Soyuz-U2]] [[Soyuz-FG]]/[[Fregat]] (current) [[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-2]] (current)}}
}}

'''Site 31/6''' at the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]], in Kazakhstan, is a launch site used by derivatives of the [[R-7 Semyorka]] missile. From 2011 onwards, it was supposed to be the launch site for manned [[Soyuz programme|Soyuz]] missions to the [[International Space Station]], when launches switched from the [[Soyuz-FG]] carrier rocket to the [[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-2]], which was unable to use the launch pad at [[Gagarin's Start|Site 1/5]]. However, Site 1/5 has undergone modifications that allow the manned ISS missions to be launched from it.
Only few manned missions to the International Space Station are launched from Site 31/6 ([[Soyuz TMA-06M]], [[Soyuz TMA-15M]], [[Soyuz MS-02]]), when Site 1/5 is unavailable.

It was first used on 14 January 1961, for an [[R-7A Semyorka|R-7A]] [[ICBM]] test mission. It is currently used for commercial [[Soyuz-FG]]/[[Fregat]] missions, and [[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-2]] launches. In the 1970s and early 1980s, several manned missions were launched from the site.

{{wide image|Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31.JPG|500px|A panorama of the Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31 taken from atop the [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz]] support structure. A [[Zenit (rocket family)|Zenit]] facility can be seen in the distance.}}

== See also ==
*[[Gagarin's Start]] (Baikonur Site 1)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/sites/bairlc31.htm |title=Baikonur LC31 |publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica}}
== Further reading ==
* J. K. Golovanov, "Korolev: Facts and myths", [[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]], 1994, ISBN 5-02-000822-2;
* [http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/chertok/kniga-1/01.html "Rockets and people"] – [[Boris Chertok|B. E. Chertok]], M: "mechanical engineering", 1999. ISBN 5-217-02942-0 {{ref-ru}};
* «A breakthrough in space» - Konstantin Vasilyevich Gerchik, M: LLC "Veles", 1994, - ISBN 5-87955-001-X;
* "Testing of rocket and space technology - the business of my life" Events and facts - [[Arkady Ostashev|A.I. Ostashev]], [[Korolyov, Moscow Oblast|Korolyov]], 2001.[http://cosmosravelin.narod.ru/r-space/bibliografia.html];
* "Baikonur. Korolev. Yangel." - M. I. Kuznetsk, Voronezh: IPF "Voronezh", 1997, ISBN 5-89981-117-X;
* "Look back and look ahead. Notes of a military engineer" - Rjazhsky A. A., 2004, SC. first, the publishing house of the "Heroes of the Fatherland" ISBN 5-91017-018-X.
* "Rocket and space feat Baikonur" - Vladimir Порошков, the "Patriot" publishers 2007. ISBN 5-7030-0969-3
* "Unknown Baikonur" - edited by B. I. Posysaeva, M.: "globe", 2001. ISBN 5-8155-0051-8

{{Baikonur Cosmodrome launch sites}}
{{R-7 rockets}}

{{coord|45|59|46|N|63|33|51|E|source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}}

{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}

[[Category:Baikonur Cosmodrome]]

Gagarin's Start

2017-04-18T17:03:32Z

Omnipaedista: see MOS:SECTIONORDER

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}

{{Infobox launch pad
|name = Gagarin's Start
|image=Soyuz TMA-3 launch.jpg
|imsize=200
|caption=[[Soyuz TMA-3]] is launched from Gagarin's Start
|site = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]]
|location = {{coord|45.920278|N|63.342222|E}}
|operator = [[Soviet space program]], [[Russian Space Agency]]
|tlaunches = TBC
|inclination = 49° – 99°
|pads = 1
|short = LC-1/5
|paddetails = {{Infobox launch pad/pad
|status = Active
|first = [[R-7 Semyorka|R-7]], 15 May 1957
|last = [[Progress MS-05]], {{nowrap|22 February 2017}}
|rockets = [[R-7 Semyorka|R-7]] [[Vostok (rocket)|Vostok]] [[Voskhod (rocket)|Voskhod]] [[Molniya (rocket)|Molniya]] [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz]] (active)}}
}}

'''Gagarin's Start'''<ref>"As Suffredini spoke, a Soyuz TMA-5 spacecraft was being hoisted onto Russia's Baikonur launch pad, named "Gagarin's Start" after the first man in space. ", http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-10/13/content_381791.htm , [[China Daily]], 2004-10-13 on [[Soyuz TMA-5]] launch</ref> ({{lang-ru|Гагаринский старт}}, ''Gagarinskij start'') is a launch site at [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] in [[Kazakhstan]], used for the [[Soviet space program]] and now managed by [[Roscosmos State Corporation]].

==Overview==
The launchpad for the world's first human spaceflight made by [[Yuri Gagarin]] on [[Vostok 1]] in 1961, the site was referred to as '''Site No.1''' ({{lang|ru|Площадка №1}}, ''Ploshchadka No. 1'') as the first one of its kind. It is also sometimes referred to as ''NIIP-5 LC1'', ''Baikonur LC1'' or ''GIK-5 LC1''.

On 17 March 1954 the [[Council of Ministers (Soviet Union)|Council of Ministers]] ordered several ministries to select a site for a [[proving ground]] to test the [[R-7 rocket]] by 1 January 1955. A special [[reconnaissance]] commission considered several possible geographic regions and selected [[Tyuratam]] in the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]]. This selection was approved on 12 February 1955 by the Council of Ministers, with a completion of construction targeted for 1958.<ref name="RSWB">[http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_origin.html Origin of the test range in Tyuratam] at Russianspaceweb.com</ref> Work on the construction of Site No.1 began on 20 July 1955 by military engineers. Day and night more than 60 powerful trucks worked at the site; {{convert|15000|m3|cuyd}} of earth were excavated and removed per day, with the total volume estimated to be {{convert|750000|m3|cuyd}}. During winter explosives were widely utilized. By the end of October 1956 all primary building and installation of infrastructure for R-7 tests was completed. The Installation and Testing Building ({{lang|ru|Монтажно-испытательный корпус}}, ''Montazhno-ispytatel'nyj korpus'') named "Site No.2" was built and a special railway completed from there to Site No.1 where the launch pad for the rocket was located.<ref name="NKA">{{ru icon}} [http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/content/numbers/237/36.shtml Creation and Launch of the First Earth's Satellite] by V.Poroshkov {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029143025/http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/content/numbers/237/36.shtml |date=29 October 2005 }}</ref> By April 1957 all remaining work was completed and the site was ready for launches.

The R-7 missile made its maiden voyage from LC-1 on May 15, 1957. On 4 October 1957 the pad was used to launch the world's first artificial satellite, [[Sputnik 1]]. Manned spaceflights launched from the site include [[Yuri Gagarin]]'s flight, [[Valentina Tereshkova]]'s flight, and numerous other [[human spaceflight]] missions, including all [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Russia]]n [[List of spacecraft and crews that visited Mir|manned spaceflights to Mir]]. The pad was also used to launch [[Luna program]] spacecraft, [[Mars probe program]] spacecraft, [[Venera program]] spacecraft, many [[Cosmos (satellite)|Cosmos satellites]] and others.<ref name="RSW">[http://www.astronautix.com/sites/baiurlc1.htm Baikonur LC1]</ref> From 1957 through 1966 the site hosted ready-to-launch strategic nuclear ICBMs in addition to spacecraft launches;<ref name="RSW"/> by the 2000s there were more than 400 launches from the site.<ref>[http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_r7_1.html Gagarin's pad]</ref> The 500th launch from this site was of [[Soyuz TMA-18M]] on 2 September 2015.

In 1961, the growing launch schedule of the Soviet space program resulted in the opening of a sister pad at Baikonur, [[LC-31/6]]. LC-1 has been the primary facility for manned launches, with occasional Soyuz flights from LC-31/6.

LC-1 was damaged several times by booster explosions during the early years. As of 2016, the most recent accident to occur on or around the pad was the attempted launch of [[Soyuz T-10-1]] in September 1983 ended disastrously when the booster caught fire during prelaunch preparations and exploded, causing severe damage that left LC-1 inoperable for almost a year.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Soyuz TMA-16 Lifts Off.jpg|[[Soyuz TMA-16]] launches from the Gagarin's Start on September 30, 2009, on its way to the [[International Space Station]].
Image:Baikonur Cosmodrome Soyuz launch pad.jpg|[[Sunrise]] at the launch pad prior to the rollout of [[Soyuz TMA-13]], October 10, 2008.
File:Progress M-13M rocket launches from Gagarin's Start.jpg|[[Progress M-13M]] launches on October 30, 2011.
File:Soyuz expedition 19 launch pad.jpg|The flame trench for Gagarin's Start
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31]]
*[[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14]], the equivalent for the United States' [[Project Mercury|first manned spaceflights]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* J. K. Golovanov, M., "Korolev: Facts and myths", [[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]], 1994, ISBN 5-02-000822-2;
* [http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/chertok/kniga-1/01.html "Rockets and people"] – [[Boris Chertok|B. E. Chertok]], M: "mechanical engineering", 1999. ISBN 5-217-02942-0 {{ref-ru}};
* «A breakthrough in space» - Konstantin Vasilyevich Gerchik, M: LLC "Veles", 1994, - ISBN 5-87955-001-X;
* "Testing of rocket and space technology - the business of my life" Events and facts - [[Arkady Ostashev|A.I. Ostashev]], [[Korolyov, Moscow Oblast|Korolyov]], 2001.[http://cosmosravelin.narod.ru/r-space/bibliografia.html];
* "Baikonur. Korolev. Yangel." - M. I. Kuznetsk, [[Voronezh]]: IPF "Voronezh", 1997, ISBN 5-89981-117-X;
* "Look back and look ahead. Notes of a military engineer" - Rjazhsky A. A., 2004, SC. first, the publishing house of the "Heroes of the Fatherland" ISBN 5-91017-018-X.
* "Rocket and space feat Baikonur" - Vladimir Порошков, the "Patriot" publishers 2007. ISBN 5-7030-0969-3
* "Unknown Baikonur" - edited by B. I. Posysaeva, M.: "globe", 2001. ISBN 5-8155-0051-8
* "Bank of the Universe" - edited by Boltenko A. C., [[Kiev]], 2014., publishing house "Phoenix", ISBN 978-966-136-169-9

{{coord|45|55|13|N|63|20|32|E|display=title}}

{{Baikonur Cosmodrome launch sites}}
{{R-7 rockets}}

[[Category:Baikonur Cosmodrome]]
[[Category:Yuri Gagarin|Start]]

Mitrofan Nedelin

2017-04-18T17:02:08Z

Omnipaedista: see MOS:SECTIONORDER

{{Infobox military person
|name=Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedelin
|image=MI Nedelin 01.jpg
| image_size = 250px
|caption=
|birth_date=November 9, 1902
|death_date= {{death date and age|1960|10|24|1902|11|9|df=y}}
|birth_place=[[Borisoglebsk]], [[Voronezh Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]
|death_place=[[Baikonur Cosmodrome]], [[Kazakh SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
|placeofburial=[[Kremlin Wall Necropolis]]
|placeofburial_label=
|nickname=
|allegiance={{flag|Soviet Union}}
|branch=[[Artillery]], [[Strategic Rocket Forces]]
|serviceyears= 1920 — 1960
|rank= [[Chief marshal of the artillery]]
|unit=
|commands=13th Artillery Regiment (1939-40) Artillery 160th Rifle Division (1940-41) 4th Anti-Tank Brigade (1941) Artillery 18th Army (1941) Artillery 37th Army (1941-43) Artillery 56th Army (1943) V Artillery Corps (1943) Artillery South-Western Front (1943) Artillery 3rd Ukrainian Front (1943-45) Artillery Southern Soviet Group of Forces (1945-46) Chief Artillery Directorate (1948-50) CinC Artillery (1950-52, 1953-55) Deputy Minister of War (1952-53) Deputy Minister of Defence (1955-60) CinC [[Strategic Rocket Forces|Strategic Missile Force]] (1959-60)
|battles=[[Russian Civil War]], [[Spanish Civil War]],{{citation needed|date=October 2011}} [[Winter War]],{{citation needed|date=October 2011}} [[World War II]]
|awards=[[Hero of the Soviet Union]]
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}

'''Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedelin''' ({{lang-ru|Митрофа́н Ива́нович Неде́лин}}) (November 9, 1902 — October 24, 1960) was a [[Soviet]] military commander who served as [[Chief marshal of the branch|Chief Marshal of the Artillery]] in the [[Soviet Armed Forces]]. A long-time member of the [[Red Army]], Nedelin was a veteran of numerous wars and was honored as a [[Hero of the Soviet Union]] for his service during the [[Second World War]]. On May 8, 1959, Nedelin was promoted to Chief Marshal of the Artillery, and became an important figure in the development of [[ICBMs]] and the [[Space Race]]. On October 24, 1960, Nedelin was killed in an explosion at [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] during the eponymous [[Nedelin catastrophe]].

== Early life ==
Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedelin was born on November 9, 1902, in [[Borisoglebsk]], [[Voronezh Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]].

== Military career ==
Nedelin joined the [[Red Army]] in 1920, aged 18, and fought as a volunteer in the [[Russian Civil War]] until its conclusion in 1923. The following year he joined the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], and was [[conscripted]] back into the Red Army, becoming an [[artillery]] commander.<ref name = Khruschev-817>''Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, Volume 2, Reformer 1945-64'', by Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev and Sergeĭ Khrushchev, pub Penn State Press, 2006, ISBN 0-271-02861-0, p817.</ref> From 1937 to 1939, Nedelin fought in the [[Spanish Civil War]] as a [[foreign volunteer]] for the [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Republican Government]], and the same year was appointed to command 13th Artillery Regiment in the Soviet Red Army.<ref name= generals.dk>[http://www.generals.dk/general/Nedelin/Mitrofan_Ivanovich/Soviet_Union.html The Generals of WWII – ''Nedelin'']</ref> In 1940 he was appointed to command the artillery of 160th Rifle Division after returning from [[Spain]], and participated in the [[Winter War]] until 1940.<ref name= generals.dk/>

In 1941, after the Soviet Union entered [[World War Two]], Nedelin was appointed commander of first 4th Anti-Tank Brigade, then the artillery of 18th Army, and then the artillery of 37th Army where he stayed until 1943, before being moved to command the artillery of 56th Army.<ref name= generals.dk/><ref name= generals.dk/><ref name= generals.dk/><ref name= generals.dk/> In 1943, he was appointed Deputy Commanding Officer of the artillery of the [[Northern Caucasian Front]].<ref name = Khruschev-817/><ref name= generals.dk/> From there Nedelin moved to command the V Artillery Corps, and then the artillery of the south-western front, and then the artillery of the 3rd Ukrainian Front where he stayed from 1943 to 1945, playing an especially important part in the capture of [[Hungary]].<ref name = Khruschev-817/><ref name= generals.dk/><ref name= generals.dk/><ref name = Khruschev-817/><ref name= generals.dk/> In 1945, Nedelin became assistant commanding officer and then the commanding officer of the artillery of the [[Southern Group of Forces|Soviet Southern Group of Forces]].<ref name = Khruschev-817/><ref name= generals.dk/>

In 1946, after the end of the Second World War, Nedelin became chief of staff of the chief artillery directorate of the [[Soviet Army]], and then chief of staff of artillery, and then deputy commander in chief of artillery. In 1948, he became head of the chief artillery directorate of the Soviet Army before becoming commander in chief of artillery from 1950 to 1952, and after a brief period as Deputy Minister of War, returned as commander in chief of artillery from 1953 to 1955.<ref name = Khruschev-817/><ref name= generals.dk/> From 1955, he was Deputy Minister of Defence, and concurrently from 1959 commander in chief of the [[Strategic Missile Force]].<ref name = Khruschev-817/><ref name= generals.dk/>

== Space ==
During the [[Cold War]], Nedelin inadvertently played a key role in ushering in the [[Space Age]] by concluding that rockets were the ideal means to deliver a [[nuclear warhead]] to the [[United States]] instead of [[bombers]], and ordered [[Sergei Korolev]] to develop the massive [[R-7 (missile)|R-7]] [[ICBM]] capable of carrying a large warhead to the United States. This rocket and its derivatives, while never an effective ICBM, was powerful enough to launch [[Sputnik]], the world's first [[satellite|artificial Earth satellite]], and then [[Vostok (spacecraft)|Vostok]] manned space vehicles into orbit. These accomplishment allowed the Soviet Union to beat the United States on being the first nation to enter [[space]], and taking a leading position during the early [[Space Race]].

== Death ==
On October 24, 1960, Nedelin, along with approximately 120 other individuals, were killed in a test rocket explosion at [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]]. The incident became known as the [[Nedelin catastrophe]], named after Nedelin due to being its most notable victim, and was covered up by the authorities. Nedelin's death was officially listed as having occurred in a [[plane crash]] until the [[collapse of the Soviet Union]] in the 1990s uncovered the incident.

Nedelin was buried in a tomb in the [[Kremlin Wall Necropolis]] at [[Red Square]] in [[Moscow]].
{|
|
|}
== Honours and awards ==
{|
|-
|[[File:Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union_medal.png|20px]]
|[[Hero of the Soviet Union]]
|-
|[[File:Order of Lenin ribbon bar.png|60px]]
|[[Order of Lenin|Five Orders of Lenin]]
|-
|[[File:Order of Red Banner ribbon bar.png|60px]]
|[[Order of the Red Banner|Four Orders of the Red Banner]]
|-
|[[File:Order suvorov1 rib.png|60px]]
|[[Order of Suvorov|Order of Suvorov 1st class]]
|-
|[[File:Order_kutuzov1_rib.png|60px]]
|[[Order of Kutuzov|Order of Kutuzov 1st class]]
|-
|[[File:Order_bogdan_khmelnitsky1_rib.png|60px]]
|[[Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky (Soviet Union)|Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky 1st class]]
|-
|[[File:Order_gpw1_rib.png|60px]]
|[[Order of the Patriotic War|Order of the Patriotic War 1st class]]
|-
|[[File:Order_badge_of_honor_rib.png|60px]]
|[[Order of the Badge of Honour]]
|-
|[[File:Defcaucasus_rib.png|60px]]
|[[Medal "For the Defence of the Caucasus"]]
|-
|[[File:Orderglory rib.png|60px]]
|[[Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]]
|-
|[[File:CaptureOfViennaRibbon.png|60px]]
|[[Medal "For the Capture of Vienna"]]
|-
|[[File:Capturekoenigsberg_rib.png|60px]]
|[[Medal "For the Capture of Königsberg"]]
|-
|[[File:Capturebudapest_rib.png|60px]]
|[[Medal "For the Capture of Budapest"]]
|-
|[[File:20_years_saf_rib.png|60px]]
|[[Jubilee Medal "XX Years of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army"]]
|-
|[[File:30_years_saf_rib.png|60px]]
|[[Jubilee Medal "30 Years of the Soviet Army and Navy"]]
|-
|[[File:40_years_saf_rib.png|60px]]
|[[Jubilee Medal "40 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"]]
|-
|}

== In other media ==
* Marshall Nedellin appears as a character in the 2005 BBC docudrama TV series, ''[[Space Race (TV series)|Space Race]]''. He is played by English actor [[Tim Woodward]].
* [http://www.russianspaceweb.com/r16_disaster.html Nedelin Disaster] // RussianSpaceWeb.com {{ref-en}}

==References==
<references />

== Further reading ==
* [http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/chertok/kniga-1/01.html "Rockets and people"] – [[Boris Chertok|B. E. Chertok]], M: "mechanical engineering", 1999. ISBN 5-217-02942-0 {{ref-ru}};
* J. K. Golovanov, M., "Korolev: Facts and myths", [[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]], 1994, ISBN 5-02-000822-2;
* "Testing of rocket and space technology - the business of my life" Events and facts - [[Arkady Ostashev|A.I. Ostashev]], [[Korolyov, Moscow Oblast|Korolyov]], 2001.[http://cosmosravelin.narod.ru/r-space/bibliografia.html];
* «A breakthrough in space» - Konstantin Vasilyevich Gerchik, M: LLC "Veles", 1994, - ISBN 5-87955-001-X;
* "Look back and look ahead. Notes of a military engineer" - Rjazhsky A. A., 2004, SC. first, the publishing house of the "Heroes of the Fatherland" ISBN 5-91017-018-X.
* [[Arkady Ostashev|A.I. Ostashev]], ''Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov - The Genius of the 20th Century'' — 2010 M. of Public Educational Institution of Higher Professional Training MGUL ISBN 978-5-8135-0510-2.
* "Unknown Baikonur" - edited by B. I. Posysaeva, M.: "globe", 2001. ISBN 5-8155-0051-8
* "Rocket and space feat Baikonur" - Vladimir Порошков, the "Patriot" publishers 2007. ISBN 5-7030-0969-3
* "Bank of the Universe" - edited by Boltenko A. C., [[Kiev]], 2014., publishing house "Phoenix", ISBN 978-966-136-169-9

==External links==
{{commonscat-inline}}
* [http://www.famhist.ru/famhist/chertok/00417bee.htm#003508d4.htm Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedelin ]//Family history
* [http://www.mk.ru/incident/2015/10/29/katastrofa-na-baykonure-pochemu-pogibli-124-cheloveka-vo-glave-s-marshalom.html The newspaper Moskovsky Komsomolets ] // The disaster at Baikonur {{ref-ru}}
* [http://www.baikonuradm.ru/index.php?mod=all/news&ID=4004 The official website of the city administration Baikonur] // Baikonur commemorated a test rocket and space technology.{{ref-ru}}
* [http://www.baikonuradm.ru/index.php?mod=180 The official website of the city administration Baikonur - Honorary citizens of Baikonur]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nedelin, Mitrofan Ivanovich}}
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:Heroes of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis]]
[[Category:Russian military leaders]]
[[Category:Baikonur Cosmodrome]]
[[Category:Honorary citizens of Baikonur]]
[[Category:People from Borisoglebsk]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Courage]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky (Soviet Union), 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Badge of Honour]]

Baikonur Cosmodrome

2017-04-18T17:01:53Z

Omnipaedista: fix typo

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Baikonur Cosmodrome
| ensign =
| ensign_size =
| ensign_alt =
| nativename = {{lang|ru|Космодром Байконур}}
| nativename-r = ''Kosmodrom Baykonur''
| image = Baikonur Cosmodrome Soyuz launch pad.jpg
| caption = Baikonur Cosmodrome's "[[Gagarin's Start]]" [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz]] [[launch pad]] prior to the rollout of [[Soyuz TMA-13]], 10 October 2008
| LID = GC0015
| type = [[Spaceport]]
| owner-oper = {{flagicon image|Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg}} [[Roscosmos State Corporation|Roscosmos]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Russian Aerospace Forces.svg}} [[Russian Aerospace Forces]]
| location = {{KAZ}}/{{RUS}} (leased until 2050)
| opened = 
| built = 
| timezone = [[Moscow Time]]
| utc = [[UTC+03:00|+03:00]]
| elevation-f = 300
| elevation-m = 90
| metric-elev =
| coordinates = {{coord|45|57|54|N|63|18|18|E}}
| website = 
| image_map =
| image_mapsize =
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Soviet Union#Russia#Kazakhstan
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_image =
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_mark = Rocktet icon201001.svg
| stat-year =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Baikonur Cosmodrome''' ({{lang-ru|Космодро́м Байкону́р '''Kosmodrom Baykonur'''}}; {{lang-kk|Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы ''Bayqoñır ğarış aylağı''}}) is a [[spaceport]] located in southern [[Kazakhstan]]. It<nowiki/> is the world's first and largest operational [[Spaceport|space launch facility]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Baikonur Cosmodrome 45.9 N 63.3 E|url=https://fas.org/spp/guide/russia/facility/baikonur.htm|website=FAS.org|publisher=Federation of American Scientists (FAS)|accessdate=19 July 2014}}</ref> The spaceport is located in the [[Kazakh Steppe|desert steppe]] of [[Baikonur]], about {{convert|200|km|mi|0}} east of the [[Aral Sea]] and north of the river [[Syr Darya]]. It is near the [[Tyuratam]] railway station and is about {{convert|90|m}} above sea level. Currently leased by the [[Government of Kazakhstan|Kazakh Government]] to [[Russia]] until 2050, the spaceport is managed jointly by the [[Roscosmos State Corporation]] and the [[Russian Aerospace Forces]].

The shape of the area leased is an ellipse, measuring {{convert|90|km}} east–west by {{convert|85|km}} north–south, with the cosmodrome at the centre. It was originally built by the [[Soviet Union]] in the late 1950s as the base of operations for the [[Soviet space program]]. Under the current Russian space program, Baikonur remains a busy spaceport, with numerous commercial, military, and scientific missions being launched annually.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[Popular Mechanics]] |title=Safe Launch For Critical Space Station Module |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/air_space/1282666.html |accessdate=12 August 2009 |date=5 August 2000 |last=Wilson |first=Jim }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[International Launch Services]]|title=Baikonur Cosmodrome|url=http://www.ilslaunch.com/launch-services/baikonur-cosmodrome}}</ref> All manned Russian spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.<ref name=NASA/>

Both ''[[Sputnik 1]]'', the first artificial satellite, and [[Vostok 1]], the first manned spaceflight, were launched from Baikonur. The launch pad used for both missions was renamed [[Gagarin's Start]] in honor of Russian Soviet [[Astronaut|cosmonaut]] [[Yuri Gagarin]], pilot of Vostok 1 and first human in space.

==History==

===Soviet era===
[[File:Baikonur CIA U-2.gif|thumb|250px|[[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] Photograph of R-7 Launch Pad in Tyura-Tam]]
The Soviet government issued the decree for Scientific Research Test Range No. 5 (NIIP-5; {{lang-ru|''Nauchno-Issledovatel’skii Ispytatel’nyi Poligon N.5''}}) on 12 February 1955. It was actually founded on 2 June 1955, originally a test center for the world's first [[intercontinental ballistic missile|intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/r7.htm|title=R-7|first=Mark|last=Wade|work=Encyclopedia Astronautica|accessdate=4 July 2011| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629074344/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/r7.htm|archivedate=29 June 2011 | deadurl=no}}</ref> the [[R-7 Semyorka]]. NIIP-5 was soon expanded to include launch facilities for space flights. The site was selected by a commission led by Gen. Vasily Voznyuk, influenced by [[Sergey Korolyov]], the Chief Designer of the R-7 ICBM, and soon the man behind the Soviet space program. It had to be surrounded by plains, as the radio control system of the rocket required (at the time) receiving uninterrupted signals from ground stations hundreds of kilometres away.<ref name="vs"/> Additionally, the missile trajectory had to be away from populated areas. Also, it is an advantage to place a space launch site closer to the equator, as the surface of the Earth has higher rotational speed there. Taking these constraints into consideration, the commission chose Tyuratam, a village in the heart of the [[Kazakh Steppe]]. The expense of constructing the launch facilities and the several hundred kilometres of new road and train lines made the Cosmodrome one of the most costly infrastructure projects the Soviets undertook. A supporting town was built around the facility to provide housing, schools and infrastructure for workers. It was raised to city status in 1966 and named [[Baikonur|Leninsk]].

The American [[Lockheed U-2|U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance plane]] found and photographed the Tyuratam missile test range for the first time on 5 August 1957.

====Name====
There are conflicting sources about origins of the name ''Baikonur''. Some sources say that it was not until 1961 (i.e. until Gagarin's flight), when the name was deliberately chosen to misdirect<ref name="vs">{{cite book|title=The first manned spaceflight: Russia's quest for space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G1Bcc67kf2QC&pg=PA17&dq=R-7+spaceflight&hl=en&ei=CZrSS_DnBNeM_Ab957zVDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFkQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q&f=false|last=Suvorov|first=Vladimir|pages=16–17}}</ref><ref name="apollo">{{cite web|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4209/ch9-12.htm|title=The Partnership: A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project|publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> the West to a place about {{convert|320|km|mi|0}} northeast of the launch center, the small mining town of Baikonur near [[Jezkazgan]].

Other sources state that ''Baikonur'' was name of the [[Tyuratam]] region even before the cosmodrome existed.<ref name="apollo"/> The main cosmodrome-supporting town Leninsk was renamed to [[Baikonur]] on 20 December 1995 by [[Boris Yeltsin]].

====Environmental impact====
Russian scientist [[Afanasiy Ilich Tobonov]] researched mass animal deaths in the 1990s and concluded that the mass deaths of birds and wildlife in the [[Sakha Republic]] were noted only along the flight paths of space rockets launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome.<ref>{{cite web|title=Group – Afanasiy Ilich Tobonov|url=http://sciencestage.com/g/4258311/afanasiy-ilich-tobonov.html}}</ref>
Dead wildlife and livestock were usually incinerated, and the participants in these incinerations, including Tobonov himself, his brothers and inhabitants of his native village of Eliptyan, commonly died from stroke or cancer. In 1997, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation changed the flight path and removed the ejected rocket stages near [[Nyurbinsky District]], Russia.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

Scientific literature collected enough data that confirmed adverse effects of rockets on environment and health of the population.<ref name="ijbch.kaznu.kz">{{cite journal|url=http://ijbch.kaznu.kz/index.php/kaznu/article/view/172|title=The impact of the cosmodrome "Baikonur" on the environment and human health|first1=P. Kh|last1=Abdrazak|first2=K. Sh|last2=Musa|date=21 June 2015|publisher=|volume=8|issue=1|pages=26–29|accessdate=2 August 2016|via=ijbch.kaznu.kz}}</ref> Heptyl, or [[UDMH]], a fuel used in Russian rocket engines, is considered to be highly toxic. It is one of the reasons for acid rains and cancers in the local population, near the cosmodrome. Valery Yakovlev, a head of the laboratory of ecosystem research of the State scientific-production union of applied ecology "Kazmechanobr", notes:
"Scientists have established the extreme character of destructive influence of "Baikonur" space center on environment and population of the region:
11 000 tons of space scrap metal, polluted by especially toxic heptyl is still laying on the falling grounds."
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenwomen.kz/xxi_baikonur_eng.htm|title=GREEN WOMEN|publisher=|accessdate=2 August 2016}}</ref>

====Importance====
Many historic flights lifted off from Baikonur: the first operational [[ICBM]]; the first man-made satellite, [[Sputnik 1]], on 4 October 1957; the first spacecraft to travel close to the Moon, [[Luna 1]], on 2 January 1959; the first manned and orbital flight by [[Yuri Gagarin]] on 12 April 1961; and the flight of the first woman in space, [[Valentina Tereshkova]], in 1963. 14 cosmonauts of 13 other nations, such as [[Czechoslovakia]], [[East Germany]], [[India]] and [[France]], started their journeys from here as well under the [[Intercosmos|Interkosmos]] program. In 1960, a prototype [[R-16 (missile)|R-16]] ICBM [[Nedelin catastrophe|exploded before launch]], killing over 100 people.

===Russian era===
[[File:Soyuz expedition 19 launch pad.jpg|thumb|250px|A Soyuz rocket is erected into position at the Baikonur Cosmodrome's [[Gagarin's Start|Pad 1/5 (Gagarin's Start)]] on 24 March 2009. The rocket launched the crew of [[Expedition 19]] and a spaceflight participant on 26 March 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=Expedition 19|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition19/index.html|publisher=NASA|accessdate=9 June 2011|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110524223158/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition19/index.html|archivedate=24 May 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref>]]

Following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, the Russian space program continued to operate from Baikonur under the auspices of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]]. Russia wanted to sign a 99-year lease for Baikonur, but agreed to a $115 million annual lease of the site for 20 years with an option for a 10-year extension.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14967922.html|title=Russia, Kazakhs reach Biakonur lease deal|work=Defense Daily|date=30 March 1994|accessdate=28 May 2015|subscription=yes|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}</ref> On 8 June 2005, the [[Federation Council of Russia|Russian Federation Council]] ratified an agreement between [[Russia]] and [[Kazakhstan]] extending Russia's rent term of the spaceport until 2050. The rent price—which remained fixed at {{US$|115000000}} per year — is the source of a long-running dispute between the two countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Kazakhstan_Finally_Ratifies_Baikonur_Rental_Deal_With_Russia_999.html|title=Kazakhstan Finally Ratifies Baikonur Rental Deal With Russia|publisher=spacedaily.com|date=12 April 2010}}</ref> In an attempt to reduce its dependency on Baikonur, Russia is constructing the [[Vostochny Cosmodrome]] in [[Amur Oblast]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interfax.kz/?lang=eng&int_id=13&category=exclusive&news_id=28|title=Kazcosmos chief Talgat MUSABAEV: BAIKONUR IS STILL THE CORE OF KAZAKH-RUSSIAN COOPERATION IN SPACE|date=February 2008|publisher=interfax.kz}}</ref>

With the retirement of the American Space Shuttle program, Baikonur has been the only launch site for [[International Space Station]] missions using Russian spacecraft.<ref name=NASA>{{cite web|title=Baikonur Cosmodrome|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/baikonur.html|publisher=NASA|accessdate=24 December 2011}}</ref> Following the conclusion of the [[Space Shuttle program]], Russian spacecraft are now the only means by which astronauts can travel to the International Space Station, making Baikonur the sole launch site used for manned missions to the ISS.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian Craft Docks At International Space Station|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/russian_craft_docks_at_iss/24431746.html|publisher=Radio Free Europe|accessdate=24 December 2011}}</ref>

[[Yevgeny Anisimov]] was head of the Baikonur space center from 2010 to February 2014, when he was removed from his position as a result of disagreements with senior Roscosmos officials.<ref name=rian20140218>{{cite news|title=Russia's Baikonur Space Center Head Quits|url=http://en.ria.ru/russia/20140218/187647847/Russias-Baikonur-Space-Center-Head-Quits.html|accessdate=18 February 2014|newspaper=RIA Novosti|date=18 February 2014}}</ref>

On 2 September 2015 a Soyuz spacecraft carrying [[Aidyn Aimbetov]] from Kazakhstan, [[Sergey Alexandrovich Volkov|Sergei Volkov]] from Russia, and [[Andreas Mogensen]] from [[Denmark]] launched for a two-day trip to the International Space Station from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Soyuz carrying 3-man crew blasts off for orbiting station |url=http://www.sunherald.com/2015/09/01/6393882/soyuz-carrying-3-man-crew-blasts.html |website=Sun Herald }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Features==
Baikonur is fully equipped with facilities for launching both manned and unmanned [[spacecraft]]. It supports several generations of [[Russia]]n spacecraft: [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz]], [[Proton (rocket)|Proton]], [[Tsyklon]], [[Dnepr (rocket)|Dnepr]], [[Zenit (rocket family)|Zenit]] and [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]]. During the temporary lapse of the [[United States]]' [[Space Shuttle]] program after the [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|''Columbia'' Disaster]] in 2003 it played an essential role in operating and resupplying of the [[International Space Station]] (ISS) with [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] and [[Progress (spacecraft)|Progress]] spacecraft. Its high latitude of 46° N required the high orbital inclination of the ISS.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/feedback/expert/answer/mcc/sts-112/09_04_12_54_17.html |title=Mission Control Answers Yuor Questions: Why is the space station in a 51.6-degree inclined orbit instead of something less or something more? |last=Curry |first=John |date=8 October 2002 |website=spaceflight.nasa.gov |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref>

Downrange from the launchpad, spent launch equipment is dropped directly on the ground where it is salvaged by the workers and the local population.<ref>[http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_downrange.html Baikonur Downrange], Russianspaceweb.com</ref>

===List of launchpads===
{{Location map+
| Baikonur Cosmodrome
| caption = Major launchpads at Baikonur Cosmodrome| alt =Map of launchpads at Baikonur
| places =
{{Location map~| Baikonur Cosmodrome| label =[[Gagarin's Start|1/5]]| position=bottom| lat_deg =45.920| lon_deg =63.342}}
{{Location map~| Baikonur Cosmodrome| label =[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31|31/6]]| position =top| lat_deg =45.996| lon_deg =63.564}}
{{Location map~| Baikonur Cosmodrome| label =[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41|41/3]]| position =top| lat_deg =45.975| lon_deg =63.660}}
{{Location map~| Baikonur Cosmodrome| label =[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45|45/1]]| position =bottom| lat_deg =45.943| lon_deg =63.653}}
{{Location map~| Baikonur Cosmodrome| label =[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110|110/37]]| position =left| lat_deg =45.965| lon_deg =63.305}}
{{Location map~| Baikonur Cosmodrome| label =[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81|81/23]]| lat_deg =46.074| lon_deg =62.978}}
{{Location map~| Baikonur Cosmodrome| label =[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 109|109/95]]| position =bottom| lat_deg =45.951| lon_deg =63.497}}
{{Location map~| Baikonur Cosmodrome| label =[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200|200/39]]| position =bottom| lat_deg =46.040| lon_deg =63.032}}
{{Location map~| Baikonur Cosmodrome| label =[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90|90/20]]| position =bottom| lat_deg =46.080| lon_deg =62.935}}
{{Location map~| Baikonur Cosmodrome| label =[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250|250]]| lat_deg =46.008| lon_deg =63.305}}
}}
*[[Gagarin's Start|Pad 1/5 (Gagarin's Start)]]: [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz]]-[[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]], Soyuz-[[Progress (spacecraft)|Progress]], Soyuz-[[Ikar (rocket stage)|Ikar]] — {{coord|45.920|N|63.342|E|type:landmark}}
*[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31|Pad 31/6]]: Soyuz-[[Kosmos (satellite)|Cosmos]], Soyuz-[[Fregat]] — {{coord|45.996|N|63.564|E|type:landmark}}
*[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41|Pad 41/3]]: [[R-16 (missile)|R-16]] (Destroyed in 1960 explosion) — {{coord|45.975|N|63.660|E|type:landmark}}
*[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41|Pad 41/4]] : R-16 (1961–67) — {{coord|45.976|N|63.665|E|type:landmark}}
*[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41|Pad 41/15]]: R-16, [[Cosmos-3M|Cosmos 3]] (1963–68) — {{coord|45.976|N|63.669|E|type:landmark}}
*[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45|Pad 45/1]]: [[Zenit-2]], [[Zenit-2M]], [[Zenit-3SLB|Zenit-3M]] — {{coord|45.943|N|63.653|E|type:landmark}}
*[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45|Pad 45/2]] (Destroyed in 1990 explosion): Zenit 2 — {{coord|45.940|N|63.655|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 51: [[SS-8 Sasin|R-9]] (1961–62) — {{coord|45.924|N|63.341|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 60/6: R-16 (1963–66) — {{coord|46.019|N|64.016|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 60/7: R-16 (1963–67) — {{coord|46.018|N|64.018|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 60/8: R-16 (1962–66) — {{coord|46.017|N|64.018|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 67/21: Tsyklon, [[R-36 (missile)|R-36M]], R-36O, UR-MR-100 (1963–72) — {{coord|45.989|N|63.705|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 67/22: Tsyklon, R-36, R-36O (1964–66) — {{coord|45.990|N|63.707|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 69: Tsyklon-2
*Pad 70 (Destroyed in 1963 explosion): R-9 — {{coord|46.033|N|63.096|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 75: R-9 — {{coord|45.963600|N|63.201922|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 80/17: Tsyklon (1965) — {{coord|46.007|N|64.020|E|type:landmark}}
*[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81|Pad 81/23 (81L)]] (inactive >2004): [[Proton (rocket)|Proton-K]] — {{coord|46.074|N|62.978|E|type:landmark}}
*[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81|Pad 81/24 (81P)]]: [[Proton (rocket)|Proton-M]] — {{coord|46.071|N|62.985|E|type:landmark}}
*[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90|Pad 90/19 (90L)]] (Inactive >1997): UR-200, [[Tsyklon-2]] — {{coord|46.081|N|62.932|E|type:landmark}}
*[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90|Pad 90/20 (90R)]]: UR-200, Tsyklon-2 — {{coord|46.080|N|62.935|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 101: R-36M (1973–76) — {{coord|45.951504|N|63.427341|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 102: R-36M (1978) — {{coord|45.932813|N|63.435014|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 103: R-36M (1973–77) — {{coord|45.952|N|63.445|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 104: R-36M (1972–74) — {{coord|45.988|N|63.420|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 105: R-36M (1974–77) — {{coord|45.950|N|63.496|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 106: R-36M (1974–83) — {{coord|45.951|N|63.497|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 107: R-36 — {{coord|46.237492|N|63.892040|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 108: R-36 — {{coord|46.238912|N|63.894699|E|type:landmark}}
*[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 109|Pad 109/95]]: [[Dnepr (rocket)|Dnepr]] — {{coord|45.951|N|63.497|E|type:landmark}}
*[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110|Pad 110/37 (110L)]] (inactive >1988): [[N1 (rocket)|N-1]], [[Energia]]-[[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]] — {{coord|45.965|N|63.305|E|type:landmark}}
*[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110|Pad 110/38 (110R)]] (inactive >1969): N-1 — {{coord|45.962|N|63.310|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 130: UR-100 (1965) — {{coord|46.085924|N|62.915518|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 131: UR-100N, UR-100, Rokot (1965–90) — {{coord|46.072|N|62.956|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 132: UR-100NU (2001–02) — {{coord|46.036724|N|63.047795|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 140/18: R-36 (1965–78) — {{coord|45.996640|N|63.553517|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 141: R-36 — {{coord|45.910054|N|63.349123|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 142/34: R-36 (three silo complex) — {{coord|45.940690|N|63.462309|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 160: R-36O — {{coord|46.077709|N|62.942152|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 161/35: Tsyklon (1967–73) — {{coord|46.034|N|63.063|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 162/36: Tsyklon (1966–75) — {{coord|46.032|N|63.067|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 163: R-36O — {{coord|46.013689|N| 63.169115|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 164: R-36O — {{coord|45.944321|N| 63.063822|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 165: R-36O — {{coord|45.991019|N| 62.918739|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 170: UR-MR-100 (1976–79) — {{coord|45.948045|N|63.025630|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 171: UR-100, UR-100N — {{coord|46.103711|N|63.008046|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 172: UR-MR-100 (1978–81) — {{coord|46.065|N|63.092|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 173: UR-MR-100 (1972–78) — {{coord|46.029481|N|63.130727|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 174: UR-100, UR-100K — {{coord|46.081768|N|62.918076|E|type:landmark}}
*[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 175|Pad 175/2]]: UR-100NU, [[Rokot]], [[Strela (rocket)|Strela]] — {{coord|46.051|N|62.987|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 175/59: Rokot (1994) — {{coord|46.052|N|62.986|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 176: UR-100 — {{coord|46.022748|N| 63.046610|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 177: UR-MR-100, UR-MR-100U (1973–78) — {{coord|45.979856|N|63.100512|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 178: UR-100 — {{coord|46.025231|N|62.891115|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 179: UR-100 — {{coord|45.989370|N|62.963890|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 181: UR-MR-100U (1978–79) — {{coord|46.057032|N|63.031970|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 191/66: R-36O (1969–71) — {{coord|45.970|N|63.197|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 192: R-36O — {{coord|46.024256|N|63.299723|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 193: R-36O — {{coord|45.953101|N| 63.389145|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 194: R-36O — {{coord|45.865265|N| 63.286486|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 195: R-36O — {{coord|45.792929|N| 63.274628|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 196: R-36O — {{coord|45.828128|N| 63.147363|E|type:landmark}}
*[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200|Pad 200/39]] (200L): Proton-M/Proton-K — {{coord|46.040|N|63.032|E|type:landmark}}
*[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200|Pad 200/40]] (200R): Proton-K (inactive >1991) — {{coord|46.036|N|63.038|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 241: R-36O — {{coord|45.858357|N| 63.455686|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 242: R-36O — {{coord|45.945334|N| 63.481266|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 243: R-36O — {{coord|45.854873|N| 63.736967|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 244: R-36O — {{coord|45.840238|N| 63.634400|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 245: R-36O — {{coord|45.817592|N| 63.526831|E|type:landmark}}
*Pad 246: R-36O — {{coord|45.765601|N| 63.423444|E|type:landmark}}
*[[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250|Pad 250]] (inactive >1987): [[Energia]] — {{coord|46.008|N|63.305|E|type:landmark}}

===Buran facilities===
{{main article|Buran program}}
As part of the [[Buran program]], several facilities were adapted or newly built for the Buran-class space shuttle orbiters:

* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110|Site 110]] — Used for the launch of the Buran-class orbiters. Like the assembly and processing hall at Site 112, the launch complex was originally constructed for the [[Soviet manned lunar programs|Soviet lunar landing program]] and later converted for the Energia-Buran program.
* Site 112 — Used for orbiter maintenance and to mate the orbiters to their [[Energia]] launchers (thus fulfilling a role similar to the [[Vehicle Assembly Building|VAB]] at [[Kennedy Space Center|KSC]]). The main hangar at the site, called MIK RN or MIK 112, was originally built for the assembly of the [[N1 (rocket)|N1 moon rocket]]. After cancellation of the N-1 program in 1974, the facilities at Site 112 were converted for the Energia-Buran program. It was here that [[1.01 (Buran-class spacecraft)|Orbiter K1]] was stored after the end of the Buran program and was destroyed when the hangar roof collapsed in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_112.html |title=Energia-Buran processing complex at Site 112 and 112A |publisher= |accessdate=2 August 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706112853/http://www.russianspaceweb.com:80/baikonur_energia_112.html |archivedate=6 July 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buran-energia.com/bourane-buran/bourane-fin.php|title=Buran The end|publisher=|accessdate=2 August 2016}}</ref>
* Site 251 — Used as Buran orbiter landing facility, also known as Yubileyniy Airfield (and fulfilling a role similar to the [[Shuttle Landing Facility|SLF]] at [[Kennedy Space Center|KSC]]). It features one runway, called 06/24, which is {{convert|4500|m|yd}} long and {{convert|84|m|yd}} wide, paved with "Grade 600" high quality reinforced concrete. At the edge of the runway was a special [[Mate-Demate Device|mating–demating device]], designed to lift an orbiter off its [[Antonov An-225 Mriya]] carrier aircraft and load it on a transporter, which would carry the orbiter to the processing building at Site 254. A purpose-built orbiter landing control facility, housed in a large multi-store office building, was located near the runway. Yubileyniy Airfield was also used to receive heavy transport planes carrying elements of the Energia-Buran system. After the end of the Buran program, Site 251 was abandoned but later reopened as a commercial cargo airport. Besides serving Baikonur, Kazakh authorities also use it for passenger and charter flights from Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_251.html |title=Buran landing facility at Site 251 in Baikonur |publisher= |accessdate=2 August 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225010245/http://russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_251.html |archivedate=25 February 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ourairports.com/airports/UAON/pilot-info.html|title=UAON pilot info @ OurAirports|publisher=|accessdate=2 August 2016}}</ref>
* Site 254 — Built to service the Buran-class orbiters between flights (thus fulfilling a role similar to the [[Orbiter Processing Facility|OPF]] at [[Kennedy Space Center|KSC]]). Constructed in the 1980s as a special four-bay building, it also featured a large processing area flanked by several floors of test rooms. After cancellation of the Buran program it was adapted for pre-launch operations of the [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] and [[Progress (spacecraft)|Progress]] spacecraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_254.html |title=Buran processing facility at Site 254 in Baikonur |publisher= |accessdate=2 August 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809030907/http://www.russianspaceweb.com:80/baikonur_energia_254.html |archivedate=9 August 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref>

===Baikonur Railway===
[[File:Soyuz TMA-16 launch vehicle being transported to pad.jpg|thumb|Soyuz TMA-16 launch vehicle being transported to launchpad at Baikonur in 2009.]]
All Baikonur's [[logistics]] are based on its own intra-site [[5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways|{{convert|1520|mm|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} gauge]] [[railway]] network, which is the largest [[industrial railway]] on the planet. The railway is used for all stages of launch preparation, and all spacecraft are transported to the launchpads by the special [[Schnabel car]]s. Once part of the [[Russian Railway Troops|Soviet Railroad Troops]], the Baikonur Railway is now served by a dedicated civilian state company. There are several rail links connecting the Baikonur Railway to [[Kazakhstan Temir Zholy|the public railway of Kazakhstan]] and the rest of the world.

===Baikonur airports===
The Baikonur Cosmodrome has two on-site multi-purpose [[airport]]s, serving both the personnel transportation needs and the logistics of space launches (including the delivery of the spacecraft by planes). There are scheduled passenger services from [[Moscow]] to the smaller [[Krayniy Airport]] {{airport codes|BXY|UAOL}}, which however are not accessible to the public. The larger Yubileyniy Airport (Юбилейный аэропорт) {{airport codes| |UAON}} was where the [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran orbiter]] was transported to Baikonur on the back of the [[Antonov An-225 Mriya|Antonov An-225 ''Mriya'']] cargo aircraft.

==ICBM testing==
Although Baikonur has always been known around the world as the launch site of Soviet and Russian space missions, from its outset in 1955 and until the collapse of the USSR in 1991 the primary purpose of this center was to test liquid-fueled [[ballistic missile]]s. The official (and secret) name of the center was State Test Range No. 5 or 5 GIK. It remained under control of the Soviet and [[Ministry of Defence (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Defense]] until the second half of the 1990s, when the Russian civilian space agency and its industrial contractors started taking over individual facilities.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

In 2006, the head of Roskosmos, [[Anatoly Perminov]], said that the last Russian military personnel would be removed from the Baikonur facility by 2007. However, on 22 October 2008 an [[UR-100N|SS-19 Stiletto]] missile was test fired from Baikonur, indicating this may not be the case.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE49L2L320081022|title=Russia test-fires old missile to extend lifespan|work=Reuters|date=22 October 2008}}</ref>

==Future projects==
On 22 December 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia signed a contract establishing the "Russia–Kazakhstan Baiterek JV" joint venture, in which each country holds a 50-percent stake. The goal of the project is the construction of the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250|Bayterek]] ("[[Populus|poplar]] tree") space launch complex, to facilitate operations of the Russian [[Angara (rocket)|Angara]] rocket launcher.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khrunichev.ru/khrunichev_eng/live/full_proect.asp?id=13499|title="Baiterek" Space Launch Complex|publisher=[[Khrunichev]] State Research and Production Space Center|accessdate=10 May 2006|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060630022023/http://www.khrunichev.ru/khrunichev_eng/live/full_proect.asp?id=13499|archivedate=30 June 2006}}</ref> This will allow launches with a payload of 26 tons to [[low Earth orbit]], compared to 20 tons using the [[Proton (rocket)|Proton]] system. An additional benefit will be that the Angara uses kerosene as fuel and oxygen as the oxidiser, which is less hazardous to the environment than the toxic fuels used by older boosters. The total expenditure on the Kazakh side will be $223 million over 19 years.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Kazakh President Signs Law Re Baiterek Rocket Center|url = http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Kazakh_President_Signs_Law_Re_Baiterek_Rocket_Center.html|website = www.spacedaily.com|accessdate = 5 August 2015|date = 24 October 2005}}</ref> As of 2010, the project was stalling due to insufficient funding. It was thought that the project still had good chances to succeed because it will allow both parties – Russia and Kazakhstan – to continue the joint use of Baikonur even after the [[Vostochny Cosmodrome]] is commissioned.<ref name="observer">{{cite journal|last=Vorontsov|first=Dmitri|author2=Igor Afanasyev|date=10 November 2009|journal=Russia CIS Observer |title=Angara getting ready for launch|volume=3|issue=26|url=http://www.ato.ru/content/angara-getting-ready-launch|accessdate=3 January 2010| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101014026/http://www.ato.ru/content/angara-getting-ready-launch|archivedate=1 January 2010 |deadurl=no}}</ref> The first scheduled launch of the Baiterek Rocket and Space Complex is scheduled for 2025.<ref name="BRSC25">{{cite news|title=Baiterek Rocket and Space Complex set to launch in 2025|url=http://astanatimes.com/2017/03/baiterek-rocket-and-space-complex-set-to-launch-in-2025/|publisher=The Astana Times}}</ref>

==Baikonur Museum==
Baikonur Cosmodrome has a small museum, next to two small cottages, once residences of [[Sergey Korolev]] and [[Yuri Gagarin]]. Both cottages are part of the museum complex and have been preserved. The museum is home to a collection of space artifacts. A restored test artifact from the Soviet [[Buran programme]] sits next to the museum entrance. The vehicle that flew a single orbital test mission in 1988 was destroyed in a hangar collapse in 2002;<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[BBC]]|title=Russia's space dreams abandoned| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1985631.stm|work=[[bbc.co.uk]]|accessdate=14 November 2007|date=13 May 2002|last=Whitehouse|first=David}}</ref><ref>[http://www.buran.ru/images/jpg/bbur89.jpg Buran.ru: ''Photo of collapsed hangar'']</ref><ref>[http://www.buran.ru/images/jpg/bbur90.jpg Buran.ru: ''Remains of Buran photo with right front windscreen still visible under the debris'']</ref> For a complete list of Buran artifacts, see [[Buran (spacecraft)]].

The museum also houses photographs related to the cosmodrome's history, including images of all cosmonauts. Every crew of every expedition launched from Baikonur leaves behind a signed crew photograph that is displayed behind the glass.

Baikonur's museum holds many objects related to Gagarin, including the ground control panel from his flight, his uniforms, and soil from his landing site, preserved in a silver container. One of the museum rooms also holds an older version of the Soyuz descent capsule.

==In popular culture==
* In ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' the Baikonur Cosmodrome was a [[United Federation of Planets|Federation]] shipyard where the ''SS Tsiolkovsky'' was launched.<ref>{{Citation | date = October 5, 1987 | title = The Naked Now | work = Star Trek: The Next Generation | publisher = Paramount}}</ref>
* In ''[[Command & Conquer: Generals]]'', US and Chinese forces guard the facility against GLA attack. However, their failure allows the GLA to attack the world using MIRVs launched from this facility.
** In its expansion pack, ''[[Command & Conquer: Generals Zero Hour]]'', US forces destroy the facility after the GLA attack in Northern Europe.
* In ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops]]'', this facility is featured as the main location of the mission "Executive Order", involving sabotage of the Soviet space program, and is the location of the multiplayer map "Launch" as well as the zombies map "Ascension".
* In ''[[Jormungand (manga)|Jormungand]]'', in the final episode "Century of Shame", Koko and Valmet are at the cosmodrome with Kasper, Jonah, and Chiquita as Koko launches the final rocket.
* Much of ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]'' episode "[[The Big Bang Theory (season 5)#Episodes|The Countdown Reflection]]" takes place atop a rocket at the facility.
* In ''[[Destiny (video game)|Destiny]]'', the fictional Russian Federal Bureau of Aeronautics (РФБА) in "Old Russia" is based on the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Also, Old Russia, the first location in-game is based off the Cosmodrome.
* In ''[[Blue Gender]]'', the Baikonur Cosmodrome is an important plot element, providing transportation back to Second Earth. Over a span of several episodes, the protagonists travel across Asia to Baikonur and attempt to board a space shuttle at the Cosmodrome.
* In the book ''[[Plague Ship (Cussler novel)|Plague Ship]]'' by [[Clive Cussler]], Juan Cabrillo relates how he had infiltrated the facility to sabotage a fictional [[Kinetic bombardment|Orbital Ballistic Projectile Weapon]] which was being launched on an Energia rocket.
*In the book "Locked On" by Tom Clancy, the Cosmodrome is seized by Dagestani terrorists under orders from rogue elements in the Pakistani ISI, threatening to destroy Moscow with stolen nuclear weapons in order to force the Russian government into granting Dagestan and Chechnya independence.

==See also==
{{Portal|Human spaceflight|Spaceflight|Soviet Union|Russia|Kazakhstan}}
*[[Plesetsk Cosmodrome]]
*[[Vostochny Cosmodrome]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* J. K. Golovanov, M., "Korolev: Facts and myths", [[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]], 1994, ISBN 5-02-000822-2
* [http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/chertok/kniga-1/01.html "Rockets and people"] – [[Boris Chertok|B. E. Chertok]], M: "mechanical engineering", 1999. ISBN 5-217-02942-0 {{ref-ru}}
* «A breakthrough in space» – Konstantin Vasilyevich Gerchik, M: LLC "Veles", 1994, – ISBN 5-87955-001-X
* «At risk,» – A. A. Toul, [[Kaluga]], "the Golden path", 2001, – {{Listed Invalid ISBN|5-7111-0333-1}}
* "Testing of rocket and space technology – the business of my life" Events and facts – [[Arkady Ostashev|A.I. Ostashev]], Korolev, 2001.[http://cosmosravelin.narod.ru/r-space/bibliografia.html]
* "Baikonur. Korolev. Yangel." – M. I. Kuznetsk, [[Voronezh]]: IPF "Voronezh", 1997, ISBN 5-89981-117-X
* "Look back and look ahead. Notes of a military engineer" – Rjazhsky A. A., 2004, SC. first, the publishing house of the "Heroes of the Fatherland" ISBN 5-91017-018-X.
* "Rocket and space feat Baikonur" – Vladimir Порошков, the "Patriot" publishers 2007. ISBN 5-7030-0969-3
* "Unknown Baikonur" – edited by B. I. Posysaeva, M.: "globe", 2001. ISBN 5-8155-0051-8
* "Bank of the Universe" – edited by Boltenko A. C., [[Kiev]], 2014., publishing house "Phoenix", ISBN 978-966-136-169-9

==External links==
{{commons category|Baikonur Cosmodrome}}
* Baikonur Cosmodrome [http://www.buran.ru/htm/baykonur.htm historical note (in Russian) and historical pictures (2002)] on [http://www.buran.ru buran.ru] — [[NPO Molniya]], maker of Russian space shuttle [[buran program|Buran]].
*[http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur.html RussianSpaceWeb.com on Baikonur]
*[http://www.360pano.eu/baikonur/ 360° interactive panoramas] of Baikonur Cosmodrome
*[http://stefane.carlier.free.fr/Baikonur/wiki_EN/ Baikonur: the town, the cosmodrome, the MetOp-A launch campaign]
*[http://sometimes-interesting.com/2014/05/26/scientific-test-range-no-5-the-baikonur-cosmodrome/ "World’s Oldest Space Launch Facility: The Baikonur Cosmodrome."] ''Sometimes Interesting''. 26 May 2014
* [http://www.russianspaceweb.com/r16_disaster.html Nedelin Disaster] // RussianSpaceWeb.com {{ref-en}}
* [http://www.baikonuradm.ru/index.php?mod=all/news&ID=4004 The official website of the city administration Baikonur] // Baikonur commemorated a test rocket and space technology.{{ref-ru}}
* [http://soyuzveteranov.ru/?q=content/delegaciya-rossiyskogo-soyuza-veteranov-pochtila-pamyat-ispytateley-pogibshih-pri-ispolnenii The Russian Union Of Veterans] // Day of memory and grief.{{ref-ru}}
{{Memoryalpha}}

{{coord|45.965|63.305|type:landmark_region:KZ|display=title}}
{{Baikonur Cosmodrome launch sites}}
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Lisbon Recognition Convention

2017-03-31T22:04:00Z

Omnipaedista:

{{Infobox Treaty
| name = Lisbon Recognition Convention CET 165
| long_name =Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications concerning Higher Education in the European Region
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| date_signed = 11 April 1997
| location_signed = Lisbon, Portugal
| date_effective = 1 February 1999
| condition_effective=Ratifications including 3 member States of the Council of Europe and/or the UNESCO Europe Region.
| parties =53 (all [[Council of Europe]] [[Member states of the Council of Europe|member states]], except [[Monaco]] and Greece), as well as Australia, [[Belarus]], [[Holy See]], Israel, [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrghyz Republic]], New Zealand and [[Tajikistan]]
| depositor = Secretary General of the Council of Europe and Director-General of [[UNESCO]]
| languages = English and French
| wikisource =
}}
The '''Lisbon Recognition Convention''', officially the '''Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications concerning Higher Education in the European Region''', is an international convention of the [[Council of Europe]] elaborated together with the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|UNESCO]]. As of 2012, the Convention has been ratified by all 47 member states of the [[Council of Europe]] in [[Strasbourg]] except for Greece and [[Monaco]]. It has also been ratified by the [[Council of Europe]] non-member states Australia, [[Belarus]], the [[Holy See]], Israel, [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]] and New Zealand. Canada and the United States have signed but not ratified the Convention.

==Aims==
The Convention stipulates that [[academic degrees|degrees]] and periods of study must be recognised unless ''substantial differences'' can be proved by the institution that is charged with recognition. Students and graduates are guaranteed fair procedures under the Convention.
It is named after [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]], where it was signed in 1997, and entered into force on 1 February 1999 (or later in some countries, subject to ratification date).

==Convention bodies==
The Convention established two bodies which oversee, promote and facilitate the implementation of the Convention:
# the Committee of the Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications concerning [[Higher Education]] in the European Region, and
# the [[European Network of Information Centres]] on Academic Mobility and Recognition (the ENIC Network).

The Committee is responsible for promoting the application of the Convention and overseeing its implementation. To this end, it can adopt, by a majority of the Signatory Parties, recommendations, declarations, protocols and models of good practice to guide the competent authorities of the Parties. Before making its decisions, the Committee seeks the opinion of the ENIC Network. As for the ENIC Network, it upholds and assists the practical implementation of the Convention by the competent national authorities.

==Bologna Process==
The Lisbon Recognition Convention is an important instrument for the [[Bologna Process]] which aims at creating the "[[European higher education area]]" by making academic degree standards and quality assurance standards more comparable and compatible throughout Europe.

==Historical background==
The possibility for students to study abroad has been recognised as an essential element of European integration since the foundation of the [[Council of Europe]] in 1949. Within the Council of Europe, several international treaties were elaborated in this field: starting with the right to education under Article 2 of the first Protocol of 1952 to the [[European Convention on Human Rights]], the European Convention on the Equivalence of Diplomas leading to Admission to Universities was opened for signature in 1953, the European Convention on the Equivalence of Periods of University Study in 1956, the European Convention on the Academic Recognition of University Qualifications in 1959, the European Agreement on continued Payment of Scholarships to students studying abroad in 1969, and the European Convention on the General Equivalence of Periods of University Study in 1990.

In addition, under Article 2 of the Council of Europe's European Cultural Convention of 1954, each Contracting Party shall, insofar as may be possible: encourage the study by its own nationals of the languages, history and civilisation of the other Contracting Parties and grant facilities to those Parties to promote such studies in its territory; and endeavour to promote the study of its language or languages, history and civilisation in the territory of the other Contracting Parties and grant facilities to the nationals of those Parties to pursue such studies in its territory.

==External links==
*[http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=165&CM=8&DF=10/17/2007&CL=ENG Link to the Lisbon Recognition Convention]
*[http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ChercheSig.asp?NT=165&CM=8&CL=ENG List of signatory states]
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2010}}

{{Authority control}}

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