Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Nurbank murder case

2017-01-12T18:41:46Z

Nihiltres: /* top */Standardized hatnote(s) using AWB

{{main article|Rakhat Aliyev}}

'''The Nurbank bank''', founded in Atyrau regional governor's office was taken over by [[Rakhat Aliyev]] in January 2007. Shortly after, two Nurbank managers, Zholdas Timraliyev and Aybar Khasenov, were kidnapped, tortured and eventually killed by Aliyev. In May 2007, the criminal proceedings against Aliyev in Almaty began and [[Kazakhstan]] sentenced him for forty years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interfax.kz/?lang=eng&int_id=expert_opinions&news_id=464 |title=Rakhat Aliyev may be sentenced to life imprisonment in Austria - newspaper |website=Interfax.kz |date= |accessdate=2015-12-07}}</ref>

==History==
In 1992, the Nurbank bank opened for business and became the seventh largest bank in [[Kazakhstan]]. "According to its Website, it is owned by the largest oil, food, publishing and foreign trade firms operating in Kazakhstan, and also currently lends to oil, food, foreign trade, and publishing & information firms."<ref name=widens>{{cite web|author=|url=http://foreignpolicyblogs.com/2007/05/24/kazakhstan-nurbank-scandal-widens/ |title=Kazakhstan: Nurbank scandal widens |publisher=Foreign Policy Blogs |date= |accessdate=2015-12-07}}</ref>

In January 2007, Rakhat Aliyev became the main owner and acquired about 75% of all Nurbank’s assets. His father owned 6.71% and his 22-year-old son Nurali Aliyev was a sitting board member.<ref name=widens/>

==First kidnapping==
Around January 18, 2007, Zholdas Timraliyev (vice president) and Abilmazhen Gilimov (chairmen of Nurbank) entered into a car and were threatened by Rakhat Aliyev, according to Abilmazhen Gilimov. Rakhat was looking to acquire possession of a prized financial building in Kazakhstan's commercial capital, Almaty by ensuring ownership passed to him. They escaped after 24 hours. During his kidnapping, Timraliyev was able to phone his wife and tell of his abduction. Timraliyev's wife (Armangul Kapasheva/Armangul Qapasheva) reported him missing. They escaped after being held for 24 hours.<ref name=widens/> They both left their positions at Nurbank on January 19.<ref name=widens/>

According to newspapers, the building Aliyev wanted them to sell, sold on January 22 for a very low price, four days after the alleged first kidnapping.<ref name="rferl.org">{{cite web|last=Pannier |first=Bruce |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1074875.html |title=Kazakhstan: Nazarbaev's Son-In-Law Sent To Austria Amid More Accusations |website=Rferl.org |date= |accessdate=2015-12-07}}</ref>

==Second kidnapping==
On January 31, Timraliyev disappeared again after receiving summons to speak with the tax police. Him and chairman of the board, Aibar Khasenov were reported missing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2014_06_06/Kazakh-presidents-former-son-in-law-arrested-in-Vienna-7204/ |title=Kazakh president's former son-in-law arrested in Vienna|publisher=The Voice of Russia |date= |accessdate=2015-12-07}}</ref> After a days of violent acts, both of the bodies were tucked into a metal drum, assailed with chalk and buried on a waste dump.<ref name=tagdyr>{{cite web|url=http://en.tagdyr.net/the-nurbank-murder-case |accessdate=July 3, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519112016/http://en.tagdyr.net/the-nurbank-murder-case/ |archivedate=May 19, 2014 }}</ref>

During his kidnapping, Timraliyev was able to phone his wife (Armangul Kapasheva) and tell of his abduction. She reported them missing and her strong public appearance about the disappearance of her husband and mounting pressure against Alivey, the Kazakh authorities finally initiated criminal proceedings on May 10, 2007.<ref name=tagdyr/> The wives of the two missing Nurbank managers establish the TAGDYR association in order to find their husbands.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/asianet/130411/rakhat-aliyev-malta-lives-fear-he-will-be-kidnapped |title=Rakhat Aliyev in Malta lives in fear that he will be kidnapped |publisher=Global Post |date=2013-04-11 |accessdate=2015-12-07}}</ref>

==Lawsuits==
:''See Also [[Tagdyr]]''
As a result, Aliyev brought forth a lawsuit against the two wives, for “insulting his honor and dignity.”<ref name="rferl.org"/>

Timraliyev’s wife was interviewed and several news outlets including,Svoboda Slova," "Tasjargan," "Vremya," and zonakz.net published her comments and now faced legal suit from Aliyev.<ref name="rferl.org"/>

==Criminal prosecution==
Aliyev was quickly appointed the new Kazak ambassador to Austria on February 9, 2007 as a polite way to get him out of the country. While in Austria, Aliyev announced his candidacy for the upcoming Kazakhstan elections and criticized the sitting Kazak President, [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]. A full domestic Kazak investigation began in May 2007 into Aliyev’s activities. His diplomatic passport was cancelled, as was his diplomatic immunity. Kazakhstan filed its first extradition request at this time. The domestic Kazak investigation concluded January 2008 and Kazak courts sentenced Aliyev to 20 years of imprisonment ''in absentia''. His crimes were kidnapping, treason and plotting a coup d'état against his father-in-law Nursultan Nazarbayev.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://roberts-report.blogspot.com/2007_02_01_archive.html |title=The Roberts Report on Central Asia and Kazakhstan: February 2007 |website=Roberts-report.blogspot.com |date= |accessdate=2015-12-07}}</ref>

Their second request for extradition in 2011 was also rejected, as Austria feared Kazak political persecution of Aliyev. They did however open their own investigation into Aliyev's dealings.

January 2013, Ailyev claimed Kazakhstan was politically persecuting him because he rejected the political system. Viennese supreme court excluded political underpinnings as a reason for persecution, which helped to greatly legitimize legal action brought against him.<ref>{{cite web|author=Пишет: Steven Откуда: Simon |url=http://www.caucasustimes.com/article.asp?id=21159 |title=Caucasus Times |publisher=Caucasus Times |date=2013-07-21 |accessdate=2015-12-07}}</ref>

==Other crimes==
[[Rakhat Aliyev]] (Shoraz) is also suspected of the murder of opposition leader and former Kazak ambassador to Russia Mr Sarsenbayev in early 2006, a complex embezzlement scheme stretching from Germany to Malta and Navis, torturing two Kazak bodyguards in 2001, and the death of his girlfriend [[Anastasiya Novikova]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austriantimes.at/news/General_News/2014-06-06/51200/Former_Kazakh_diplomat_Rakhat_Aliyev_arrested_in_Vienna_ |accessdate=July 3, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610020907/http://austriantimes.at/news/General_News/2014-06-06/51200/Former_Kazakh_diplomat_Rakhat_Aliyev_arrested_in_Vienna_ |archivedate=June 10, 2014 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[http://www.justicefornovikova.com/ JusticeForNovikova.com]
*[http://rakhataliyev.com/ RakhatAliyev.com]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kUWJk3BTvcE Anastasiya Novikova's Story]
*[http://en.tagdyr.net/ en.tagdyr.net/]

[[Category:Kidnappings in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Murder in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Kazakhstan to Austria]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani diplomats]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani criminals]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani expatriates in Austria]]
[[Category:Torture]]
[[Category:Extortion]]
[[Category:2007 crimes in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Murder in 2007]]

Outline of Kazakhstan

2017-01-12T17:05:55Z

Nihiltres: /* History of Kazakhstan */Standardized hatnote(s) using AWB

{{double image|right|Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|219|Coat_of_arms_of_Kazakhstan.svg|109|The [[Flag of Kazakhstan]]|The [[Coat of arms of Kazakhstan]]}}
[[Image:Kazakhstan (orthographic projection).svg|right|188px]]
[[Image:Un-Kazakhstan.svg|thumb|An enlargeable map of the [[Republic of Kazakhstan]]]]

The following [[Outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Kazakhstan:

The '''[[Republic of Kazakhstan]]''' is a [[Landlocked country|landlocked]] [[List of sovereign states|sovereign country]] located across both [[Central Asia]] and [[Eastern Europe]].<ref name=CIA_World_Factbook>{{cite web|date=July 2, 2009|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html|title=Kazakhstan|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=July 23, 2009}}</ref> Ranked as the [[List of countries by area|ninth largest country in the world]] as well as the world's largest [[landlocked]] country,<ref>Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan (ASRK). 2005. Main Demographic Indicators. Available at http://www.stat.kz</ref> it has a territory of 2,727,300 km² (greater than [[Western Europe]]). It is bordered by [[Russia]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]] and [[People's Republic of China|China]]. The country also borders on a significant part of the [[Caspian Sea]].

Vast in size, the land in Kazakhstan is very diverse in types of terrain: flatlands, steppes, taigas, rock-canyons, hills, deltas, mountains, snow-capped mountains, and deserts. Kazakhstan has the [[List of countries by population|62nd largest]] population in the world, with a [[List of countries by population density|population density]] of less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 per sq. mi.).

Kazakhstan declared itself an independent country on December 16, 1991, the last Soviet republic to do so. Its communist-era leader, [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], became the country's new president. Since independence, Kazakhstan has pursued a balanced [[Foreign relations of Kazakhstan|foreign policy]] and worked to develop its [[Economy of Kazakhstan|economy]], especially its [[hydrocarbon]] industry. While the country's economic outlook is improving, President Nazarbayev maintains strict control over the country's [[Politics of Kazakhstan|politics]]. Several opposition leaders and journalists have been killed in recent years, and Western observers generally do not consider [[Elections in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan's elections]] to be free and fair. Nevertheless, Kazakhstan's international prestige is building.<ref>Zarakhovich, Yuri (September 27, 2006). [http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1539999,00.html "Kazakhstan Comes on Strong"], Time Magazine.</ref> It is now considered to be the dominant state in [[Central Asia]].<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2008/5/3442f45a-7517-425d-956c-78d0c6af7ac2.html Medvedev Visit Underscores Kazakh Victory Over Uzbekistan For Regional Dominance] Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</ref> The country belongs to many international organizations, including the [[United Nations]], [[Partnership for Peace|NATO's Partnership for Peace]], the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]], and the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organization]]. In 2010, Kazakhstan will chair the [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]]. In 2011, it formed a [[Eurasian Economic Community|customs union]] with Russia and [[Belarus]].

Kazakhstan is ethnically and culturally diverse, in part due to [[Forced settlements in the Soviet Union|mass deportations]] of many ethnic groups to the country during [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin's]] rule. Kazakhs are the largest group, followed by Russians. Kazakhstan allows [[Freedom of religion in Kazakhstan|freedom of religion]], and many different beliefs are represented in the country. [[Islam]] is the primary religion, followed by [[Orthodox Christianity]]. The official language is [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], though [[Russian language|Russian]] is still commonly used for everyday communication.

{{TOC limit|limit=2}}

== General reference ==
[[Image:Kazakhstan 2001 CIA map.jpg|thumb|An enlargeable relief map of [[Kazakhstan]]]]
* [[International Phonetic Alphabet|Pronunciation]]:
* Common English country name: [[Kazakhstan]]
* Official English country name: The [[Republic of Kazakhstan]]
* [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names#Countries and nations|Adjectives]]: [[Kazakhs]]tani, [[Kazakh (disambiguation)|Kazakh]]
* [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names#Countries and nations|Demonym]](s):
* [[Etymology]]: [[Name of Kazakhstan]]
* [[International rankings of Kazakhstan]]
* [[ISO country codes]]: KZ, KAZ, 398
* [[ISO region codes]]: See [[ISO 3166-2:KZ]]
* [[Internet]] [[country code top-level domain]]: [[.kz]]

== Geography of Kazakhstan ==

{{Main|Geography of Kazakhstan}}

* Kazakhstan is: a [[landlocked country]]
* Location:
** Kazakhstan is a region or subregion of:
*** [[Northern Hemisphere]] and [[Eastern Hemisphere]]
**** [[Eurasia]]
***** [[Asia]]
****** [[Central Asia]]
***** [[Europe]]
****** [[Eastern Europe]] (a small portion only)
** [[Time zone]]s:
*** Eastern Kazakhstan Time [[UTC+6]]
*** Western Kazakhstan Time [[UTC+5]]
** [[Extreme points of Kazakhstan]]
*** High: [[Khan Tengri]] {{convert|7010|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
*** Low: [[Caspian Depression]] {{convert|-132|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
** Land boundaries: 12,185 km
::{{Flag|Russia}} 6,846 km
::{{Flag|Uzbekistan}} 2,203 km
::{{Flag|China}} 1,533 km
::{{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}} 1,224 km
::{{Flag|Turkmenistan}} 379 km
:* Coastline: ''none''<ref name=Paratethys>[[Kazakhstan]] borders the [[Caspian Sea]] and the [[Aral Sea]], remnants of the ancient [[Paratethys Sea]].</ref>
* [[Population of Kazakhstan]]: 15,422,000 – [[List of countries by population|62nd most populous country]]
*
* [[Area of Kazakhstan]]: 2,724,900 km2
* [[:commons:Atlas of Kazakhstan|Atlas of Kazakhstan]]

=== Environment of Kazakhstan ===
[[Image:Kazakhstan World Wind blank.png|thumb|An enlargeable satellite image of [[Kazakhstan]]]]
{{Main|Environment of Kazakhstan}}

* [[Climate of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Environmental issues in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Renewable energy in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Geology of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Protected areas of Kazakhstan]]
** [[List of biosphere reserves in Kazakhstan|Biosphere reserves in Kazakhstan]]
** [[List of national parks of Kazakhstan|National parks of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Wildlife of Kazakhstan]]
** [[Fauna of Kazakhstan]]
*** [[List of birds of Kazakhstan|Birds of Kazakhstan]]
*** [[List of mammals of Kazakhstan|Mammals of Kazakhstan]]

==== Natural geographic features of Kazakhstan ====

* [[Glaciers of Kazakhstan]]
* [[List of islands of Kazakhstan|Islands of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Lakes of Kazakhstan]]
* [[List of mountains of Kazakhstan|Mountains of Kazakhstan]]
** [[List of volcanoes in Kazakhstan|Volcanoes in Kazakhstan]]
* [[List of rivers of Kazakhstan|Rivers of Kazakhstan]]
** [[List of waterfalls of Kazakhstan|Waterfalls of Kazakhstan]]
* [[List of World Heritage Sites in Kazakhstan]]

=== Regions of Kazakhstan ===

==== Administrative divisions of Kazakhstan ====
{{main|Administrative divisions of Kazakhstan}}

* [[Provinces of Kazakhstan]]
** [[Districts of Kazakhstan]]
*** [[Municipalities of Kazakhstan]]

===== Provinces of Kazakhstan =====
{{Main|Provinces of Kazakhstan}}

{| style="background:transparent;" cellspacing="2px"
|
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Province !! [[Status symbol|Status]] !! [[Kazakh language|Full Kazakh name]] !! [[Timezone]]
|-
| [[Akmola Province|Akmola]] || province || Ақмола облысы || UTC+6
|-
| [[Aktobe Province|Aktobe]] || province || Ақтөбе облысы || UTC+5
|-
| [[Almaty]] || city(1) || Алматы қаласы || UTC+6
|-
| [[Almaty Province]] || province || Алматы облысы || UTC+6
|-
| [[Astana]] || city(1) || Астана қаласы || UTC+6
|-
| [[Atyrau Province|Atyrau]] || province || Атырау облысы || UTC+5
|-
| [[Baikonur]] || city(2) || Байқоңыр қаласы || UTC+6
|-
| [[East Kazakhstan Province|East Kazakhstan]] || province || Шығыс Қазақстан облысы || UTC+6
|-
| [[Karagandy Province|Karagandy]] || province || Қарағанды облысы || UTC+6
|-
| [[Kostanay Province|Kostanay]] || province || Қостанай облысы || UTC+6
|-
| [[Kyzylorda Province|Kyzylorda]] || province || Қызылорда облысы || UTC+6
|-
| [[Mangystau Province|Mangystau]] || province || Маңғыстау облысы || UTC+5
|-
| [[North Kazakhstan Province|North Kazakhstan]] || province || Солтүстік Қазақстан облысы || UTC+6
|-
| [[Pavlodar Province|Pavlodar]] || province || Павлодар облысы || UTC+6
|-
| [[South Kazakhstan Province|South Kazakhstan]] || province || Оңтүстік Қазақстан облысы || UTC+6
|-
| [[West Kazakhstan Province|West Kazakhstan]] || province || Батыс Қазақстан облысы || UTC+5
|-
| [[Zhambyl Province|Zhambyl]] || province || Жамбыл облысы || UTC+6
|}
|[[Image:Kazakhstan provinces and province capitals.svg|thumb|right|400px|Provinces of Kazakhstan]]
|}

Notes:
* (1) [[Almaty]] and [[Astana]] cities have the status of State importance and do not relate to any province.
* (2) [[Baikonur]] city has a special status because it is currently being leased to [[Russia]] with [[Baikonur cosmodrome]] through the year 2050.


===== Districts of Kazakhstan =====
{{Main|Districts of Kazakhstan}}

[[Image:Kazakhstan rayons.png|left|300px|thumb]]
{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Province
! District(s)
|-
| [[Akmola Province]]
|
* [[Akkol District]]
* [[Arshaly District]]
* [[Astrakhan District]]
* [[Atbasar District]]
* [[Bulandy District]]
* [[Egindikol District]]
* [[Enbekshilder District]]
* [[Ereymentau District]]
* [[Esil District, Akmola Province]]
* [[Korgalzhyn District]]
* [[Sandyktau District]]
* [[Shortandy District]]
* [[Shuchinsk District]]
* [[Zerendi District]]
* [[Zhaksy District]]
* [[Zharkain District]]
|-
| [[Aktobe Province]]
|
* [[Alga District]]
* [[Ayteke Bi District]]
* [[Bayganin District]]
* [[Kargaly District]]
* [[Kobda District]]
* [[Khromtau District]]
* [[Martuk District]]
* [[Mugalzhar District]]
* [[Oiyl District]]
* [[Shalkar District]]
* [[Temir District]]
* [[Yrgyz District]]
|-
| [[Almaty Province]]
|
* [[Aksu District, Almaty Province]]
* [[Alakol District]]
* [[Balkhash District]]
* [[Enbekshikazakh District]]
* [[Eskeldi District]]
* [[Ile District, Kazakhstan]]
* [[Karasay District]]
* [[Karatal District]]
* [[Kerbulak District]]
* [[Koksu District]]
* [[Panfilov District, Kazakhstan]]
* [[Raiymbek District]]
* [[Sarkant District]]
* [[Talgar District]]
* [[Uygur District]]
* [[Zhambyl District, Almaty Province]]
|-
| [[Atyrau Province]]
|
* [[Inder District]]
* [[Isatay District]]
* [[Kurmangazy District]]
* [[Kyzylkoga District]]
* [[Makat District]]
* [[Makhambet District]]
* [[Zhylyoi District]]
|-
| [[East Kazakhstan Province]]
|
* [[Abay District, East Kazakhstan]]
* [[Ayagoz District]]
* [[Beskaragay District]]
* [[Borodulikha District]]
* [[Glubokoe District]]
* [[Katonkaragay District]]
* [[Kokpekti District]]
* [[Kurshim District]]
* [[Shemonaikha District]]
* [[Tarbagatay District]]
* [[Ulan District]]
* [[Urzhar District]]
* [[Zaysan District]]
* [[Zharma District]]
* [[Zyryanovsk District]]
|-
| [[Karagandy Province]]
|
* [[Abay District, Karagandy Province]]
* [[Aktogay District, Karagandy Province]]
* [[Bukhar-Zhyrau District]]
* [[Karkaraly District]]
* [[Nura District]]
* [[Osakarov District]]
* [[Shet District]]
* [[Ulytau District]]
* [[Zhanaarka District]]
|-
| [[Kostanay Province]]
|
* [[Altynsarin District]]
* [[Amangeldi District]]
* [[Auliekol District]]
* [[Denisov District]]
* [[Fyodorov District]]
* [[Kamysty District]]
* [[Karabalyk District]]
* [[Karasu District]]
* [[Kostanay District]]
* [[Mendykara District]]
* [[Nauyrzym District]]
* [[Sarykol District]]
* [[Taran District]]
* [[Uzunkol District]]
* [[Zhangeldi District]]
* [[Zhetikara District]]
|-
| [[Kyzylorda Province]]
|
* [[Aral District]]
* [[Karmakshy District]]
* [[Kazaly District]]
* [[Shieli District]]
* [[Syrdariya District]]
* [[Zhalagash District]]
* [[Zhanakorgan District]]
|-
| [[North Kazakhstan]]
|
* [[Aiyrtau District]]
* [[Akkayin District]]
* [[Akzhar District]]
* [[Esil District, North Kazakhstan province]]
* [[Gabit Musirepov District]] (Tselinniy)
* [[Kyzylzhar District]]
* [[Magzhan Zhumabaev District]] (Bulaev)
* [[Mamlyut District]]
* [[Shal akyn District]] (Sergeev)
* [[Taiynsha District]]
* [[Timiryazev District]]
* [[Ualikhanov District]]
* [[Zhambyl District, North Kazakhstan Province]]
|-
| [[Pavlodar Province]]
|
* [[Akku District]]
* [[Aktogay District, Pavlodar Province]]
* [[Bayanaul District]]
* [[Ertis District]]
* [[Kashyr District]]
* [[May District, Kazakhstan|May District]]
* [[Pavlodar District]]
* [[Sharbakty District]]
* [[Uspen District]]
* [[Zhelezin District]]
|-
| [[South Kazakhstan Province]]
|
* [[Baydibek District]]
* [[Kazygurt District]]
* [[Maktaaral District]]
* [[Ordabasy District]]
* [[Otyrar District]]
* [[Saryagash District]]
* [[Sayram District]]
* [[Shardara District]]
* [[Sozak District]]
* [[Tole Bi District]]
* [[Tulkibas District]]
|-
| [[West Kazakhstan Province]]
|
* [[Akzhaik District]]
* [[Bokey Orda District]]
* [[Borili District]]
* [[Karatobe District]]
* [[Kaztal District]]
* [[Shyngyrlau District]]
* [[Syrym District]]
* [[Taskala District]]
* [[Terekti District]]
* [[Zelenov District]]
* [[Zhanakala District]]
* [[Zhanybek District]]
|-
| [[Zhambyl Province]]
|
* [[Bayzak District]]
* [[Korday District]]
* [[Merke District]]
* [[Moiynkum District]]
* [[Sarysu District]]
* [[Shu District]]
* [[Talas District, Kazakhstan|Talas District]]
* [[Turar Ryskulov District]]
* [[Zhambyl District, Zhambyl Province]]
* [[Zhualy District]]
|}

===== Municipalities of Kazakhstan =====
{{Main|Municipalities of Kazakhstan}}

* [[Capital (political)|Capital]] of Kazakhstan: [[Capital of Kazakhstan]]
* [[List of cities in Kazakhstan|Cities of Kazakhstan]]

=== Demography of Kazakhstan ===
{{main|Demographics of Kazakhstan}}

== Government and politics of Kazakhstan ==

[[Politics of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Form of government]]: [[presidential republic]]
* [[Capital (political)|Capital]] of Kazakhstan: [[Capital of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Elections in Kazakhstan]]
* [[List of political parties in Kazakhstan|Political parties in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Taxation in Kazakhstan]]

=== Branches of the government of Kazakhstan ===
{{Main|Government of Kazakhstan}}

==== Executive branch of the government of Kazakhstan ====
* [[Head of state]]: [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], [[President of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Head of government]]: [[Karim Masimov]], [[Prime Minister of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Cabinet of Kazakhstan]]

==== Legislative branch of the government of Kazakhstan ====

* [[Parliament of Kazakhstan]] ([[bicameral]])
** [[Upper house]]: [[Senate of Kazakhstan]]
** [[Lower house]]: [[Mazhilis]]

==== Judicial branch of the government of Kazakhstan ====
{{Main|Court system of Kazakhstan}}

* [[Supreme Court of Kazakhstan]]

=== Foreign relations of Kazakhstan ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Kazakhstan}}

* [[List of diplomatic missions in Kazakhstan|Diplomatic missions in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Diplomatic missions of Kazakhstan]]

==== International organization membership ====
The Republic of Kazakhstan is a member of:<ref name=CIA_World_Factbook/>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
*[[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB)
*[[Collective Security Treaty Organization]] (CSTO)
*[[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS)
*[[Economic Cooperation Organization]] (ECO)
*[[Eurasian Economic Community]] (EAEC)
*[[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]] (EAPC)
*[[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (EBRD)
*[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO)
*[[General Confederation of Trade Unions]] (GCTU)
*[[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA)
*[[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD)
*[[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO)
*[[International Criminal Police Organization]] (Interpol)
*[[International Development Association]] (IDA)
*[[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]] (IFRCS)
*[[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC)
*[[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] (IFAD)
*[[International Labour Organization]] (ILO)
*[[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO)
*[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)
*[[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC)
*[[International Organization for Migration]] (IOM)
*[[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO)
*[[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] (ICRM)
*[[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU)
{{Col-2}}
*[[International Telecommunications Satellite Organization]] (ITSO)
*[[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] (IPU)
*[[Islamic Development Bank]] (IDB)
*[[Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency]] (MIGA)
*[[Nonaligned Movement]] (NAM) (observer)
*[[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] (NSG)
*[[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC)
*[[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] (OSCE)
*[[Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] (OPCW)
*[[Organization of American States]] (OAS) (observer)
*[[Partnership for Peace]] (PFP)
*[[Shanghai Cooperation Organization]] (SCO)
*[[United Nations]] (UN)
*[[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD)
*[[United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO)
*[[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO)
*[[Universal Postal Union]] (UPU)
*[[World Confederation of Labour]] (WCL)
*[[World Customs Organization]] (WCO)
*[[World Federation of Trade Unions]] (WFTU)
*[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)
*[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO)
*[[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO)
*[[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO)
*[[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) (observer)
{{Col-end}}

=== Law and order in Kazakhstan ===
{{main|Law of Kazakhstan}}

* [[Constitution of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Crime in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Human rights in Kazakhstan]]
** [[LGBT rights in Kazakhstan]]
** [[Freedom of religion in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Law enforcement in Kazakhstan]]

=== Military of Kazakhstan ===
{{main|Military of Kazakhstan}}

* Command
** [[Commander-in-chief]]:
*** [[Ministry of Defence (Kazakhstan)|Ministry of Defence of Kazakhstan]]
* Forces
** [[Army of Kazakhstan]]
** [[Navy]] of Kazakhstan: None
** [[Air Force of Kazakhstan]]
** [[Special forces of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Military history of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Military ranks of Kazakhstan]]

=== Local government in Kazakhstan ===
{{Main|Local government in Kazakhstan}}

== History of Kazakhstan ==
{{main article|History of Kazakhstan|Timeline of the history of Kazakhstan|Portal:Current events/Kazakhstan|l3=Current events of Kazakhstan}}

* [[Military history of Kazakhstan]]

== Culture of Kazakhstan ==
{{main|Culture of Kazakhstan}}

* [[Architecture of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Cuisine of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Festivals in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Languages of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Media in Kazakhstan]]
* [[National symbols of Kazakhstan]]
** [[Coat of arms of Kazakhstan]]
** [[Flag of Kazakhstan]]
** [[National anthem of Kazakhstan]]
* [[People of Kazakhstan]]
** [[Kazakhs]]
*** [[Russians in Kazakhstan]]
*** [[Koreans in Kazakhstan]]
*** [[Germans of Kazakhstan]]
*** [[Armenians in Kazakhstan]]
*** [[Greeks in Kazakhstan]]
*** [[Kazakh Jews]]
* [[Prostitution in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Public holidays in Kazakhstan]]
* [[List of records of Kazakhstan|Records of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Religion in Kazakhstan]]
** [[Buddhism in Kazakhstan]]
** [[Christianity in Kazakhstan]]
** [[Hinduism in Kazakhstan]]
** [[Islam in Kazakhstan]]
** [[Judaism in Kazakhstan]]
** [[Sikhism in Kazakhstan]]
* [[List of World Heritage Sites in Kazakhstan]]

=== Art in Kazakhstan ===
* [[Art in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Cinema of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Literature of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Music of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Television in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Theatre in Kazakhstan]]

=== Sports in Kazakhstan ===
{{main|Sports in Kazakhstan}}

* [[Football in Kazakhstan]]
*[[Kazakhstan at the Olympics]]

== Economy and infrastructure of Kazakhstan ==
{{main|Economy of Kazakhstan}}

* [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007)]]: 55th (fifty-fifth)
* [[Agriculture in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Banking in Kazakhstan]]
** [[National Bank of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Communications in Kazakhstan]]
** [[Internet in Kazakhstan]]
* [[List of companies of Kazakhstan|Companies of Kazakhstan]]
*[[Currency|Currency of Kazakhstan]]: [[Kazakhstani tenge|Tenge]]
**[[ISO 4217]]: [[KZT]]
* [[Energy in Kazakhstan]]
** [[Energy policy of Kazakhstan]]
** [[Oil industry in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Health care in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Mining in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Kazakhstan Stock Exchange]]
* [[Tourism in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Transport in Kazakhstan]]
** [[List of airports in Kazakhstan|Airports in Kazakhstan]]
** [[Rail transport in Kazakhstan]]
** [[Roads in Kazakhstan]]

== Education in Kazakhstan ==
{{main|Education in Kazakhstan}}

== Health in Kazakhstan ==
{{Main|Health in Kazakhstan}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Asia}}
{{InterWiki|Kazakh language|code=kk}}
{{InterWiki|Russian language|code=ru}}
{{Main|Kazakhstan}}
*[[Index of Kazakhstan-related articles]]
*[[List of Kazakhstan-related topics]]
*[[List of international rankings]]
*[[Member states of the United Nations]]
*[[Outline of Asia]]
*[[Outline of geography]]
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Sisterlinks|Kazakhstan}}

{{Wikiatlas|Kazakhstan}}
* [http://en.government.kz Government of Kazakhstan]
* [http://www.akorda.kz/www/www_akorda_kz.nsf/index?OpenForm&lang=en President of the Republic of Kazakhstan]
* [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Kazakhstan Atlas of Kazakhstan]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1298071.stm BBC News Country Profiles – ''Kazakhstan'']
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html CIA World Factbook – ''Kazakhstan'']
* [http://www.state.gov/p/sca/ci/kz/ U.S. Department of State – ''Kazakhstan''] includes links to various reports
* {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan}}
* [http://www.worldbank.org.kz/ The World Bank – ''Kazakhstan''] development issues
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/kztoc.html Library of Congress – ''A Country Study: Kazakhstan''] last updated March 1996
* [http://newsite.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=KZ&RegionCode=ASI Kazakhstan: Humanitarian Country Profile] – [[UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]]
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Kazakhstan}}

{{Outline footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Outline Of Kazakhstan}}
[[Category:Outlines of countries|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan| ]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan-related lists| ]]

Russian Turkestan

2017-01-03T22:46:05Z

Nihiltres: Standardized hatnote and cleaned up some Google Books URLs

{{Infobox Former Subdivision
|native_name = Русский Туркестан
|conventional_long_name = Russian Turkestan
|common_name = Turkestan
|subdivision = Governorate-General
|nation = Russian Empire
|year_start = 1867
|date_start = July 11
|year_end = 1918
|date_end = April 30
|p1 = Orenburg General-Governorate
|flag_p1 =
|p2 = Caucasus General-Governorate
|flag_p2 =
|p3 = Khanate of Kokand
|flag_p3 = Bandera de Kokand.svg
|p4 = Qing Dynasty
|flag_p4 = Flag_of_the_Qing_Dynasty_(1889-1912).svg
|s1 = Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
|flag_s1 = Flag of Turkestan ASSR (1919-1921).svg
|image_flag = Flag of Russia.svg
|flag = Flag of Russia
|flag_type = Flag
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Russian Turkestan.svg
|image_coat_caption = coat of arms
|image_map = Turkestan 1900-en.svg
|image_map_caption = Provinces of Russian Turkestan in 1900
|capital = Tashkent
|political_subdiv = [[Oblast]]s: 5 (since 1899)
|stat_pop1 = 5280983
|stat_area1 = 1707003
|stat_year1 = ([[Russian Empire Census|1897]])
}}
'''Russian Turkestan''' ({{lang-ru|link=no|Русский Туркестан}}, ''Russkiy Turkestan'') was the western part of [[Turkestan]] within the [[Russian Empire]] (administered as a [[Krais of the Russian Empire|Krai]] or [[Guberniya|Governor-Generalship]]), comprising the oasis region to the south of the [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] steppes, but not the protectorates of the [[Emirate of Bukhara]] and the [[Khanate of Khiva]].

==History==
[[Image:Defence of the Samarkand Citadel.JPG|left|300px|thumb|The Defence of the Samarkand Citadel in 1868]]
[[Image:Ilin 186x Karta Syr Darinskoj oblast 72.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Map of the [[Syr-Darya Oblast]] in 1872]]

===Establishment===
{{main article|Russian conquest of Turkestan}}

Although Russia had been pushing south into the steppes from [[Astrakhan]] and [[Orenburg]] since the [[Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky|failed Khivan expedition]] of [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] in 1717, the beginning of the Russian colonial conquest of Turkestan is normally dated to 1865. That year the Russian forces took the city of [[Tashkent]]<ref name="Brower2012">{{cite book|author=Daniel Brower|title=Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrH_YPr4gOsC&pg=PA20|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-14501-9|page=26}}</ref> under the leadership of General [[Mikhail Chernyayev]] expanding the territories of Turkestan Oblast (part of Orenburg Governorate-General). Chernyayev had exceeded his orders (he only had 3,000 men under his command at the time) but [[Russian Empire#Government and administration|Saint Petersburg]] recognized the annexation in any case. This was swiftly followed by the conquest of [[Khujand|Khodzhent]], [[Jizzakh|Dzhizak]] and [[Istarawshan|Ura-Tyube]], culminating in the annexation of [[Samarkand]] and the surrounding region on the [[Zeravshan River]] from the [[Emirate of Bukhara]] in 1868 forming the Zeravsh Special Okrug of Turkestan.

An account of the Russian conquest of Tashkent was written in ''"Urus leshkerining Türkistanda tarikh 1262-1269 senelarda qilghan futuhlari"'' by Mullah Khalibay Mambetov.<ref name="Sanders2015">{{cite book|author=Thomas Sanders|title=Historiography of Imperial Russia: The Profession and Writing of History in a Multinational State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3G6mBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA451&dq=qilghan&hl=en |date=12 February 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-46862-2|pages=451–}}</ref><ref name="Allworth1994">{{cite book|author=Edward Allworth|title=Central Asia, 130 Years of Russian Dominance: A Historical Overview|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2XpddVB0l0C&pg=PA400&dq=qilghan&hl=en |year=1994|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-1521-1|pages=400–}}</ref>

===Expansion===
{{see also|The Great Game}}
In 1867 [[Turkestan]] was made a separate [[Governor-General]]ship, under its first Governor-General, [[Konstantin Petrovich Von Kaufman]]. Its capital was Tashkent and it consisted initially of three [[Oblasts of the Russian Empire|oblasts]] (provinces): [[Syr Darya Oblast|Syr Darya]], [[Semirechye Oblast]] and the Zeravshan [[Okrug]] (later [[Samarkand Oblast]]). To these were added in 1873 the [[Amu Darya]] Division ({{lang-ru|link=no|отдел, ''[[otdel]]''}}), annexed from the [[Khanate of Khiva]], and in 1876 the [[Fergana Oblast]], formed from the remaining rump of the [[Kokand Khanate]] that was dissolved after an uprising in 1875. In 1894 the [[Transcaspian Region]], which had been conquered in 1881–1885 by Generals [[Mikhail Skobelev]] and [[Mikhail Annenkov]], was added to the Governor-Generalship.

===Colonization===
The administration of the region had an almost purely military character throughout. Von Kaufman died in 1882, and a committee under Fedor Karlovich Giers (or Girs, brother of the Russian Foreign Minister [[Nicholas de Giers|Nikolay Karlovich Giers]]) toured the [[Krai]] and drew up proposals for reform, which were implemented after 1886. In 1888 the new [[Trans-Caspian railway]], begun at Uzun-Ada on the shores of the [[Caspian Sea]] in 1877, reached Samarkand. Nevertheless, Turkestan remained an isolated colonial outpost, with an administration that preserved many distinctive features from the previous Islamic regimes, including [[Qadi]]s' courts and a 'native' administration that devolved much power to local '[[Aksakal]]s' (Elders or Headmen). It was quite unlike European Russia. In 1908 [[Count Konstantin Konstantinovich Pahlen]] led another reform commission to Turkestan, which produced in 1909–1910 a monumental report documenting administrative corruption and inefficiency. The [[Jadid]] educational reform movement which originated among Tatars spread among Muslims of Central Asia under Russian rule.

A policy of deliberately enforcing anti-modern, traditional, ancient conservative Islamic education in schools and Islamic ideology was enforced by the Russians in order to deliberately hamper and destroy opposition to their rule by keeping them in a state of torpor to and prevent foreign ideologies from penetrating in.<ref name="Forbes1986">{{cite book|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA16&dq=Warlords+and+muslims+Isolating+stagnation&hl=en |date=9 October 1986|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-25514-1|pages=16–}}</ref><ref name="BennigsenLemercier-Quelquejay1967">{{cite book|author1=Alexandre Bennigsen|author2=Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay|author3=Central Asian Research Centre (London, England)|title=Islam in the Soviet Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YG9AAAAAIAAJ&dq=isolating+the+country+from+all+outside+influence%2C+and+at+maintaining+it+in+a+state+of+medieval+stagnation%2C+thus+removing&q=medieval+stagnation#search_anchor|year=1967|publisher=Praeger|page=15}}</ref>

The Russians implemented [[Turkification]] upon the Ferghana and Sarmakand Tajiks replacing the Tajik language with Uzbek resulting in an Uzbek dominant speaking Samarkand whereas decades before Tajik was the dominant language in Samarkand.<ref name="NourzhanovBleuer2013">{{cite book|author1=Kirill Nourzhanov|author2=Christian Bleuer|title=Tajikistan: A Political and Social History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nR6oAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |date=8 October 2013|publisher=ANU E Press|isbn=978-1-925021-16-5|pages=22–}}</ref>

===Basmachi===
In 1897 the railway reached [[Tashkent]], and finally in 1906 a direct rail link with European Russia was opened across the [[steppe]] from [[Orenburg]] to Tashkent. This led to much larger numbers of ethnic [[Russians|Russian]] settlers flowing into Turkestan than had hitherto been the case, and their settlement was overseen by a specially created [[Emigration|Migration]] Department in [[Saint Petersburg]] (Переселенческое Управление). This caused considerable discontent amongst the local population as these settlers took scarce land and water resources away from them. In 1916 discontent boiled over in the [[Basmachi Revolt]], sparked by a decree conscripting the natives into [[labour battalion]]s (they had previously been exempt from military service). Thousands of settlers were killed, and this was matched by Russian reprisals, particularly against the nomadic population. To escape Russians slaughtering them in 1916, Uzbeks, Kazakhs and Kyrgyz escaped to China.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Sydykova |first=Zamira |date=20 January 2016 |title= Commemorating the 1916 Massacres in Kyrgyzstan? Russia Sees a Western Plot |url=http://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13325-commemorating-the-1916-massacres-in-kyrgyzstan?-russia-sees-a-western-plot.html |magazine=The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst |location= |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref> Xinjiang became a sanctuary for fleeing Kazakhs escaping the Russians after the Muslims faced conscription by the Russian government.<ref name="Forbes1986 2">{{cite book|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=9 October 1986|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-25514-1|pages=17–}}</ref> The Turkmen, Kyrgyz, and Kazakhs were all impacted by the 1916 insurrection caused by the conscription decreed by the Russian government.<ref name="Peyrouse2012">{{cite book|author=Sébastien Peyrouse|title=Turkmenistan: Strategies of Power, Dilemmas of Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXihuVtUgrEC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=January 2012|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-3205-0|pages=29–}}</ref><ref name="Peyrouse2015">{{cite book|author=Sebastien Peyrouse|title=Turkmenistan: Strategies of Power, Dilemmas of Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uGKmBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 |date=12 February 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-45326-0|pages=29–}}</ref> The corvée conscription issued on 25 June 1916.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=ÖZTÜRK |first=SELİM |date=May 2012 |title=THE BUKHARAN EMIRATE AND TURKESTAN UNDER RUSSIAN RULE IN THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA: 1917 - 1924 |type=A Master’s Thesis |chapter= |publisher=Department of International Relations İ hsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara |docket= |oclc= |page=56-57 |url=http://www.thesis.bilkent.edu.tr/0006051.pdf |access-date=}}</ref> Order had not really been restored by the time the [[February Revolution]] took place in 1917. This would usher in a still bloodier chapter in Turkestan's history, as the [[Bolsheviks]] of the [[Tashkent Soviet]] (made up entirely of Russian soldiers and railway workers, with no Muslim members) launched an attack on the autonomous [[Jadid]] government in Kokand early in 1918, which left 14,000 dead. Resistance to the Bolsheviks by the local population (dismissed as 'Basmachi' or 'Banditry' by [[Soviet historians]]) continued well into the beginning of the 1930s.

===Governors of Turkestan===
Turkestan had 21 Governor-generals.<ref>Didar Kassymova, Zhanat Kundakbayeva and Ustina Markus{{Google books|BbRsMq03dh0C|Historical Dictionary of Kazakhstan|page=228}}</ref>
[[File:XXth Century Citizen's Atlas map of Central Asia.png|thumb|300px|The borders of the Russian imperial territories of [[Khanate of Khiva|Kiva]], [[Khanate of Bukhara|Bukhara]] and [[Khanate of Kokand|Kokand]] in the time period of 1902–1903.]]
{{History of Kazakhstan}}
* 1865–1867 Mikhail Grigoryevich Chernyaev (Military Governor)
* 1866–1867 Dmitri Ilyich Romanovskiy (Civil Governor)
* 1867–1881 [[Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman]]
* 1881–1882 Gerasim Alexeevich Kolpakovsky
* 1882‒4 [[Mikhail Chernyayev]]
* 1884‒9 [[Nikolai Rozenbakh]]
* 1889–1898 Alexander Borisovich Vrevsky
* 1898–1901 Sergey Mikhailovich Dukhovsky
* 1901–1904 Nikolay Alexandrovich Ivanov
* 1904–1905 Nikolay Nikolayevich Tevyashev
* 1905–1906 Vsevolod Victorovich Zaharov
* 1906 Demyan Ivanovich Subbotin
* 1906 Yevgeny Osipovich Matsievsky
* 1906–1908 [[Nikolai Grodekov|Nikolai Ivanovich Grodekov]]
* 1908–1909 Pavel Ivanovich Mischenko
* 1909–1910 [[Alexander Samsonov|Alexander Vasilyevich Samsonov]]
* 1910–1911 [[Vasiliy Pokotilo|Vasiliy Ivanovich Pokotilo]]
* 1911–1914 Alexander Vasilyevich Samsonov (restored)
* 1914–1916 Fedor Vladimirovich Martson
* 1916 [[Mikhail Yerofeyev|Mikhail Romanovich Yerofeyev]]
* 1916‒17 [[Aleksey Kuropatkin]]

==Administrative Division==
Turkestan was divided into five [[oblast]]s.
*[[Transcaspian Oblast]] ([[Ashgabat|Askhabat]]) (until 1898 part of Caucasus Governorate-General)
*[[Samarkand Oblast]] ([[Samarkand]]) (until 1886 Zeravsh Okrug, the occupied east territories of [[Khanate of Bukhara]])
*[[Semirechye Oblast]] ([[Almaty|Verny]]) (1882–1899 part of the [[Governor-Generalship of the Steppes]])
*[[Syr-Darya Oblast]] ([[Tashkent]])
*[[Fergana Oblast]] ([[Fergana|New Margelan (Skobelev)]]) (part of [[Kokand Khanate]] until 1876)

==Soviet rule==
After the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]], a [[Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] (Turkestan ASSR) within the [[Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic]] was created in [[Soviet Central Asia]] (excluding modern-day [[Kazakhstan]]). After the foundation of the [[Soviet Union]] it was split into the [[Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic]] ([[Turkmenistan]]) and [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic]] ([[Uzbekistan]]) in 1924. The [[Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic]] ([[Tajikistan]]) was formed out of part of the Uzbek SSR in 1929, and in 1936 the [[Kyrgyz SSR]] ([[Kyrgyzstan]]) was separated from [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]]. After the [[History of the Soviet Union (1985-1991)|collapse of the Soviet Union]], these republics gained their independence.

==See also==
*[[Semirechye Cossacks]]
*[[Orenburg Cossacks]]
*[[Turkestan Military District]]
*[[History of Uzbekistan]]
*[[History of Kazakhstan]]
*[[History of Turkmenistan]]
*[[History of Tajikistan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*Eugene Schuyler ''Turkistan'' (London) 1876 2 Vols.
*[[George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|G.N. Curzon]] ''Russia in Central Asia'' (London) 1889
*Ген. М.А. Терентьев ''История Завоевания Средней Азии'' (С.Пб.) 1903 3 Vols.
*[[Vasily Bartold|В.В. Бартольд]] ''История Культурной Жизни Туркестана'' (Москва) 1927
*Count K.K. Pahlen ''Mission to Turkestan'' (Oxford) 1964
*Seymour Becker ''Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia, Bukhara and Khiva 1865–1924'' (Cambridge, Mass.) 1968
*Adeeb Khalid ''The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform. Jadidism in Central Asia'' (Berkeley) 1997
*T.K. Beisembiev ''The Life of Alimqul'' (London) 2003
*Daniel Brower ''Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire'' (London) 2003
*Hisao Komatsu, The Andijan Uprising Reconsidered a: Symbiosis and Conflict in Muslim Societies: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, ed. by Tsugitaka Sato, Londres, 2004.
*Aftandil Erkinov. ''Praying For and Against the Tsar: Prayers and Sermons in Russian-Dominated Khiva and Tsarist Turkestan.''Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2004 (=ANOR 16), 112 p.
*Aftandil S.Erkinov. The Andijan Uprising of 1898 and its leader Dukchi-ishan described by contemporary Poets'[https://www.academia.edu/2632450/Aftandil_S.Erkinov._The_Andijan_Uprising_of_1898_and_its_leader_Dukchi-ishan_described_by_contemporary_Poets._TIAS_Central_Eurasian_Research_Series_No.3._Tokyo_2009_118_p.]' TIAS Central Eurasian Research Series No.3. Tokyo, 2009, 118 p.

{{coord missing|Russia}}

{{Kazakhstan topics}}
{{Turkmenistan topics}}
{{Uzbekistan topics}}
{{Tajikistan topics}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2013}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Turkestan, Russian}}
[[Category:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:History of Central Asia|Russian Turkestan]]
[[Category:History of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:History of Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:History of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:1860s establishments in Russia]]